David Zarifa
Biographic Data
| ID | 268179 |
|---|---|
| NAME | David Zarifa |
| GIVEN NAMES | David |
| FAMILY NAME | Zarifa |
| SIGNATURE | ZARIFA D |
| AFFILIATIONS | Nipissing University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8250-0727 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 158 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Beyond Universities: Structural Stratification in Canadian Tertiary Education
Empirical analyses and theorizing of structural stratification in tertiary education have focused almost exclusively on universities. In doing so, such work ignores large swaths of the organizational field, including counterparts in the understudied community college, private career college, and theological sectors. Through this study, we re-examine structural stratification in Canadian tertiary education using a custom web-scraped dataset contai…
Structural Stratification of Universities in 22 OECD Countries: Shapes, Variations, and Drivers of Inequalities
Does Transfer Pathway Uptake Help or Hinder Access to STEM Fields in Postsecondary Education? A View From Canada
Considerable scholarly attention has been devoted to how gender, race and various other demographic factors shape the odds of majoring in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) programs. Such work has identified sizable disparities in access to STEM fields across various dimensions. In turn, these empirical findings have informed productive discussions about the social and institutional mechanisms that prevent marginalised groups…
Effectively Maintained Inequality in Canada Revisited
The mass expansion of higher education (HE) systems during the 20th century pushed social scientists to theorize how high participation systems continued to reproduce inequalities across socio‐economic lines. One popular theory in sociology, dubbed effectively maintained inequality (EMI), suggests that families from the upper economic strata would maintain their competitive advantage by not only acquiring increasing amounts of education, but also…
Stratification in Countries with Flatter (Institutional) Hierarchies? Insights from Administrative Data in Canada
Researchers have repeatedly found that within modern higher education systems, students from wealthier backgrounds tend to be concentrated in the most advantageous sectors. Dubbed 'effectively maintained inequality,' this process allows these groups to maintain a competitive advantage in the labor market by virtue of acquiring more elite credentials. But what happens in nations with flatter university hierarchies, where there is relatively modest…
Just Passing Through? Exploring Regional Disparities in Vertical Transfer Intent in Ontario, Canada
Does Geography Matter? A Regional Analysis of Early Transfer within Ontario Post-Secondary Education
The relationship between geography and early transfer behavior has received limited empirical attention. In this study, we track six cohorts of university and community college entrants to examine differences in the early pathways they travel through Ontario post-secondary education (PSE), paying particular attention to how transfer pathway uptake by students in the province's rural north might vary from those in the more urbanized southern regio…
Mind the Gaps: Examining Youth's Reading, Math and Science Skills Across Northern and Rural Canada
A new body of sociological research is finding that northern and rural youth, and in particular, low-SES youth, face difficulties accessing higher levels of postsecondary education and lucrative fields of study such as the STEMs. However, existing research has yet to systematically measure the skills proficiencies of youth in these regions nor have we understood the factors which might account for regional differences. We draw on multiple cycles …
Paying back student loans: Demographic, human capital and other correlates of default and repayment difficulty
Government‐sponsored student loans have emerged over the decades as a primary method of financing post‐secondary education across most North American jurisdictions. Despite this, the empirical literature examining the correlates of repayment difficulty and default in Canada has remained stagnant in recent years. This study taps into an underutilised data source—the 2013 National Graduates Survey—to examine the relationship between demographics, h…
Roots and STEMS? Examining field of study choices among northern and rural youth in Canada
Despite several decades of postsecondary expansion, new research finds youth from northern and rural areas in Canada still experience difficulties making the transition to postsecondary education, and those who do attend take longer to do so. Proximity, we argue, may also have a considerable impact on one’s field selection, as many of Canada’s larger universities and colleges, who offer considerably more program and degree options, tend to be con…
Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North
Brain drain is an increasingly important concern for local governments in northern communities in Canada in maintaining and enhancing human capital levels to sustain vibrant economies and communities. Researchers, however, have yet to examine the magnitude of north-south out-migration nor do we know the characteristics of youth who are likely to relocate. Our study contributes to this knowledge gap by employing multiple waves from Statistics Cana…
Employment in Academia: To What Extent Are Recent Doctoral Graduates of Various Fields of Study Obtaining Permanent Versus Temporary Academic Jobs in Canada
Location, location, location: Examining the rural-urban skills gap in Canada
Structural Stratification in Higher Education and the University Origins of Political Leaders in Eight Countries
Are political leaders “educationally representative” of their electorates? Because almost all national‐level political leaders are university graduates, this question increasingly centers on whether they attended a select number of highly ranked domestic institutions. This study examines international variations in the concentration of universities attended by political leaders by analyzing publicly available information on all 524 national party…
School Transitions
Research on school transitions focuses on the relationship between student characteristics and their educational outcomes at various levels of schooling. On the one hand, some individuals transition successfully and perform well academically, and adjust well psychologically in their new level of education. On the other hand, others face obstacles or barriers in their transition, which creates problems in making a smooth transition into their new …
What's Taking You So Long? Examining the Effects of Social Class on Completing a Bachelor's Degree in Four Years
Despite improved access in expanded postsecondary systems, the great majority of bachelor's degree graduates are taking considerably longer than the allotted four years to complete their four-year degrees. Taking longer to finish one's BA has become so pervasive in the United States that it has become the norm for official statistics released by the Department of Education to report graduation rates across a six-year window. While higher educatio…
Proximity, Prosperity, and Participation: Examining Access to Postsecondary Education among Youth in Canada's Provincial North
Despite increased proportions of students attending some form of postsecondary education (PSE), some social groups continue to face significant barriers and encounter difficulties making the transition. Previous research suggests that proximity to postsecondary institutions may have a positive impact on PSE participation rates, even more so for lower- and middle-income families. We know comparatively less, however, about how these processes opera…
The Earnings and Employment Outcomes of the 2005 Cohort of Canadian Postsecondary Graduates with Disabilities
Canada's fear of future skill and labor shortages has brought youth with disabilities to the forefront of public policy. Many universities are now reporting that an increased proportion of their graduating students identify as having a disability, and as a result, educational achievement-based programs designed to accommodate students' needs are growing across campuses. Despite recent attention by policymakers on improving accessibility standards…
Effectively Maintaining Inequality in Toronto: Predicting Student Destinations in Ontario Universities
L'accès aux universités prestigieuses, les mieux classées et dotées de ressources, quoique peu étudié, représente une dimension additionnelle des inégalités en éducation au Canada. La théorie de l'inégalité maintenue efficacement (IME) soutient que les groupes favorisés vont dominer l'accès aux institutions les mieux classées peu importe le palier scolaire. Cet article teste cette hypothèse en utilisant les données uniques de milliers d’élèves du…
Government Student Loan Default: Differences between Graduates of the Liberal Arts and Applied Fields in Canadian Colleges and Universities
Les programmes de prêts étudiants du gouvernement sont de plus en plus disponibles pour permettre aux étudiants de familles défavorisées un meilleur accès à l'éducation. En revanche, il est inquiétant d'observer des niveaux d'endettement élevés chez les étudiants et les difficultés qu'ont certains à rembourser ces dettes. Dans cette étude, des données de l'Enquête Nationale auprès des Diplômes 2005 (END) de Statistiques Canada sont analysées dans…
Persistent Inequality or Liberation from Social Origins? Determining Who Attends Graduate and Professional Schools in Canada's Expanded Postsecondary System
S'appuyant sur l'Enquête nationale auprès des diplômés (promotion de 2000) et le suivi des diplômés, cette recherche examine qui va obtenir son diplôme et les écoles professionnelles au Canada. Une plus grande proportion d'étudiants se poursuivent à des niveaux plus élevés de l'éducation ces dernières années, mais il reste difficile de savoir si des antécédents familiaux sur ces décisions. Les résultats indiquent que les origines sociales influen…
Choosing fields in an expansionary era: Comparing two cohorts of baccalaureate degree-holders in the United States and Canada
The stratification of universities: Structural inequality in Canada and the United States
Revisiting Canada's Brain Drain: Evidence from the 2000 Cohort of Canadian University Graduates
Les études déjà réalisées sur l’exode des cerveaux au Canada ont établi l’importance des revenus accrus en tant que facteur qui motive des individus à aller s’établir aux États-Unis. Toutefois, ces travaux n’ont pas mesuré, de façon précise et pour les individus ayant récemment obtenu un diplôme d’études secondaires, cet écart de revenus, ni indiqué si l’écart varie selon les champs d’études le plus touchés. Dans cette recherche, réalisée à parti…
Balance of Powers: Public Opinion on Control in Education
Public opinion may be exerting greater influence on the organization of professional work as a consequence of two trends. First, political parties are placing issues of governance in social services on their agendas. Second, governments are subjecting professionals to more stringent controls, often for public relations purposes rather than to make workplaces more effective. In this study, we examine public opinion about teaching, an occupation wh…
The stratification of universities: Structural inequality in Canada and the United States
Choosing fields in an expansionary era: Comparing two cohorts of baccalaureate degree-holders in the United States and Canada
Proximity, Prosperity, and Participation: Examining Access to Postsecondary Education among Youth in Canada's Provincial North
Despite increased proportions of students attending some form of postsecondary education (PSE), some social groups continue to face significant barriers and encounter difficulties making the transition. Previous research suggests that proximity to postsecondary institutions may have a positive impact on PSE participation rates, even more so for lower- and middle-income families. We know comparatively less, however, about how these processes opera…
Effectively Maintaining Inequality in Toronto: Predicting Student Destinations in Ontario Universities
L'accès aux universités prestigieuses, les mieux classées et dotées de ressources, quoique peu étudié, représente une dimension additionnelle des inégalités en éducation au Canada. La théorie de l'inégalité maintenue efficacement (IME) soutient que les groupes favorisés vont dominer l'accès aux institutions les mieux classées peu importe le palier scolaire. Cet article teste cette hypothèse en utilisant les données uniques de milliers d’élèves du…
Persistent Inequality or Liberation from Social Origins? Determining Who Attends Graduate and Professional Schools in Canada's Expanded Postsecondary System
S'appuyant sur l'Enquête nationale auprès des diplômés (promotion de 2000) et le suivi des diplômés, cette recherche examine qui va obtenir son diplôme et les écoles professionnelles au Canada. Une plus grande proportion d'étudiants se poursuivent à des niveaux plus élevés de l'éducation ces dernières années, mais il reste difficile de savoir si des antécédents familiaux sur ces décisions. Les résultats indiquent que les origines sociales influen…
Location, location, location: Examining the rural-urban skills gap in Canada
What's Taking You So Long? Examining the Effects of Social Class on Completing a Bachelor's Degree in Four Years
Despite improved access in expanded postsecondary systems, the great majority of bachelor's degree graduates are taking considerably longer than the allotted four years to complete their four-year degrees. Taking longer to finish one's BA has become so pervasive in the United States that it has become the norm for official statistics released by the Department of Education to report graduation rates across a six-year window. While higher educatio…
Structural Stratification in Higher Education and the University Origins of Political Leaders in Eight Countries
Are political leaders “educationally representative” of their electorates? Because almost all national‐level political leaders are university graduates, this question increasingly centers on whether they attended a select number of highly ranked domestic institutions. This study examines international variations in the concentration of universities attended by political leaders by analyzing publicly available information on all 524 national party…
Mind the Gaps: Examining Youth's Reading, Math and Science Skills Across Northern and Rural Canada
A new body of sociological research is finding that northern and rural youth, and in particular, low-SES youth, face difficulties accessing higher levels of postsecondary education and lucrative fields of study such as the STEMs. However, existing research has yet to systematically measure the skills proficiencies of youth in these regions nor have we understood the factors which might account for regional differences. We draw on multiple cycles …
Roots and STEMS? Examining field of study choices among northern and rural youth in Canada
Despite several decades of postsecondary expansion, new research finds youth from northern and rural areas in Canada still experience difficulties making the transition to postsecondary education, and those who do attend take longer to do so. Proximity, we argue, may also have a considerable impact on one’s field selection, as many of Canada’s larger universities and colleges, who offer considerably more program and degree options, tend to be con…
Revisiting Canada's Brain Drain: Evidence from the 2000 Cohort of Canadian University Graduates
Les études déjà réalisées sur l’exode des cerveaux au Canada ont établi l’importance des revenus accrus en tant que facteur qui motive des individus à aller s’établir aux États-Unis. Toutefois, ces travaux n’ont pas mesuré, de façon précise et pour les individus ayant récemment obtenu un diplôme d’études secondaires, cet écart de revenus, ni indiqué si l’écart varie selon les champs d’études le plus touchés. Dans cette recherche, réalisée à parti…
The Earnings and Employment Outcomes of the 2005 Cohort of Canadian Postsecondary Graduates with Disabilities
Canada's fear of future skill and labor shortages has brought youth with disabilities to the forefront of public policy. Many universities are now reporting that an increased proportion of their graduating students identify as having a disability, and as a result, educational achievement-based programs designed to accommodate students' needs are growing across campuses. Despite recent attention by policymakers on improving accessibility standards…
Effectively Maintained Inequality in Canada Revisited
The mass expansion of higher education (HE) systems during the 20th century pushed social scientists to theorize how high participation systems continued to reproduce inequalities across socio‐economic lines. One popular theory in sociology, dubbed effectively maintained inequality (EMI), suggests that families from the upper economic strata would maintain their competitive advantage by not only acquiring increasing amounts of education, but also…
Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North
Brain drain is an increasingly important concern for local governments in northern communities in Canada in maintaining and enhancing human capital levels to sustain vibrant economies and communities. Researchers, however, have yet to examine the magnitude of north-south out-migration nor do we know the characteristics of youth who are likely to relocate. Our study contributes to this knowledge gap by employing multiple waves from Statistics Cana…
Does Geography Matter? A Regional Analysis of Early Transfer within Ontario Post-Secondary Education
The relationship between geography and early transfer behavior has received limited empirical attention. In this study, we track six cohorts of university and community college entrants to examine differences in the early pathways they travel through Ontario post-secondary education (PSE), paying particular attention to how transfer pathway uptake by students in the province's rural north might vary from those in the more urbanized southern regio…
Employment in Academia: To What Extent Are Recent Doctoral Graduates of Various Fields of Study Obtaining Permanent Versus Temporary Academic Jobs in Canada
Government Student Loan Default: Differences between Graduates of the Liberal Arts and Applied Fields in Canadian Colleges and Universities
Les programmes de prêts étudiants du gouvernement sont de plus en plus disponibles pour permettre aux étudiants de familles défavorisées un meilleur accès à l'éducation. En revanche, il est inquiétant d'observer des niveaux d'endettement élevés chez les étudiants et les difficultés qu'ont certains à rembourser ces dettes. Dans cette étude, des données de l'Enquête Nationale auprès des Diplômes 2005 (END) de Statistiques Canada sont analysées dans…
Balance of Powers: Public Opinion on Control in Education
Public opinion may be exerting greater influence on the organization of professional work as a consequence of two trends. First, political parties are placing issues of governance in social services on their agendas. Second, governments are subjecting professionals to more stringent controls, often for public relations purposes rather than to make workplaces more effective. In this study, we examine public opinion about teaching, an occupation wh…
Balance of Powers: Public Opinion on Control in Education
Public opinion may be exerting greater influence on the organization of professional work as a consequence of two trends. First, political parties are placing issues of governance in social services on their agendas. Second, governments are subjecting professionals to more stringent controls, often for public relations purposes rather than to make workplaces more effective. In this study, we examine public opinion about teaching, an occupation wh…
Revisiting Canada's Brain Drain: Evidence from the 2000 Cohort of Canadian University Graduates
Les études déjà réalisées sur l’exode des cerveaux au Canada ont établi l’importance des revenus accrus en tant que facteur qui motive des individus à aller s’établir aux États-Unis. Toutefois, ces travaux n’ont pas mesuré, de façon précise et pour les individus ayant récemment obtenu un diplôme d’études secondaires, cet écart de revenus, ni indiqué si l’écart varie selon les champs d’études le plus touchés. Dans cette recherche, réalisée à parti…
The stratification of universities: Structural inequality in Canada and the United States
Persistent Inequality or Liberation from Social Origins? Determining Who Attends Graduate and Professional Schools in Canada's Expanded Postsecondary System
S'appuyant sur l'Enquête nationale auprès des diplômés (promotion de 2000) et le suivi des diplômés, cette recherche examine qui va obtenir son diplôme et les écoles professionnelles au Canada. Une plus grande proportion d'étudiants se poursuivent à des niveaux plus élevés de l'éducation ces dernières années, mais il reste difficile de savoir si des antécédents familiaux sur ces décisions. Les résultats indiquent que les origines sociales influen…
Choosing fields in an expansionary era: Comparing two cohorts of baccalaureate degree-holders in the United States and Canada
Government Student Loan Default: Differences between Graduates of the Liberal Arts and Applied Fields in Canadian Colleges and Universities
Les programmes de prêts étudiants du gouvernement sont de plus en plus disponibles pour permettre aux étudiants de familles défavorisées un meilleur accès à l'éducation. En revanche, il est inquiétant d'observer des niveaux d'endettement élevés chez les étudiants et les difficultés qu'ont certains à rembourser ces dettes. Dans cette étude, des données de l'Enquête Nationale auprès des Diplômes 2005 (END) de Statistiques Canada sont analysées dans…
Effectively Maintaining Inequality in Toronto: Predicting Student Destinations in Ontario Universities
L'accès aux universités prestigieuses, les mieux classées et dotées de ressources, quoique peu étudié, représente une dimension additionnelle des inégalités en éducation au Canada. La théorie de l'inégalité maintenue efficacement (IME) soutient que les groupes favorisés vont dominer l'accès aux institutions les mieux classées peu importe le palier scolaire. Cet article teste cette hypothèse en utilisant les données uniques de milliers d’élèves du…
The Earnings and Employment Outcomes of the 2005 Cohort of Canadian Postsecondary Graduates with Disabilities
Canada's fear of future skill and labor shortages has brought youth with disabilities to the forefront of public policy. Many universities are now reporting that an increased proportion of their graduating students identify as having a disability, and as a result, educational achievement-based programs designed to accommodate students' needs are growing across campuses. Despite recent attention by policymakers on improving accessibility standards…
Structural Stratification in Higher Education and the University Origins of Political Leaders in Eight Countries
Are political leaders “educationally representative” of their electorates? Because almost all national‐level political leaders are university graduates, this question increasingly centers on whether they attended a select number of highly ranked domestic institutions. This study examines international variations in the concentration of universities attended by political leaders by analyzing publicly available information on all 524 national party…
School Transitions
Research on school transitions focuses on the relationship between student characteristics and their educational outcomes at various levels of schooling. On the one hand, some individuals transition successfully and perform well academically, and adjust well psychologically in their new level of education. On the other hand, others face obstacles or barriers in their transition, which creates problems in making a smooth transition into their new …
What's Taking You So Long? Examining the Effects of Social Class on Completing a Bachelor's Degree in Four Years
Despite improved access in expanded postsecondary systems, the great majority of bachelor's degree graduates are taking considerably longer than the allotted four years to complete their four-year degrees. Taking longer to finish one's BA has become so pervasive in the United States that it has become the norm for official statistics released by the Department of Education to report graduation rates across a six-year window. While higher educatio…
Proximity, Prosperity, and Participation: Examining Access to Postsecondary Education among Youth in Canada's Provincial North
Despite increased proportions of students attending some form of postsecondary education (PSE), some social groups continue to face significant barriers and encounter difficulties making the transition. Previous research suggests that proximity to postsecondary institutions may have a positive impact on PSE participation rates, even more so for lower- and middle-income families. We know comparatively less, however, about how these processes opera…
Location, location, location: Examining the rural-urban skills gap in Canada
Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North
Brain drain is an increasingly important concern for local governments in northern communities in Canada in maintaining and enhancing human capital levels to sustain vibrant economies and communities. Researchers, however, have yet to examine the magnitude of north-south out-migration nor do we know the characteristics of youth who are likely to relocate. Our study contributes to this knowledge gap by employing multiple waves from Statistics Cana…
Employment in Academia: To What Extent Are Recent Doctoral Graduates of Various Fields of Study Obtaining Permanent Versus Temporary Academic Jobs in Canada
Paying back student loans: Demographic, human capital and other correlates of default and repayment difficulty
Government‐sponsored student loans have emerged over the decades as a primary method of financing post‐secondary education across most North American jurisdictions. Despite this, the empirical literature examining the correlates of repayment difficulty and default in Canada has remained stagnant in recent years. This study taps into an underutilised data source—the 2013 National Graduates Survey—to examine the relationship between demographics, h…
Roots and STEMS? Examining field of study choices among northern and rural youth in Canada
Despite several decades of postsecondary expansion, new research finds youth from northern and rural areas in Canada still experience difficulties making the transition to postsecondary education, and those who do attend take longer to do so. Proximity, we argue, may also have a considerable impact on one’s field selection, as many of Canada’s larger universities and colleges, who offer considerably more program and degree options, tend to be con…
Mind the Gaps: Examining Youth's Reading, Math and Science Skills Across Northern and Rural Canada
A new body of sociological research is finding that northern and rural youth, and in particular, low-SES youth, face difficulties accessing higher levels of postsecondary education and lucrative fields of study such as the STEMs. However, existing research has yet to systematically measure the skills proficiencies of youth in these regions nor have we understood the factors which might account for regional differences. We draw on multiple cycles …
Just Passing Through? Exploring Regional Disparities in Vertical Transfer Intent in Ontario, Canada
Does Geography Matter? A Regional Analysis of Early Transfer within Ontario Post-Secondary Education
The relationship between geography and early transfer behavior has received limited empirical attention. In this study, we track six cohorts of university and community college entrants to examine differences in the early pathways they travel through Ontario post-secondary education (PSE), paying particular attention to how transfer pathway uptake by students in the province's rural north might vary from those in the more urbanized southern regio…
Does Transfer Pathway Uptake Help or Hinder Access to STEM Fields in Postsecondary Education? A View From Canada
Considerable scholarly attention has been devoted to how gender, race and various other demographic factors shape the odds of majoring in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) programs. Such work has identified sizable disparities in access to STEM fields across various dimensions. In turn, these empirical findings have informed productive discussions about the social and institutional mechanisms that prevent marginalised groups…
Effectively Maintained Inequality in Canada Revisited
The mass expansion of higher education (HE) systems during the 20th century pushed social scientists to theorize how high participation systems continued to reproduce inequalities across socio‐economic lines. One popular theory in sociology, dubbed effectively maintained inequality (EMI), suggests that families from the upper economic strata would maintain their competitive advantage by not only acquiring increasing amounts of education, but also…
Stratification in Countries with Flatter (Institutional) Hierarchies? Insights from Administrative Data in Canada
Researchers have repeatedly found that within modern higher education systems, students from wealthier backgrounds tend to be concentrated in the most advantageous sectors. Dubbed 'effectively maintained inequality,' this process allows these groups to maintain a competitive advantage in the labor market by virtue of acquiring more elite credentials. But what happens in nations with flatter university hierarchies, where there is relatively modest…
Beyond Universities: Structural Stratification in Canadian Tertiary Education
Empirical analyses and theorizing of structural stratification in tertiary education have focused almost exclusively on universities. In doing so, such work ignores large swaths of the organizational field, including counterparts in the understudied community college, private career college, and theological sectors. Through this study, we re-examine structural stratification in Canadian tertiary education using a custom web-scraped dataset contai…
Structural Stratification of Universities in 22 OECD Countries: Shapes, Variations, and Drivers of Inequalities
Political science (21 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Economics (15 works) · Economic growth (14 works) · Higher Education Research Studies (14 works) · Higher education (13 works) · Demographic economics (12 works) · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies (10 works) · Psychology (8 works) · Demography (7 works)