Agneta Fischer
Biographic Data
| ID | 3620740 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Agneta Fischer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Agneta |
| FAMILY NAME | Fischer |
| SIGNATURE | FISCHER A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6939-8174 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 73 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 591 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 72 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1993 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
How Hate Endures in a post-conflict Society
Emotions and Societal Changes: The Nature and Social Functions of “Neo-Emotions”
Neo-emotions are defined by one shared characteristic: they are a response to macro-societal changes. To gain full insight into when neo-emotions occur, a sociological approach needs to be complemented with a psychological perspective to conceptualize the relation between micro- and macro-level processes. I argue that neo-emotions can be considered group-based emotions. Their social function is to regulate potential challenges elicited by societa…
Visual processing and emotion perception from ingroup and outgroup facial expressions
99) making perceptual emotion judgments of Dutch (ingroup) and Chinese (outgroup) facial expressions. We hypothesised that ingroup and outgroup faces would be visually processed differently and that these differences would relate to emotion recognition accuracy. As expected, we observed different viewing patterns: participants looked longer at the eyes and nose of ingroup faces and at the mouth of outgroup faces. However, differences in visual pr…
Testing the Ingroup Advantage in Emotion Perception from Dynamic Posed and Spontaneous Expressions
The ingroup advantage refers to the phenomenon of emotions being more accurately recognised when expressors and perceivers share the same cultural background. Though well-documented in studies using posed facial expressions, whether the in-group advantage generalizes to spontaneous expressions remains unclear. This pre-registered study examined cross-cultural emotion recognition using dynamic posed and spontaneous expressions in a balanced design…
Emotions are perceived differently from posed and spontaneous facial expressions
A widely used experimental paradigm in psychological research and clinical assessments involves identifying emotions from facial expressions, typically using posed expressions as stimuli. Perceptions of such stimuli are assumed to mirror those of naturally occurring emotional expressions. However, this assumption has been questioned because the perceptual equivalence of posed and spontaneous expressions has not been empirically established. To ad…
Populism Versus Nativism: Socio-Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Emotional Predictors
Previous research on predictors of populism and nativism has predominantly focused on socio-economic (e.g., education, employment, social status), and socio-cultural explanations (e.g., social identity and social status). In recent years, however, the role of negative emotions has become increasingly important in the study of populism and related concepts. In the current study, we examined two distinct negative emotions: anxiety and anger. We col…
Anti-establishment sentiments: Realistic and symbolic threat appraisals predict populist attitudes and conspiracy mentality
Previous research has found that populist attitudes and conspiracy mentality - here summarised as anti-establishment attitudes - increase when people feel threatened. Two types of intergroup threat have been distinguished, namely realistic threats (pertaining to socio-economic resources, climate, or health), and symbolic threats (pertaining to cultural values). However, there is no agreement on which types of threat and corresponding appraisals w…
The dynamics of interpersonal emotion regulation: How sharers elicit desired (but not necessarily helpful) support
When in distress, people often seek help in regulating their emotions by sharing them with others. Paradoxically, although people perceive such social sharing as beneficial, it often fails to promote emotional recovery. This may be explained by people seeking-and eliciting-emotional support, which offers only momentary relief. We hypothesized that (1) the type of support sharers seek shapes corresponding support provided by listeners, (2) the int…
(Not) showing you feel good, can be bad: The consequences of breaking expressivity norms for positive emotions
The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits
When people are in emotional distress, they often seek support. Virtual humans may provide unique and complementary benefits to human support provision, given that virtual humans are readily available and help sharers overcome socio-evaluative threats, thereby increasing willingness to disclose. Here, we examined whether talking to a virtual human elicits socio-emotional benefits, and whether this is moderated by the type of support provided. To …
Emotional mimicry as social regulator: Theoretical considerations
The goal of this article is to discuss theoretical arguments concerning the idea that emotional mimicry is an intrinsic part of our social being and thus can be considered a social act. For this, we will first present the theoretical assumptions underlying the Emotional Mimicry as Social Regulator view. We then provide a brief overview of recent developments in emotional mimicry research and specifically discuss new developments regarding the rol…
Display rules differ between positive emotions: Not all that feels good looks good
People do not always show how they feel; norms often dictate when to display emotions and to whom. Norms about emotional expressions-known as display rules-are weaker for happiness than for negative emotions, suggesting that expressing positive emotions is generally seen as acceptable. But does it follow that all positive emotions can always be shown to everyone? To answer this question, we mapped out context-specific display rules for 8 positive…
You’re just envious”: Inferring benign and malicious envy from facial expressions and contextual information
Envy shapes social hierarchies. To protect their rank, envied persons react to the threat posed by enviers. Doing so requires that envied persons initially perceive who envies them. However, a common perspective is that envy lacks a unique expression and that enviers disguise their experience, preventing the social perception of envy. In contrast to this perspective, recent evidence indicates that observers perceive benign and malicious forms of …
Existential threat and responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup members
The present research investigates how emotional displays shape reactions to ingroup and outgroup members when people are reminded of death. We hypothesized that under mortality salience, emotions that signal social distance promote worldview defense (i.e., increased ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation), whereas emotions that signal affiliation promote affiliation need (i.e., reduced ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation). In three stu…
Professional development in multicultural education: What can we learn from the Australian context
Including data from 3006 in-service primary and secondary public-school teachers in New South Wales, we investigated the effects of professional development in multicultural education on teachers' beliefs about the effectiveness of multicultural strategies in fostering a culturally inclusive environment, the importance of these strategies in providing equitable opportunities for students, and the teachers’ support for monocultural ideologies and …
Bridging the empathy gap: Or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions
Prior research suggests that group membership impacts behavioral and self-reported responses to others' facial expressions of emotion. In this paper, we examine how the mere labelling of a face as an ingroup or outgroup member affects facial mimicry (Study 1) and judgments of genuineness (Study 2). In addition, we test whether the effects of group membership on facial mimicry and perceived genuineness are moderated by the presence of tears (Study…
Personal Nonverbal Repertoires in facial displays and their relation to individual differences in social and emotional styles
Research on individual differences in the occurrence of relatively frequent facial displays is scarce. We examined whether (1) individuals' spontaneous facial expressions show a relatively frequent pattern of AUs (referred to as Personal Nonverbal Repertoires or PNRs), and (2) whether these patterns are associated with self-reported social and emotional styles. We videotaped 110 individuals during 10 minutes in 2 different contexts and manually F…
Do People Agree on How Positive Emotions Are Expressed? A Survey of Four Emotions and Five Modalities Across 11 Cultures
While much is known about how negative emotions are expressed in different modalities, our understanding of the nonverbal expressions of positive emotions remains limited. In the present research, we draw upon disparate lines of theoretical and empirical work on positive emotions, and systematically examine which channels are thought to be used for expressing four positive emotions: feeling moved, gratitude, interest, and triumph. Employing the i…
The rise of affectivism
Toward an Integrative Psychometric Model of Emotions
Emotions are part and parcel of the human condition, but their nature is debated. Three broad classes of theories about the nature of emotions can be distinguished: affect-program theories, constructionist theories, and appraisal theories. Integrating these broad classes of theories into a unifying theory is challenging. An integrative psychometric model of emotions can inform such a theory because psychometric models are intertwined with theoret…
Good vibrations: A review of vocal expressions of positive emotions
Researchers examining nonverbal communication of emotions are becoming increasingly interested in differentiations between different positive emotional states like interest, relief, and pride. But despite the importance of the voice in communicating emotion in general and positive emotion in particular, there is to date no systematic review of what characterizes vocal expressions of different positive emotions. Furthermore, integration and synthe…
Two facets of affective empathy: Concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition
Theories on empathy have argued that feeling empathy for others is related to accurate recognition of their emotions. Previous research that tested this assumption, however, has reported inconsistent findings. We suggest that this inconsistency may be due to a lack of consideration of the fact that empathy has two facets: empathic concern, namely the compassion for unfortunate others, and personal distress, the experience of discomfort in respons…
Teachers' multicultural attitudes and perspective taking abilities as factors in culturally responsive teaching
BackgroundCulturally responsive teaching (CRT) has been associated with increased student engagement and achievement. Its practice in classrooms, however, has been shown to be less than optimal. Nonetheless, certain teacher qualities have been suggested to facilitate its practice.AimsThe current study sought quantitative evidence in support of two of these teacher qualities, namely teachers' multicultural attitudes, and their perspective taking a…
Practice what you preach: The moderating role of teacher attitudes on the relationship between prejudice reduction and student engagement
Perceived to feel less: Intensity bias in interethnic emotion perception
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is! Explaining Collective Action Tendencies Through Group-Based Anger and Group Efficacy
Insights from appraisal theories of emotion are used to integrate elements of theories on collective action. Three experiments with disadvantaged groups systematically manipulated procedural fairness (Study 1), emotional social support (Study 2), and instrumental social support (Study 3) to examine their effects on collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Results of structural equation modeling showed that proced…
The role of honour concerns in emotional reactions to offences
We investigated the role of honour concerns in mediating the effect of nationality and gender on the reported intensity of anger and shame in reaction to insult vignettes. Spain, an honour culture, and The Netherlands, where honour is of less central significance, were selected for comparison. A total of 260 (125 Dutch, 135 Spanish) persons participated in the research. Participants completed a measure of honour concerns and answered questions ab…
Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt
This article reports 3 studies in which the authors examined (a) the distinctive characteristics of anger and contempt responses and (b) the interpersonal causes and effects of both emotions. In the 1st study, the authors examined the distinction between the 2 emotions; in the 2nd study, the authors tested whether contempt could be predicted from previous anger incidents with the same person; and in the 3rd study, the authors examined the effects…
Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted
Insults elicit intense emotion. This study tests the hypothesis that one's social image, which is especially salient in honour cultures, influences the way in which one reacts to an insult. Seventy-seven honour-oriented and 72 non-honour oriented participants answered questions about a recent insult episode. Participants experienced both anger and shame in reaction to the insult. However, these emotions resulted in different behaviours. Anger led…
Honor in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe
The authors report two studies on notions of honor (i.e., the situations and behaviors associated with honor, its enhancement, and its loss) in a Mediterranean country (Spain) and a northern European country (the Netherlands). A total of 271 persons (140 Spanish, 131 Dutch) participated in Study 1, and a total of 327 persons (169 Spanish, 158 Dutch) participated in Study 2. The main aim of Study 1 was to characterize Spain and the Netherlands in …
The Role of Honor-Related Values in the Elicitation, Experience, and Communication of Pride, Shame, and Anger: Spain and the Netherlands Compared
The authors investigated how honor-related values affect pride, shame, and anger. Spain and the Netherlands were selected for comparison because honor-related values are relatively more important in Spain, whereas individualistic values are relatively more important in the Netherlands. A total of 327 (169 Spanish, 158 Dutch) persons participated in the research. Participants answered questions about autobiographical experiences of pride, shame, a…
Sex Differences in Emotionality: Fact or Stereotype
One consistent element of Western sex stereotypes is that women are emotional, whereas men are rational. This is also widely spread in psychology and defended by feminist authors who equate women's relationality with their emotionality. In this article the concept of `emotionality' is criticized and the assumption that women are generally more emotional than men is questioned. A large amount of empirical research on sex differences in emotions is…
The Past and the Pending: The Antecedents and Consequences of Group-Based Anger in Historically and Currently Disadvantaged Groups
Two studies investigated the role of domain relevance in the experience of group-based anger among disadvantaged groups using structural equation models. In the first study, Surinamese people to whom the slavery past was more relevant made stronger attributions of outgroup-blame and experienced more anger. This effect was above and beyond the influence of group identification. In the second study relevance of women’s status position in society pr…
The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context
Partner Preferences as a Function of Gender, Age, Political Orientation and Level of Education
Reconciling Emotions with Western Personhood
Teachers' multicultural attitudes and perspective taking abilities as factors in culturally responsive teaching
BackgroundCulturally responsive teaching (CRT) has been associated with increased student engagement and achievement. Its practice in classrooms, however, has been shown to be less than optimal. Nonetheless, certain teacher qualities have been suggested to facilitate its practice.AimsThe current study sought quantitative evidence in support of two of these teacher qualities, namely teachers' multicultural attitudes, and their perspective taking a…
The rise of affectivism
Practice what you preach: The moderating role of teacher attitudes on the relationship between prejudice reduction and student engagement
Professional development in multicultural education: What can we learn from the Australian context
Including data from 3006 in-service primary and secondary public-school teachers in New South Wales, we investigated the effects of professional development in multicultural education on teachers' beliefs about the effectiveness of multicultural strategies in fostering a culturally inclusive environment, the importance of these strategies in providing equitable opportunities for students, and the teachers’ support for monocultural ideologies and …
On the social influence of emotions in groups: Interpersonal effects of anger and happiness on conformity versus deviance
How do emotional expressions of group members shape conformity versus deviance in groups? We hypothesized that angry and happy responses to a group member's deviating opinion are interpreted as signals of imminent rejection versus acceptance. In 5 studies, the majority's expressions of anger led the deviant individual to feel rejected, whereas expressions of happiness made the deviant feel accepted. Because conformity can be seen as strategic beh…
Different faces of empathy: Feelings of similarity disrupt recognition of negative emotions
Empathizing with others is widely presumed to increase our understanding of their emotions. Little is known, however, about which empathic process actually help people recognize others' feelings more accurately. Here, we probed the relationship between emotion recognition and two empathic processes: spontaneously felt similarity (having had a similar experience) and deliberate perspective taking (focus on the other vs. oneself). We report four st…
Emotional expressions as social signals of rejection and acceptance: Evidence from the Affect Misattribution Paradigm
A consensus-based transparency checklist
We present a consensus-based checklist to improve and document the transparency of research reports in social and behavioural research. An accompanying online application allows users to complete the form and generate a report that they can submit with their manuscript or post to a public repository
The Role of Displays of Emotions and Ethnicity in Judgments of Rape Victims
The present experiment investigated the impact of displays of emotions and ethnicity of a rape victim on impression formation of white male and female observers. It was expected that victims would be assessed more favourably when they behaved angrily, rather than sadly, and when they were white rather than black. Moreover, it was expected that female observers would assess victims more positively than male observers. In the present experiment 51 …
The Social Regulation of Emotions in Jealousy Situations: A Comparison between Italy and the Netherlands
Potential discrepancies between felt and communicated emotions elicited by two typical antecedents of jealousy that varied in terms of their seriousness were studied by means of a structured questionnaire. Italian (N = 301) and Dutch (N = 262) men and women attributed felt and shared emotions to a story protagonist. The emotions investigated included jealousy, anger, anxiety, sadness, insecurity, surprise, embarrassment, irritation, disgust, frus…
Populism Versus Nativism: Socio-Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Emotional Predictors
Previous research on predictors of populism and nativism has predominantly focused on socio-economic (e.g., education, employment, social status), and socio-cultural explanations (e.g., social identity and social status). In recent years, however, the role of negative emotions has become increasingly important in the study of populism and related concepts. In the current study, we examined two distinct negative emotions: anxiety and anger. We col…
Bridging the empathy gap: Or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions
Prior research suggests that group membership impacts behavioral and self-reported responses to others' facial expressions of emotion. In this paper, we examine how the mere labelling of a face as an ingroup or outgroup member affects facial mimicry (Study 1) and judgments of genuineness (Study 2). In addition, we test whether the effects of group membership on facial mimicry and perceived genuineness are moderated by the presence of tears (Study…
The meaning of tears: Which sex seems emotional depends on the social context
The media coverage sometimes given to crying women points to the importance of understanding whether gender affects interpretations of crying. This article reports two studies that examined whether observers infer different emotions or dispositions from crying men and women. Study 1 showed that, in the absence of information about the social context of crying, participants inferred gender‐stereotypical traits and emotions. Study 2's manipulation …
Face the noise: Embodied responses to nonverbal vocalizations of discrete emotions
Extensive prior research has shown that the perception of an emotional facial expression automatically elicits a corresponding facial expression in the observer. Theories of embodied emotion, however, suggest that such reactions might also occur across expressive channels, because simulation is based on integrated motoric and affective representations of that emotion. In the present studies, we examined this idea by focusing on facial and experie…
Sex Differences in Emotionality: Fact or Stereotype
One consistent element of Western sex stereotypes is that women are emotional, whereas men are rational. This is also widely spread in psychology and defended by feminist authors who equate women's relationality with their emotionality. In this article the concept of `emotionality' is criticized and the assumption that women are generally more emotional than men is questioned. A large amount of empirical research on sex differences in emotions is…
What is it that is Constructed
Reconciling Emotions with Western Personhood
The Social Regulation of Emotions in Jealousy Situations: A Comparison between Italy and the Netherlands
Potential discrepancies between felt and communicated emotions elicited by two typical antecedents of jealousy that varied in terms of their seriousness were studied by means of a structured questionnaire. Italian (N = 301) and Dutch (N = 262) men and women attributed felt and shared emotions to a story protagonist. The emotions investigated included jealousy, anger, anxiety, sadness, insecurity, surprise, embarrassment, irritation, disgust, frus…
The Social Identities of Female Leaders in Different Cultural Contexts
This paper examines the meanings of womanhood as part of female leaders' social identities in relation to the different socio-cultural contexts of Poland and the Netherlands. The empirical study consists of interviews about gender and leadership with 25 female leaders in each country. A combination of content analysis and discourse analysis techniques was used in order to interpret the interviews. The results show both similarities and difference…
The Role of Displays of Emotions and Ethnicity in Judgments of Rape Victims
The present experiment investigated the impact of displays of emotions and ethnicity of a rape victim on impression formation of white male and female observers. It was expected that victims would be assessed more favourably when they behaved angrily, rather than sadly, and when they were white rather than black. Moreover, it was expected that female observers would assess victims more positively than male observers. In the present experiment 51 …
Gender Differences in Motives for Regulating Emotions
The present study was designed to test the assumption that gender differences in emotion expression are based on differences in the motives held by men and women in social interactions. Three hundred and fourteen students participated in this study by completing a questionnaire. Each questionnaire contained two vignettes that varied with respect to type of emotion (anger, disappointment, fear or sadness), sex of target, and object-target relation…
Assessing Multiple Facets of Gender Identity: The Gender Identity Questionnaire
314 men and 451 women participated in a study to assess the reliability and validity of the multifaceted Gender Identity Questionnaire. Reliability coefficients of the (sub)scales varied between .67 and .80; content, criterion, and construct validity were satisfactory
Partner Preferences as a Function of Gender, Age, Political Orientation and Level of Education
The relation between gender and emotion in different cultures
The Western dichotomy Western cultures share the stereotypical belief that women are more emotional than men. This stereotype has long featured in Western philosophy, where a binary opposition between emotion and reason has been closely associated with the opposition between masculinity and femininity (Lloyd, 1984; Shields, 1984). The stereotype of the “emotional woman” and the “rational man” was fueled by the increase of sex segregation in the p…
The Role of Honor-Related Values in the Elicitation, Experience, and Communication of Pride, Shame, and Anger: Spain and the Netherlands Compared
The authors investigated how honor-related values affect pride, shame, and anger. Spain and the Netherlands were selected for comparison because honor-related values are relatively more important in Spain, whereas individualistic values are relatively more important in the Netherlands. A total of 327 (169 Spanish, 158 Dutch) persons participated in the research. Participants answered questions about autobiographical experiences of pride, shame, a…
Social context effects on facial activity in a negative emotional setting
Social context effects on facial activity in a negative emotional setting
Evidence for A. J. Fridlund's (e.g.. 1994) "behavioral ecology view" of human facial expression comes primarily from studies of smiling in response to positive emotional stimuli. Smiling may be a special case because it clearly can, and often does serve merely communicative functions. The present experiment was designated (a) to assess the generalizability of social context effects to facial expressions in response to negative emotional stimuli a…
Honor in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe
The authors report two studies on notions of honor (i.e., the situations and behaviors associated with honor, its enhancement, and its loss) in a Mediterranean country (Spain) and a northern European country (the Netherlands). A total of 271 persons (140 Spanish, 131 Dutch) participated in Study 1, and a total of 327 persons (169 Spanish, 158 Dutch) participated in Study 2. The main aim of Study 1 was to characterize Spain and the Netherlands in …
The role of honour concerns in emotional reactions to offences
We investigated the role of honour concerns in mediating the effect of nationality and gender on the reported intensity of anger and shame in reaction to insult vignettes. Spain, an honour culture, and The Netherlands, where honour is of less central significance, were selected for comparison. A total of 260 (125 Dutch, 135 Spanish) persons participated in the research. Participants completed a measure of honour concerns and answered questions ab…
Social influences on the emotion process
Philosophical and psychological theory has traditionally focused on intra-individual processes that are entailed in emotions. Recently sociologists, cultural anthropologists, and also social psychologists have drawn attention to the interpersonal nature of emotions. In this chapter we focus on the influence of others on emotional experiences and expressions. We summarise research on social context effects which shows that both emotional expressio…
From the Bottom of My Heart
Gender and Culture Differences in Emotion
In this article, the authors report a secondary analysis on a cross-cultural dataset on gender differences in 6 emotions, collected in 37 countries all over the world. The aim was to test the universality of the gender-specific pattern found in studies with Western respondents, namely that men report more powerful emotions (e.g., anger), whereas women report more powerless emotions (e.g., sadness, fear). The authors expected the strength of these…
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is! Explaining Collective Action Tendencies Through Group-Based Anger and Group Efficacy
Insights from appraisal theories of emotion are used to integrate elements of theories on collective action. Three experiments with disadvantaged groups systematically manipulated procedural fairness (Study 1), emotional social support (Study 2), and instrumental social support (Study 3) to examine their effects on collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Results of structural equation modeling showed that proced…
Emotion in Social Relations: Cultural, Group, and Interpersonal Processes
Within psychology, emotion is often treated as something private and personal. In contrast, this book tries to understand emotion from the 'outside,' by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates. Three levels of social influence are considered in decreasing order of inclusiveness, starting with the surrounding culture and subculture, moving on to the more delimited organization or group, and finally focusing on the interpersonal…
Anger and social appraisal: A "spicy" sex difference
The central objective of this study was to investigate the role of social appraisal in sex differences in anger expression. Anger expression was inferred from the amount of hot sauce given to the person who induced anger. Participants were randomly assigned to a social condition, in which they expected to meet this person, or to a nonsocial condition, in which they had no such expectation. Men and women differed in their anger expressions, despit…
The Past and the Pending: The Antecedents and Consequences of Group-Based Anger in Historically and Currently Disadvantaged Groups
Two studies investigated the role of domain relevance in the experience of group-based anger among disadvantaged groups using structural equation models. In the first study, Surinamese people to whom the slavery past was more relevant made stronger attributions of outgroup-blame and experienced more anger. This effect was above and beyond the influence of group identification. In the second study relevance of women’s status position in society pr…
Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt
This article reports 3 studies in which the authors examined (a) the distinctive characteristics of anger and contempt responses and (b) the interpersonal causes and effects of both emotions. In the 1st study, the authors examined the distinction between the 2 emotions; in the 2nd study, the authors tested whether contempt could be predicted from previous anger incidents with the same person; and in the 3rd study, the authors examined the effects…
The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review
Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted
Insults elicit intense emotion. This study tests the hypothesis that one's social image, which is especially salient in honour cultures, influences the way in which one reacts to an insult. Seventy-seven honour-oriented and 72 non-honour oriented participants answered questions about a recent insult episode. Participants experienced both anger and shame in reaction to the insult. However, these emotions resulted in different behaviours. Anger led…
Psychology (65 works) · Social Psychology (56 works) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (38 works) · Cognitive psychology (31 works) · Developmental psychology (29 works) · Social Psychology (28 works) · Communication (21 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (20 works) · Anger (19 works) · Facial expression (19 works)