William Cro
Biographic Data
| ID | 3620571 |
|---|---|
| NAME | William Cro |
| GIVEN NAMES | William |
| FAMILY NAME | Cro |
| SIGNATURE | CRO W |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 578 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Sore losers? The costs of intra-party democracy
Drawing upon the ‘satisfaction with democracy’ and ‘divisive primary’ literatures, this article examines how losers of intra-party elections respond to defeat and the consequences that these choices have on party organization and strength. In other words, do losers of intra-party elections continue to support the party or do they, like losers of general elections, feel less satisfied with democracy and withdraw their support (or even ‘exit’ the p…
The Importance of local party activity in understanding Canadian politics: Winning From the Ground Up in the 2015 Federal Election – Corrigendum
How Ireland voted: The Election That Nobody Won
This volume marks the 8th instalment in the How Ireland Voted series. These collections, now edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, provide a valuable resource for those interested in the
Understanding Power-Sharing within Political Parties: Stratarchy as Mutual Interdependence between the Party in the Centre and the Party on the Ground
Recent literature has renewed interest in the stratarchical model of intraparty decision-making. In this version of party organization, the functions performed by parties are distributed among their discrete levels. The result is a power-sharing arrangement in which no group has control over all aspects of party life. Thus, the model potentially provides an antidote to the hierarchical version of organization. This article examines the principal …
The Importance of Local Party Activity in Understanding Canadian Politics: Winning from the Ground Up in the 2015 Federal Election
Political parties have long been identified as critical players in Canadian democracy. In this address I focus on the activities of parties at the constituency level arguing that this is crucial to fully understanding many important questions in Canadian political science. By way of example, using data relating to the 2015 federal election, I argue that examining the relative vitality of local party associations in the period between election cam…
Research Note: Negative” Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy
While the negative campaigning literature has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years, the precise targets of campaign negativity have not been fully explored, as candidates and their parties are largely treated as the same target. Likewise, although scholars are increasingly writing about the personalization of politics, this literature has not considered whether parties can “personalize” their opponents by focusing their messaging and attac…
Candidate Selection in Canada: Local Autonomy, Centralization, and Competing Democratic Norms
This article examines how political parties choose their candidates in Canada's decentralized multilevel setting. We examine the selection practices of the leading federal parties, focusing on the formal and informal rules relating to the eligibility and mobilization of voters and candidates, the distribution of power within the party, and representational outcomes. In doing so, we highlight how Canadian parties have approached the trade-off betw…
Party Primaries: Towards a Definition and Typology
While primaries were once associated almost exclusively with the United States, similar methods for selecting party leaders and candidates have lately become common in many parliamentary democracies. This considerable expansion of intra-party democracy has resulted in the rising popularity and increased usage of the term 'primary' election. However, despite the popularisation of the term, little work has been done to create a clear definition and…
Research Note: The Influence of Party Candidate Selection Methods on Candidate Diversity
In this research note we test the argument that centralised and exclusive nomination methods result in more diverse lists of candidates than do those organised with a more inclusive, decentralised selectorate. We do so using a database of candidate information compiled for the 2010 and 2013 Australian federal elections and an analysis of the House of Representatives selection rules for every state and territory branch of the Labor and Liberal par…
Personalization of campaigns in an SMP system: The Canadian case
Evolving membership strategies in Australian political parties
Like parties elsewhere, the Australian parties have witnessed a decline in membership activism in recent years and some have suggested that near memberless parties may become the norm. Drawing on elite interviews, party documents and examination of recent organisational reforms, we argue that parties continue to need members and view their involvement as essential to achieving their objectives. In response to declining rates of activism parties h…
Designing candidate selection methods: Exploring diversity in Australian political parties
The processes political parties use to select their candidates for public office constitute a crucial element of political recruitment in representative democracies and provide important insights into how power is distributed within party organisations. In this article, we develop a typology for understanding the diversity of preselection mechanisms in Australia's major parties that is based on degrees of influence between the central and local c…
Who selects the party leader
We study the degree of formal influence that rank-and-file members have on the selection of party leaders in the five English-speaking Westminster countries: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. We find that in recent years there has been a general, though not universal, trend towards granting party members greater influence in the choice of their leader. We observe that the decision to broaden the selectorate has been …
Assessing the psychological and mechanical impact of electoral rules: A quasi-experiment
Explaining Local Campaign Intensity: The Canadian General Election of 2008
There is considerable evidence that local campaign activity is positively related both to a party's constituency level vote share and to voter participation rates. In this article we consider the degree of variance of local campaign intensity at the constituency level in the Liberal and New Democratic parties in the 2008 Canadian federal election and consider the variables that may explain this variance. Utilizing data collected through a post-el…
Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection: Taking Contextual Factors into Account
This article argues that the relative significance of party candidate selection processes in influencing representational and policy outcomes varies across countries and parties. Five variables are identified that influence this relationship: the electoral system, the degree of inter-party general election competition, the openness of the system to the election of independent candidates, whether representational demands are accommodated within or…
Factors Influencing the Decision of the Young Politically Engaged To Join a Political Party: An Investigation of the Canadian Case
Situated in the literature concerning the decline of party members, and the dearth of young party members, this article considers the factors that influence the decision of a politically engaged young person to join, or not join, a political party. Making use of a unique dataset, we examine the attitudes and socialization of a large group of politically active young Canadians, a group that includes a significant number of both party members and n…
Ethnicity and Everyday Life (New Sociology) (New Sociology)
The Rush to electoral reform in the Canadian provinces: Why now
Introduction In his seminal 1968 essay on the Canadian electoral system, Alan Cairns wrote that 'proportional representation has not been seriously considered as a possible alternative to the existing system,' and that 'the habituation of Canadians to the existing system renders policy oriented research on the comparative merits of different electoral systems a fruitless exercise' (1968: 263). Cairns' essay generated considerable academic interes…
The Contours of Political Party Membership in Canada
This overview of political party membership in Canada begins with an examination of the norms of party membership in the new Canadian party system and then considers who belongs to Canada’s parties, what activities members engage in and how active they are in party affairs. Data from a survey of members of the five major federal parties demonstrate that few Canadians belong to political parties, and those who do belong are not representative of v…
Incentives to Membership in Canadian Political Parties
This article analyses data from the 2000 Study of Canadian Political Party Members to address the question of why individuals join political parties in Canada and to trace their paths to activism. Because Canadian parties are essentially brokerage parties charactensed by ideological flexibility and limited substantive roles for their members, membership in a party islikely to be motivated less by ideological concerns than by membership in a socia…
The Rise of Plebiscitary Democracy in Canadian Political Parties
In this article we trace the development of intra-party democracy within Canadian political parties and argue that a new, plebiscitary model of intra-party democracy is shaping internal party organization. This is evidenced by changing party practices, which are for the most part supported by grassroots party members. Data from a survey of members of the five major political parties demonstrate this support for plebiscitary democracy, and suggest…
Policy Attitudes of Party Members in Canada: Evidence of Ideological Politics
This article considers the degree to which characteristics of the ideological model of political parties are evident in the Canadian party system. Four questions are considered: are members attracted to parties on the basis of their policy positions; is there a structure to party members' issue attitudes; is there significant attitudinal space between the parties; and is there cohesion within the parties on the identified attitudinal measures? Da…
Direct Election of Provincial Party Leaders in Canada, 1985–1995: The End of the Leadership Convention
Between 1985 and 1995, 12 provincial parties in Canada elected their leaders by a direct vote of their membership. This article examines the motivation behind the switch to direct election, the direct election procedures used and whether the expected benefits have been realized. Claims that direct elections are more democratic than traditional conventions and that they can revitalize a party membership are scrutinized
Who selects the party leader
We study the degree of formal influence that rank-and-file members have on the selection of party leaders in the five English-speaking Westminster countries: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. We find that in recent years there has been a general, though not universal, trend towards granting party members greater influence in the choice of their leader. We observe that the decision to broaden the selectorate has been …
Factors Influencing the Decision of the Young Politically Engaged To Join a Political Party: An Investigation of the Canadian Case
Situated in the literature concerning the decline of party members, and the dearth of young party members, this article considers the factors that influence the decision of a politically engaged young person to join, or not join, a political party. Making use of a unique dataset, we examine the attitudes and socialization of a large group of politically active young Canadians, a group that includes a significant number of both party members and n…
The Contours of Political Party Membership in Canada
This overview of political party membership in Canada begins with an examination of the norms of party membership in the new Canadian party system and then considers who belongs to Canada’s parties, what activities members engage in and how active they are in party affairs. Data from a survey of members of the five major federal parties demonstrate that few Canadians belong to political parties, and those who do belong are not representative of v…
Research Note: The Influence of Party Candidate Selection Methods on Candidate Diversity
In this research note we test the argument that centralised and exclusive nomination methods result in more diverse lists of candidates than do those organised with a more inclusive, decentralised selectorate. We do so using a database of candidate information compiled for the 2010 and 2013 Australian federal elections and an analysis of the House of Representatives selection rules for every state and territory branch of the Labor and Liberal par…
Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection: Taking Contextual Factors into Account
This article argues that the relative significance of party candidate selection processes in influencing representational and policy outcomes varies across countries and parties. Five variables are identified that influence this relationship: the electoral system, the degree of inter-party general election competition, the openness of the system to the election of independent candidates, whether representational demands are accommodated within or…
Understanding Power-Sharing within Political Parties: Stratarchy as Mutual Interdependence between the Party in the Centre and the Party on the Ground
Recent literature has renewed interest in the stratarchical model of intraparty decision-making. In this version of party organization, the functions performed by parties are distributed among their discrete levels. The result is a power-sharing arrangement in which no group has control over all aspects of party life. Thus, the model potentially provides an antidote to the hierarchical version of organization. This article examines the principal …
Incentives to Membership in Canadian Political Parties
This article analyses data from the 2000 Study of Canadian Political Party Members to address the question of why individuals join political parties in Canada and to trace their paths to activism. Because Canadian parties are essentially brokerage parties charactensed by ideological flexibility and limited substantive roles for their members, membership in a party islikely to be motivated less by ideological concerns than by membership in a socia…
Party Primaries: Towards a Definition and Typology
While primaries were once associated almost exclusively with the United States, similar methods for selecting party leaders and candidates have lately become common in many parliamentary democracies. This considerable expansion of intra-party democracy has resulted in the rising popularity and increased usage of the term 'primary' election. However, despite the popularisation of the term, little work has been done to create a clear definition and…
Candidate Selection in Canada: Local Autonomy, Centralization, and Competing Democratic Norms
This article examines how political parties choose their candidates in Canada's decentralized multilevel setting. We examine the selection practices of the leading federal parties, focusing on the formal and informal rules relating to the eligibility and mobilization of voters and candidates, the distribution of power within the party, and representational outcomes. In doing so, we highlight how Canadian parties have approached the trade-off betw…
The Rise of Plebiscitary Democracy in Canadian Political Parties
In this article we trace the development of intra-party democracy within Canadian political parties and argue that a new, plebiscitary model of intra-party democracy is shaping internal party organization. This is evidenced by changing party practices, which are for the most part supported by grassroots party members. Data from a survey of members of the five major political parties demonstrate this support for plebiscitary democracy, and suggest…
Policy Attitudes of Party Members in Canada: Evidence of Ideological Politics
This article considers the degree to which characteristics of the ideological model of political parties are evident in the Canadian party system. Four questions are considered: are members attracted to parties on the basis of their policy positions; is there a structure to party members' issue attitudes; is there significant attitudinal space between the parties; and is there cohesion within the parties on the identified attitudinal measures? Da…
Designing candidate selection methods: Exploring diversity in Australian political parties
The processes political parties use to select their candidates for public office constitute a crucial element of political recruitment in representative democracies and provide important insights into how power is distributed within party organisations. In this article, we develop a typology for understanding the diversity of preselection mechanisms in Australia's major parties that is based on degrees of influence between the central and local c…
Sore losers? The costs of intra-party democracy
Drawing upon the ‘satisfaction with democracy’ and ‘divisive primary’ literatures, this article examines how losers of intra-party elections respond to defeat and the consequences that these choices have on party organization and strength. In other words, do losers of intra-party elections continue to support the party or do they, like losers of general elections, feel less satisfied with democracy and withdraw their support (or even ‘exit’ the p…
Personalization of campaigns in an SMP system: The Canadian case
Evolving membership strategies in Australian political parties
Like parties elsewhere, the Australian parties have witnessed a decline in membership activism in recent years and some have suggested that near memberless parties may become the norm. Drawing on elite interviews, party documents and examination of recent organisational reforms, we argue that parties continue to need members and view their involvement as essential to achieving their objectives. In response to declining rates of activism parties h…
Direct Election of Provincial Party Leaders in Canada, 1985–1995: The End of the Leadership Convention
Between 1985 and 1995, 12 provincial parties in Canada elected their leaders by a direct vote of their membership. This article examines the motivation behind the switch to direct election, the direct election procedures used and whether the expected benefits have been realized. Claims that direct elections are more democratic than traditional conventions and that they can revitalize a party membership are scrutinized
The Importance of Local Party Activity in Understanding Canadian Politics: Winning from the Ground Up in the 2015 Federal Election
Political parties have long been identified as critical players in Canadian democracy. In this address I focus on the activities of parties at the constituency level arguing that this is crucial to fully understanding many important questions in Canadian political science. By way of example, using data relating to the 2015 federal election, I argue that examining the relative vitality of local party associations in the period between election cam…
Research Note: Negative” Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy
While the negative campaigning literature has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years, the precise targets of campaign negativity have not been fully explored, as candidates and their parties are largely treated as the same target. Likewise, although scholars are increasingly writing about the personalization of politics, this literature has not considered whether parties can “personalize” their opponents by focusing their messaging and attac…
Assessing the psychological and mechanical impact of electoral rules: A quasi-experiment
Explaining Local Campaign Intensity: The Canadian General Election of 2008
There is considerable evidence that local campaign activity is positively related both to a party's constituency level vote share and to voter participation rates. In this article we consider the degree of variance of local campaign intensity at the constituency level in the Liberal and New Democratic parties in the 2008 Canadian federal election and consider the variables that may explain this variance. Utilizing data collected through a post-el…
The Rush to electoral reform in the Canadian provinces: Why now
Introduction In his seminal 1968 essay on the Canadian electoral system, Alan Cairns wrote that 'proportional representation has not been seriously considered as a possible alternative to the existing system,' and that 'the habituation of Canadians to the existing system renders policy oriented research on the comparative merits of different electoral systems a fruitless exercise' (1968: 263). Cairns' essay generated considerable academic interes…
How Ireland voted: The Election That Nobody Won
This volume marks the 8th instalment in the How Ireland Voted series. These collections, now edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, provide a valuable resource for those interested in the
Direct Election of Provincial Party Leaders in Canada, 1985–1995: The End of the Leadership Convention
Between 1985 and 1995, 12 provincial parties in Canada elected their leaders by a direct vote of their membership. This article examines the motivation behind the switch to direct election, the direct election procedures used and whether the expected benefits have been realized. Claims that direct elections are more democratic than traditional conventions and that they can revitalize a party membership are scrutinized
Incentives to Membership in Canadian Political Parties
This article analyses data from the 2000 Study of Canadian Political Party Members to address the question of why individuals join political parties in Canada and to trace their paths to activism. Because Canadian parties are essentially brokerage parties charactensed by ideological flexibility and limited substantive roles for their members, membership in a party islikely to be motivated less by ideological concerns than by membership in a socia…
The Rise of Plebiscitary Democracy in Canadian Political Parties
In this article we trace the development of intra-party democracy within Canadian political parties and argue that a new, plebiscitary model of intra-party democracy is shaping internal party organization. This is evidenced by changing party practices, which are for the most part supported by grassroots party members. Data from a survey of members of the five major political parties demonstrate this support for plebiscitary democracy, and suggest…
Policy Attitudes of Party Members in Canada: Evidence of Ideological Politics
This article considers the degree to which characteristics of the ideological model of political parties are evident in the Canadian party system. Four questions are considered: are members attracted to parties on the basis of their policy positions; is there a structure to party members' issue attitudes; is there significant attitudinal space between the parties; and is there cohesion within the parties on the identified attitudinal measures? Da…
The Contours of Political Party Membership in Canada
This overview of political party membership in Canada begins with an examination of the norms of party membership in the new Canadian party system and then considers who belongs to Canada’s parties, what activities members engage in and how active they are in party affairs. Data from a survey of members of the five major federal parties demonstrate that few Canadians belong to political parties, and those who do belong are not representative of v…
The Rush to electoral reform in the Canadian provinces: Why now
Introduction In his seminal 1968 essay on the Canadian electoral system, Alan Cairns wrote that 'proportional representation has not been seriously considered as a possible alternative to the existing system,' and that 'the habituation of Canadians to the existing system renders policy oriented research on the comparative merits of different electoral systems a fruitless exercise' (1968: 263). Cairns' essay generated considerable academic interes…
Ethnicity and Everyday Life (New Sociology) (New Sociology)
Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection: Taking Contextual Factors into Account
This article argues that the relative significance of party candidate selection processes in influencing representational and policy outcomes varies across countries and parties. Five variables are identified that influence this relationship: the electoral system, the degree of inter-party general election competition, the openness of the system to the election of independent candidates, whether representational demands are accommodated within or…
Factors Influencing the Decision of the Young Politically Engaged To Join a Political Party: An Investigation of the Canadian Case
Situated in the literature concerning the decline of party members, and the dearth of young party members, this article considers the factors that influence the decision of a politically engaged young person to join, or not join, a political party. Making use of a unique dataset, we examine the attitudes and socialization of a large group of politically active young Canadians, a group that includes a significant number of both party members and n…
Explaining Local Campaign Intensity: The Canadian General Election of 2008
There is considerable evidence that local campaign activity is positively related both to a party's constituency level vote share and to voter participation rates. In this article we consider the degree of variance of local campaign intensity at the constituency level in the Liberal and New Democratic parties in the 2008 Canadian federal election and consider the variables that may explain this variance. Utilizing data collected through a post-el…
Who selects the party leader
We study the degree of formal influence that rank-and-file members have on the selection of party leaders in the five English-speaking Westminster countries: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. We find that in recent years there has been a general, though not universal, trend towards granting party members greater influence in the choice of their leader. We observe that the decision to broaden the selectorate has been …
Assessing the psychological and mechanical impact of electoral rules: A quasi-experiment
Evolving membership strategies in Australian political parties
Like parties elsewhere, the Australian parties have witnessed a decline in membership activism in recent years and some have suggested that near memberless parties may become the norm. Drawing on elite interviews, party documents and examination of recent organisational reforms, we argue that parties continue to need members and view their involvement as essential to achieving their objectives. In response to declining rates of activism parties h…
Designing candidate selection methods: Exploring diversity in Australian political parties
The processes political parties use to select their candidates for public office constitute a crucial element of political recruitment in representative democracies and provide important insights into how power is distributed within party organisations. In this article, we develop a typology for understanding the diversity of preselection mechanisms in Australia's major parties that is based on degrees of influence between the central and local c…
Party Primaries: Towards a Definition and Typology
While primaries were once associated almost exclusively with the United States, similar methods for selecting party leaders and candidates have lately become common in many parliamentary democracies. This considerable expansion of intra-party democracy has resulted in the rising popularity and increased usage of the term 'primary' election. However, despite the popularisation of the term, little work has been done to create a clear definition and…
Research Note: The Influence of Party Candidate Selection Methods on Candidate Diversity
In this research note we test the argument that centralised and exclusive nomination methods result in more diverse lists of candidates than do those organised with a more inclusive, decentralised selectorate. We do so using a database of candidate information compiled for the 2010 and 2013 Australian federal elections and an analysis of the House of Representatives selection rules for every state and territory branch of the Labor and Liberal par…
Personalization of campaigns in an SMP system: The Canadian case
The Importance of Local Party Activity in Understanding Canadian Politics: Winning from the Ground Up in the 2015 Federal Election
Political parties have long been identified as critical players in Canadian democracy. In this address I focus on the activities of parties at the constituency level arguing that this is crucial to fully understanding many important questions in Canadian political science. By way of example, using data relating to the 2015 federal election, I argue that examining the relative vitality of local party associations in the period between election cam…
Research Note: Negative” Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy
While the negative campaigning literature has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years, the precise targets of campaign negativity have not been fully explored, as candidates and their parties are largely treated as the same target. Likewise, although scholars are increasingly writing about the personalization of politics, this literature has not considered whether parties can “personalize” their opponents by focusing their messaging and attac…
Candidate Selection in Canada: Local Autonomy, Centralization, and Competing Democratic Norms
This article examines how political parties choose their candidates in Canada's decentralized multilevel setting. We examine the selection practices of the leading federal parties, focusing on the formal and informal rules relating to the eligibility and mobilization of voters and candidates, the distribution of power within the party, and representational outcomes. In doing so, we highlight how Canadian parties have approached the trade-off betw…
Understanding Power-Sharing within Political Parties: Stratarchy as Mutual Interdependence between the Party in the Centre and the Party on the Ground
Recent literature has renewed interest in the stratarchical model of intraparty decision-making. In this version of party organization, the functions performed by parties are distributed among their discrete levels. The result is a power-sharing arrangement in which no group has control over all aspects of party life. Thus, the model potentially provides an antidote to the hierarchical version of organization. This article examines the principal …
Sore losers? The costs of intra-party democracy
Drawing upon the ‘satisfaction with democracy’ and ‘divisive primary’ literatures, this article examines how losers of intra-party elections respond to defeat and the consequences that these choices have on party organization and strength. In other words, do losers of intra-party elections continue to support the party or do they, like losers of general elections, feel less satisfied with democracy and withdraw their support (or even ‘exit’ the p…
The Importance of local party activity in understanding Canadian politics: Winning From the Ground Up in the 2015 Federal Election – Corrigendum
How Ireland voted: The Election That Nobody Won
This volume marks the 8th instalment in the How Ireland Voted series. These collections, now edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, provide a valuable resource for those interested in the
Political science (22 works) · Law (19 works) · Law (19 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (18 works) · Politics (18 works) · Public Administration (16 works) · Public Administration (16 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Political economy (12 works) · Democracy (11 works)