Juan Luis Manfredi-Sánchez
Biographic Data
| ID | 3496009 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Juan Luis Manfredi-Sánchez |
| GIVEN NAMES | Juan Luis |
| FAMILY NAME | Manfredi-Sánchez |
| SIGNATURE | MANFREDI-SÁNCHEZ J L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Castilla-La Mancha |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9129-2907 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 73 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Social Media Influencers and Diplomacy’s Evolution
The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Reform and Innovation
Public diplomacy in an age of perpetual crisis: Assessing the EU's strategic narratives through six crises
Purpose The purpose of this research is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the EU's public diplomacy – towards both domestic and external audiences – during times of crisis. The EU's public diplomacy is examined across six major crises: the Eurozone crisis (2008), the Ukrainian crisis (2014), the migrant crisis (2015), the Brexit referendum (2016), the new transatlantic relationship (2017) and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). The goal of ex…
Introduction. Strategic narratives for a changing world

Conducting Spanish Diplomacy in the Digital Age
This article demonstrates how digital diplomacy strategy has been devised, developed, and executed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in Spain. Since 1995, digital initiatives have taken place without a joint plan of action, but as a result of individual impulses. Until 2008, public diplomacy is developed without a model, planning, or evaluation. However, the global financial crisis has accelerated interest in this issue. The firs…
State disinformation: Emotions at the service of the cause
Disinformation is not only a phenomenon of modern democratic societies, but also a tool at the service of states. In the current communication ecosystem, politics and society interrelate in the face of a phenomenon characterised by multiple information channels and sources in which emotions now play a central role. In international relations, the expression of a state’s political will through charisma and populism are the chief aspects detected i…
Smart cities, the digital divide, and people with disabilities
Urban development that is both smart and sustainable is intrinsically linked to digital innovation in city management, as well as to the transition toward digital urban governance and the practice of digital citizenship. Cities on a global scale continuously launch new digital services and smart solutions in order to become places that are more resilient, efficient, and attractive. While digitally-driven urban development has become a new paradig…
Covid, Deglobalization and The Decline of Diplomacy: Could Tele‐diplomacy Revitalize Diplomacy’s Capacity to Promote Consensus
The pandemic has shown a diplomatic system that is dysfunctional. No institution or groups of states was willing or able to take the lead in crafting shared actions to shared problems. The crisis coincided with pressures on diplomacy from deglobalization. This has accelerated a fragmentation of norms and increased willingness to use public diplomacy and digital communication as a point‐scoring unidirectional method of self‐gratification. The priv…
The political economy of city diplomacy
City diplomacy is a major trend in the soft power development. As cities face daily political issues deriving from globalisation (such as mass tourism, migration, climate change, and commodification of culture), they demand for, rather than contesting with a nationstate, an operational reinterpretation of sovereignty oriented to solve problems. Political economy approach is a useful method to understand the role of global cities where the nation …
Barcelona’s science diplomacy: Towards an ecosystem-driven internationalization strategy
Urban innovation ecosystems are set to play a prominent role in the internationalization and governance of big cities. By harboring solid scientific and technological assets and attracting both human and financial capital, they are best suited to become the pivotal actors of effective multi-stakeholder partnerships between the scientific community, public institutions, the private sector and civil society. In 2018, Barcelona’s knowledge and innov…
From Heroes to Traitors: Political Populism in the Catalan Independence Movement’s Use of Social Networking Sites
This study analyses how social networking sites can prompt or delay a political decision, regardless of the veracity of the messages shared. Specifically, focus is directed on the 24 hours from 26 to 27 of October 2017, when an unconfirmed piece of news substantially affected the framing of the political leadership of Carles Puigdemont, the then president of the Generalitat de Cataluña (regional government of Catalonia). Those supporting independ…
Introduction to the Forum on Covid-19
Globalización y poder: La consolidación de la comunicación internacional como disciplina. Artículo de revisión
This study presents an overview of the theoretical development and main lines of research regarding international communication. To this end, the emergence of communication in the structuring of power has been analysed with regard to four areas (hard, soft, sharp power, and the strategic narrative). The critical perspective has been reviewed as well as Anglo-Saxon dominance of the subject using evidence from France, Germany, and Latin America. Fi…
Presidential Twitter in the face of Covid-19: Between populism and pop politics
This paper analyses the use of Twitter as a presidential communication channel during the first few months of the COVID-19 crisis. The aim is to determine how four recently elected presidents (those of Spain, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil) managed their political communication, and to explore the thesis that they resorted to populist messages during the first months of their terms in office. Using a qualitative methodology and the XL Node tool to …
Sanctuary Cities: What Global Migration Means for Local Governments
Cities have become active participants in implementing migration policies, thereby expanding the meaning of the word "global" with regard to the activity of local governments. International movement tends to flow toward and converge on metropolitan areas. This paper discusses the role of cities in immigration policy by taking into consideration legitimacy, authority, and public governance. Under Donald Trump's crackdown on sanctuary cities, this …
Brand activism
In this work, brand activism is defined as a strategy that seeks to influence citizen-consumers by means of campaigns created and sustained by political values. It involves a transformation in corporate communication management and social responsibility practices, which borrows from those of social movements to contribute to the social production of identity of citizen-consumers. This corporate political shift involves the use of messages, slogan…
Brand activism
In this work, brand activism is defined as a strategy that seeks to influence citizen-consumers by means of campaigns created and sustained by political values. It involves a transformation in corporate communication management and social responsibility practices, which borrows from those of social movements to contribute to the social production of identity of citizen-consumers. This corporate political shift involves the use of messages, slogan…
Activismo político de los presidentes de empresa del Ibex 35 ante los retos políticos, sociales y medioambientales
CEO’s political activism is understood as the participation in current controversial issues, when these are not directly related to the general management or economic aspects of the firm. This study analyzes the public interventions of the presidents of 18 Spanish reference companies through the collection of public information (n = 1,952). Such information is published at their virtual press room to identify political, social or environmental is…
El aprendizaje de la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de los ayuntamientos españoles
This article studies the instrumental development of transparency in the Spanish municipalities’ websites between 2011-2017, under two different regulations on transparency and good governance. The research method consists of the study of 41 indicators, later expanded to 52 to adjust it to the reform of the legislation on transparency and access to public information, approved in 2013. The general objective is the investigation of the resources, …
Posverdad, fake-news y agenda política en el discurso de Trump en Twitter
Este trabajo muestra los resultados del análisis de contenido de los 133 mensajes de Donald Trump en su perfil de Twitter (@realDonaldTrump) durante su primer mes como presidente electo de los Estados Unidos tras los comicios noviembre de 2016. Su análisis demuestra que Trump ha empleado Twitter de manera impulsiva y nada institucional para incrementar la afiliación partidista y manejar la opinión pública. Por un lado, mediante la exposición de i…
Xacobeo: The international press' perception of the Way of St James (2009-2017)
This work studies the international press's perception of the Way of St James in 111,968 articles published in 21 languages during the period 2009-2017. The study performed here on what has been identified as a place branding activity with the collaboration of the public and private sectors is based on three hypotheses: 1) the international press coverage of the Way of St James is seasonal, i.e. directly related to a rise in summer visitor number…
Politics, hackers and partisan networking. Misinformation, national utility and free election in the Catalan independence movement
Misinformation, post-truth and fake news are the consequence of the complex interaction between technological disruption, collective interpersonal communication and sociopolitical action. We analyzed the impact of content produced by the hacktivist Julian Assange [1] and his WikiLeaks organization in support of the Catalan independence process in the last quarter of 2017. A total of 1,708,087 unique results were retrieved from multiple streams of…
Horizontes de la información pública
Public information, including the right to know and the right to transparency, is one of the main topics in academic research and professional development. It is usually analyzed on three epistemological levels: constitutional, governance, and media citizenship. It is thought-provoking to the extent that we find a strong tension between transparency and confidentiality, when rebuilding trust in the public sphere. Using this information we can pre…
Noticias de alcance? El criterio periodístico en la publicación de noticias en las webs municipales españolas (2011-2016)
Spanish legislation includes the obligation to publish information, making it available to citizens, in order to improve public management. However, such information is not created using journalistic criteria, but rather political control. This study of news published by six city councils on their websites between 2011 and 2016 shows that the current legislation has improved the number of public information items (raw data material), but not the …
Cuatro funciones estratégicas de la diplomacia corporativa
La diplomacia corporativa es el desarrollo instrumental de la estrategia que ordena la relación con los poderes públicos y privados en un entorno complejo y globalizado. Las corporaciones actúan como poderes diplomáticos en la representación, la negociación, la protección y la promoción de los intereses, las cuatro funciones básicas de la diplomacia que establece la Convención de Viena de 1961. La tarea de la diplomacia corporativa es una fuente …
Presidential Twitter in the face of Covid-19: Between populism and pop politics
This paper analyses the use of Twitter as a presidential communication channel during the first few months of the COVID-19 crisis. The aim is to determine how four recently elected presidents (those of Spain, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil) managed their political communication, and to explore the thesis that they resorted to populist messages during the first months of their terms in office. Using a qualitative methodology and the XL Node tool to …
Sanctuary Cities: What Global Migration Means for Local Governments
Cities have become active participants in implementing migration policies, thereby expanding the meaning of the word "global" with regard to the activity of local governments. International movement tends to flow toward and converge on metropolitan areas. This paper discusses the role of cities in immigration policy by taking into consideration legitimacy, authority, and public governance. Under Donald Trump's crackdown on sanctuary cities, this …
Smart cities, the digital divide, and people with disabilities
Urban development that is both smart and sustainable is intrinsically linked to digital innovation in city management, as well as to the transition toward digital urban governance and the practice of digital citizenship. Cities on a global scale continuously launch new digital services and smart solutions in order to become places that are more resilient, efficient, and attractive. While digitally-driven urban development has become a new paradig…
Politics, hackers and partisan networking. Misinformation, national utility and free election in the Catalan independence movement
Misinformation, post-truth and fake news are the consequence of the complex interaction between technological disruption, collective interpersonal communication and sociopolitical action. We analyzed the impact of content produced by the hacktivist Julian Assange [1] and his WikiLeaks organization in support of the Catalan independence process in the last quarter of 2017. A total of 1,708,087 unique results were retrieved from multiple streams of…
State disinformation: Emotions at the service of the cause
Disinformation is not only a phenomenon of modern democratic societies, but also a tool at the service of states. In the current communication ecosystem, politics and society interrelate in the face of a phenomenon characterised by multiple information channels and sources in which emotions now play a central role. In international relations, the expression of a state’s political will through charisma and populism are the chief aspects detected i…
The political economy of city diplomacy
City diplomacy is a major trend in the soft power development. As cities face daily political issues deriving from globalisation (such as mass tourism, migration, climate change, and commodification of culture), they demand for, rather than contesting with a nationstate, an operational reinterpretation of sovereignty oriented to solve problems. Political economy approach is a useful method to understand the role of global cities where the nation …
Globalización y poder: La consolidación de la comunicación internacional como disciplina. Artículo de revisión
This study presents an overview of the theoretical development and main lines of research regarding international communication. To this end, the emergence of communication in the structuring of power has been analysed with regard to four areas (hard, soft, sharp power, and the strategic narrative). The critical perspective has been reviewed as well as Anglo-Saxon dominance of the subject using evidence from France, Germany, and Latin America. Fi…
Indicadores de transparencia y buen gobierno de las webs municipales españolas
Se ha analizado la información disponible en las webs de 2.930 municipios españoles. El artículo considera dos hipótesis. La primera establece lo siguiente: «La cantidad de la información pública disponible en las webs municipales es escasa.» La segunda hipótesis se escribe así «La tecnología permite una mejora sustancial de la información pública disponible. La transparencia informativa y la rendición de cuentas son procesos de mejora constante.…
Brand activism
In this work, brand activism is defined as a strategy that seeks to influence citizen-consumers by means of campaigns created and sustained by political values. It involves a transformation in corporate communication management and social responsibility practices, which borrows from those of social movements to contribute to the social production of identity of citizen-consumers. This corporate political shift involves the use of messages, slogan…
Posverdad, fake-news y agenda política en el discurso de Trump en Twitter
Este trabajo muestra los resultados del análisis de contenido de los 133 mensajes de Donald Trump en su perfil de Twitter (@realDonaldTrump) durante su primer mes como presidente electo de los Estados Unidos tras los comicios noviembre de 2016. Su análisis demuestra que Trump ha empleado Twitter de manera impulsiva y nada institucional para incrementar la afiliación partidista y manejar la opinión pública. Por un lado, mediante la exposición de i…
Horizontes de la información pública
Public information, including the right to know and the right to transparency, is one of the main topics in academic research and professional development. It is usually analyzed on three epistemological levels: constitutional, governance, and media citizenship. It is thought-provoking to the extent that we find a strong tension between transparency and confidentiality, when rebuilding trust in the public sphere. Using this information we can pre…
Taxonomía de la diplomacia digital en la agenda de las nuevas relaciones internacionales
Digital diplomacy has become one of the key elements for understanding the transformation of contemporary diplomacy. The analysis of the principles, methods and purposes shows that we are still in a very early stage of digital transformation
Social Media Influencers and Diplomacy’s Evolution
Activismo político de los presidentes de empresa del Ibex 35 ante los retos políticos, sociales y medioambientales
CEO’s political activism is understood as the participation in current controversial issues, when these are not directly related to the general management or economic aspects of the firm. This study analyzes the public interventions of the presidents of 18 Spanish reference companies through the collection of public information (n = 1,952). Such information is published at their virtual press room to identify political, social or environmental is…
Xacobeo: The international press' perception of the Way of St James (2009-2017)
This work studies the international press's perception of the Way of St James in 111,968 articles published in 21 languages during the period 2009-2017. The study performed here on what has been identified as a place branding activity with the collaboration of the public and private sectors is based on three hypotheses: 1) the international press coverage of the Way of St James is seasonal, i.e. directly related to a rise in summer visitor number…
Noticias de alcance? El criterio periodístico en la publicación de noticias en las webs municipales españolas (2011-2016)
Spanish legislation includes the obligation to publish information, making it available to citizens, in order to improve public management. However, such information is not created using journalistic criteria, but rather political control. This study of news published by six city councils on their websites between 2011 and 2016 shows that the current legislation has improved the number of public information items (raw data material), but not the …
Structural Analysis to Measure the Influence of Think Tanks’ Networks in the Digital Era
Ideas fuel power, giving means, understanding and arguments to the public sphere. Think tanks are the most influential actors in creating and disseminating such ideas in the field of international relations. This article analyses the networks of relations among think tanks in order better to understand their nature and the ways in which they operate in a global reality, organized by geographical areas. The research method is by structural analysi…
Hacia una teoría comunicativa de la diplomacia pública
Las relaciones internacionales han cambiado de forma sustancial en los últimos veinte años, ante la creación de un sistema internacional que ha puesto en cuestión las bases sobre las que se sostiene. Tales cambios han favorecido la expansión de la diplomacia pública. El artículo describe las dimensiones y los elementos de las estrategias de la comunicación, así como los retos para su consolidación en el marco de la acción exterior de los actores …
Hacia una teoría comunicativa de la diplomacia pública
Las relaciones internacionales han cambiado de forma sustancial en los últimos veinte años, ante la creación de un sistema internacional que ha puesto en cuestión las bases sobre las que se sostiene. Tales cambios han favorecido la expansión de la diplomacia pública. El artículo describe las dimensiones y los elementos de las estrategias de la comunicación, así como los retos para su consolidación en el marco de la acción exterior de los actores …
Indicadores de transparencia y buen gobierno de las webs municipales españolas
Se ha analizado la información disponible en las webs de 2.930 municipios españoles. El artículo considera dos hipótesis. La primera establece lo siguiente: «La cantidad de la información pública disponible en las webs municipales es escasa.» La segunda hipótesis se escribe así «La tecnología permite una mejora sustancial de la información pública disponible. La transparencia informativa y la rendición de cuentas son procesos de mejora constante.…
Taxonomía de la diplomacia digital en la agenda de las nuevas relaciones internacionales
Digital diplomacy has become one of the key elements for understanding the transformation of contemporary diplomacy. The analysis of the principles, methods and purposes shows that we are still in a very early stage of digital transformation
Structural Analysis to Measure the Influence of Think Tanks’ Networks in the Digital Era
Ideas fuel power, giving means, understanding and arguments to the public sphere. Think tanks are the most influential actors in creating and disseminating such ideas in the field of international relations. This article analyses the networks of relations among think tanks in order better to understand their nature and the ways in which they operate in a global reality, organized by geographical areas. The research method is by structural analysi…
Latest trends and initiatives in corporate social responsibility: A communicational analysis of successful cases of arts and culture in Spain
This article explores the relevance of cultural and art promotion in corporate communication strategies for contemporary management models. In Spain, where the funding for culture is declining due to the crisis and decrease in funds from the government – one of the most important supporting cultural agents – some corporations are developing new initiatives to support culture and arts. Nowadays, the field of corporate social responsibility has an …
Innovación en el periodismo emprendedor deportivo. Modelo de negocio y narrativas
Entrepreneurial journalism is the set of projects created since 2008 by journalists to deal with the transformation of the Spanish media market. Specialization in sports stands out as one of the levers of growth, constituting around 17 per cent of the new media outlets. The degree of innovation in journalism production are analyzed through the measurement of two elements: their value proposition, in particular their business model, and the new wa…
A major disappointment: The quest for transparency among Spanish municipalities online
Horizontes de la información pública
Public information, including the right to know and the right to transparency, is one of the main topics in academic research and professional development. It is usually analyzed on three epistemological levels: constitutional, governance, and media citizenship. It is thought-provoking to the extent that we find a strong tension between transparency and confidentiality, when rebuilding trust in the public sphere. Using this information we can pre…
Noticias de alcance? El criterio periodístico en la publicación de noticias en las webs municipales españolas (2011-2016)
Spanish legislation includes the obligation to publish information, making it available to citizens, in order to improve public management. However, such information is not created using journalistic criteria, but rather political control. This study of news published by six city councils on their websites between 2011 and 2016 shows that the current legislation has improved the number of public information items (raw data material), but not the …
Cuatro funciones estratégicas de la diplomacia corporativa
La diplomacia corporativa es el desarrollo instrumental de la estrategia que ordena la relación con los poderes públicos y privados en un entorno complejo y globalizado. Las corporaciones actúan como poderes diplomáticos en la representación, la negociación, la protección y la promoción de los intereses, las cuatro funciones básicas de la diplomacia que establece la Convención de Viena de 1961. La tarea de la diplomacia corporativa es una fuente …
Politics, hackers and partisan networking. Misinformation, national utility and free election in the Catalan independence movement
Misinformation, post-truth and fake news are the consequence of the complex interaction between technological disruption, collective interpersonal communication and sociopolitical action. We analyzed the impact of content produced by the hacktivist Julian Assange [1] and his WikiLeaks organization in support of the Catalan independence process in the last quarter of 2017. A total of 1,708,087 unique results were retrieved from multiple streams of…
Brand activism
In this work, brand activism is defined as a strategy that seeks to influence citizen-consumers by means of campaigns created and sustained by political values. It involves a transformation in corporate communication management and social responsibility practices, which borrows from those of social movements to contribute to the social production of identity of citizen-consumers. This corporate political shift involves the use of messages, slogan…
Brand activism
In this work, brand activism is defined as a strategy that seeks to influence citizen-consumers by means of campaigns created and sustained by political values. It involves a transformation in corporate communication management and social responsibility practices, which borrows from those of social movements to contribute to the social production of identity of citizen-consumers. This corporate political shift involves the use of messages, slogan…
Activismo político de los presidentes de empresa del Ibex 35 ante los retos políticos, sociales y medioambientales
CEO’s political activism is understood as the participation in current controversial issues, when these are not directly related to the general management or economic aspects of the firm. This study analyzes the public interventions of the presidents of 18 Spanish reference companies through the collection of public information (n = 1,952). Such information is published at their virtual press room to identify political, social or environmental is…
El aprendizaje de la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de los ayuntamientos españoles
This article studies the instrumental development of transparency in the Spanish municipalities’ websites between 2011-2017, under two different regulations on transparency and good governance. The research method consists of the study of 41 indicators, later expanded to 52 to adjust it to the reform of the legislation on transparency and access to public information, approved in 2013. The general objective is the investigation of the resources, …
Posverdad, fake-news y agenda política en el discurso de Trump en Twitter
Este trabajo muestra los resultados del análisis de contenido de los 133 mensajes de Donald Trump en su perfil de Twitter (@realDonaldTrump) durante su primer mes como presidente electo de los Estados Unidos tras los comicios noviembre de 2016. Su análisis demuestra que Trump ha empleado Twitter de manera impulsiva y nada institucional para incrementar la afiliación partidista y manejar la opinión pública. Por un lado, mediante la exposición de i…
Xacobeo: The international press' perception of the Way of St James (2009-2017)
This work studies the international press's perception of the Way of St James in 111,968 articles published in 21 languages during the period 2009-2017. The study performed here on what has been identified as a place branding activity with the collaboration of the public and private sectors is based on three hypotheses: 1) the international press coverage of the Way of St James is seasonal, i.e. directly related to a rise in summer visitor number…
Barcelona’s science diplomacy: Towards an ecosystem-driven internationalization strategy
Urban innovation ecosystems are set to play a prominent role in the internationalization and governance of big cities. By harboring solid scientific and technological assets and attracting both human and financial capital, they are best suited to become the pivotal actors of effective multi-stakeholder partnerships between the scientific community, public institutions, the private sector and civil society. In 2018, Barcelona’s knowledge and innov…
From Heroes to Traitors: Political Populism in the Catalan Independence Movement’s Use of Social Networking Sites
This study analyses how social networking sites can prompt or delay a political decision, regardless of the veracity of the messages shared. Specifically, focus is directed on the 24 hours from 26 to 27 of October 2017, when an unconfirmed piece of news substantially affected the framing of the political leadership of Carles Puigdemont, the then president of the Generalitat de Cataluña (regional government of Catalonia). Those supporting independ…
Introduction to the Forum on Covid-19
Globalización y poder: La consolidación de la comunicación internacional como disciplina. Artículo de revisión
This study presents an overview of the theoretical development and main lines of research regarding international communication. To this end, the emergence of communication in the structuring of power has been analysed with regard to four areas (hard, soft, sharp power, and the strategic narrative). The critical perspective has been reviewed as well as Anglo-Saxon dominance of the subject using evidence from France, Germany, and Latin America. Fi…
Presidential Twitter in the face of Covid-19: Between populism and pop politics
This paper analyses the use of Twitter as a presidential communication channel during the first few months of the COVID-19 crisis. The aim is to determine how four recently elected presidents (those of Spain, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil) managed their political communication, and to explore the thesis that they resorted to populist messages during the first months of their terms in office. Using a qualitative methodology and the XL Node tool to …
Sanctuary Cities: What Global Migration Means for Local Governments
Cities have become active participants in implementing migration policies, thereby expanding the meaning of the word "global" with regard to the activity of local governments. International movement tends to flow toward and converge on metropolitan areas. This paper discusses the role of cities in immigration policy by taking into consideration legitimacy, authority, and public governance. Under Donald Trump's crackdown on sanctuary cities, this …
Covid, Deglobalization and The Decline of Diplomacy: Could Tele‐diplomacy Revitalize Diplomacy’s Capacity to Promote Consensus
The pandemic has shown a diplomatic system that is dysfunctional. No institution or groups of states was willing or able to take the lead in crafting shared actions to shared problems. The crisis coincided with pressures on diplomacy from deglobalization. This has accelerated a fragmentation of norms and increased willingness to use public diplomacy and digital communication as a point‐scoring unidirectional method of self‐gratification. The priv…
The political economy of city diplomacy
City diplomacy is a major trend in the soft power development. As cities face daily political issues deriving from globalisation (such as mass tourism, migration, climate change, and commodification of culture), they demand for, rather than contesting with a nationstate, an operational reinterpretation of sovereignty oriented to solve problems. Political economy approach is a useful method to understand the role of global cities where the nation …
Political science (32 works) · Law (21 works) · Politics (19 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Law (15 works) · Public relations (13 works) · Business (11 works) · Humanities (10 works) · Diplomacy (9 works) · Art (7 works)