Liying Luo
Biographic Data
| ID | 3633448 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Liying Luo |
| GIVEN NAMES | Liying |
| FAMILY NAME | Luo |
| SIGNATURE | LUO L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Pennsylvania State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5393-6695 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 203 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Examining the Unequal Decline in Race-Specific Youth Offending: A Decomposition Analysis
Mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of Amorphophallus konjac against breast cancer based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation
Intergenerational occupational mobility and health in the United States
Shifting Cohort Patterns in the Use of Drugs with Elevated Overdose Risk in the United States
Rising drug overdose rates are a major social problem, but understanding of trends in the use of high-risk drugs is limited. The increasingly addictive potential of high-risk drugs, broader social changes, and the importance of peers and social contexts in shaping use may create conditions in which some cohorts have elevated use further into adulthood than others. We use an age-period-cohort model that defines cohort effects as the differential i…
Predicting the potential mechanism of radix chimonanthi pracecocis in treating osteoarthritis by network pharmacology analysis combined with experimental validation
For Whom Does Education Convey Health Benefits? A Two-Generation and Life Course Approach
Scholars of social determinants of health have long been interested in how parent's and own education influence health. However, the differing effects of parent's and own education on health-that is, for what socioeconomic group education conveys health benefits-are relatively less studied. Using multilevel marginal structural models, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of parent's and own education over the life course on two health measures. …
Trends in sleep duration in the U.S. from 2004 to 2018: A decomposition analysis
Average sleep duration in the United States declined in recent years, and the decline may be linked with many biopsychosocial factors. We examine how a set of biopsychosocial factors have differentially contributed to the temporal trends in self-reported sleep duration across racial groups between 2004-2005 and 2017-2018. Using repeated nationally representative cross-sections from the National Health Interview Survey, we decompose the influence …
Describing and explaining age, period, and cohort trends in Americans’ vocabulary knowledge
The mobility effects hypothesis: Methods and applications
Heterogeneous Effects of Intergenerational Social Mobility: An Improved Method and New Evidence
Intergenerational social mobility has immense implications for individuals' well-being, attitudes, and behaviors. However, previous methods may be unreliable for estimating heterogeneous mobility effects, especially in the presence of moderate- or large-scale intergenerational mobility. I propose an improved method, called the "mobility contrast model" (MCM). Using simulation evidence, I demonstrate that the MCM is more flexible and reliable for …
The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics
Social scientists have frequently sought to understand the distinct effects of age, period, and cohort, but disaggregation of the three dimensions is difficult because cohort = period − age. We argue that this technical difficulty reflects a disconnection between how the cohort effect is conceptualized and how it is modeled in the traditional age-period-cohort framework. We propose a new method, called the age-period-cohort-interaction (APC-I) mo…
Trends in Public Stigma of Mental Illness in the US, 1996-2018
Cohort Variation in U.S. Violent Crime Patterns from 1960 to 2014: An Age–Period–Cohort-Interaction Approach
Gender, Education, and Attitudes toward Women’s Leadership in Three East Asian Countries: An Intersectional and Multilevel Approach
Despite their achievements in the past few decades, women remain largely excluded from impactful leadership positions in many countries and fields. In this research, we focus on how gender and education shape public opinions that favor men over women for political and economic leadership in three East Asian countries. Utilizing an intersectional theoretical framework and multilevel methodological approach to analyze the World Value Survey data, w…
The contemporary transformation of american youth: An analysis of change in the prevalence of delinquency, 1991–2015
Youth involvement in crime has declined substantially over the past few decades, yet the reasons for this trend remain unclear. We advance the literature by examining the role of several potentially important shifts in individual attitudes and behaviors that may help to account for the observed temporal variation in youth delinquency. Our multilevel analysis of repeated cross‐sectional data from eighth and tenth grade students in the Monitoring t…
Visualizing Age, Period, and Cohort Patterns of Substance Use in the U.S. Opioid Crisis
Descriptions of the contemporary U.S. opioid crisis emphasize several “waves” of overdose deaths. However, a focus on trends in overdose deaths may obscure important sociological dynamics. The authors provide heatmap visualizations of estimated annual rates of past-year substance use, rather than overdose deaths, for prescription pain relievers and heroin. These visualizations are based on weighted analyses of self-reports, cross-classified by ag…
Understanding Trends in the Concentration of Infant Mortality Among Disadvantaged White and Black Mothers in the United States, 1983–2013: A Decomposition Analysis
The United States compares unfavorably with other high-income countries in infant mortality, which recent literature has attributed to the poor birth outcomes among disadvantaged (i.e., unmarried and less-educated) mothers. Describing and decomposing the trend of the concentration of infant mortality among disadvantaged mothers thus provides important clues for improving birth outcomes. We develop the infant mortality disadvantage index (IMDI) to…
Constraints in Random Effects Age-Period-Cohort Models
Random effects (RE) models have been widely used to study the contextual effects of structures such as neighborhoods or schools. The RE approach has recently been applied to age-period-cohort (APC) models that are unidentified because the predictors are exactly linearly dependent. However, research has not fully explained how the RE specification identifies these otherwise unidentified APC models. We address this challenge by first making explici…
The Intrinsic Estimator, Alternative Estimates, and Predictions of Mortality Trends: A Comment on Masters, Hummer, Powers, Beck, Lin, and Finch
In this article, we discuss a study by Masters et al. (2014), published in Demography. Masters and associates estimated age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on U.S. mortality rates between 1959 and 2009 using the intrinsic estimator (IE). We first argue that before applying the IE, a grounded theoretical justification is needed for its fundamental constraint on minimum variance of the estimates. We next demonstrate IE's high sensitivity to the t…
Block Constraints in Age-Period-Cohort Models with Unequal-width Intervals
Age-period-cohort (APC) models are designed to estimate the independent effects of age, time periods, and cohort membership. However, APC models suffer from an identification problem: There are no unique estimates of the independent effects that fit the data best because of the exact linear dependency among age, period, and cohort. Among methods proposed to address this problem, using unequal-interval widths for age, period, and cohort categories…
The Sensitivity of the Intrinsic Estimator to Coding Schemes: Comment on Yang, Schulhofer-Wohl, Fu, and Land
Do Different Methods for Modeling Age-Graded Trajectories Yield Consistent and Valid Results
Data on age-sequenced trajectories of individuals’ attributes are used for a growing number of research purposes. However, there is no consensus about which method to use to identify the number of discrete trajectories in a population or to assign individuals to a specific trajectory group. The authors modeled real and simulated trajectory data using “naïve” methods, optimal matching, grade of membership models, and three types of finite-mixture …
Paradigm Shift in Age-Period-Cohort Analysis: A Response to Yang and Land, O’Brien, Held and Riebler, and Fienberg
I appreciate the opportunity to respond to the thoughtful comments by Yang and Land (henceforth Y&L), O'Brien, Held and Riebler (henceforth H&R), and Fienberg. In this response, I will (1) elaborate on the limitations of the age-period-cohort (APC) accounting model, (2) clarify apparent misunderstandings about the intrinsic estimator (IE), and (3) outline a methodological research agenda that will facilitate improvements to substantive research
Assessing Validity and Application Scope of the Intrinsic Estimator Approach to the Age-Period-Cohort Problem
In many different fields, social scientists desire to understand temporal variation associated with age, time period, and cohort membership. Among methods proposed to address the identification problem in age-period-cohort analysis, the intrinsic estimator (IE) is reputed to impose few assumptions and to yield good estimates of the independent effects of age, period, and cohort groups. This article assesses the validity and application scope of I…
Assessing Validity and Application Scope of the Intrinsic Estimator Approach to the Age-Period-Cohort Problem
In many different fields, social scientists desire to understand temporal variation associated with age, time period, and cohort membership. Among methods proposed to address the identification problem in age-period-cohort analysis, the intrinsic estimator (IE) is reputed to impose few assumptions and to yield good estimates of the independent effects of age, period, and cohort groups. This article assesses the validity and application scope of I…
Do Different Methods for Modeling Age-Graded Trajectories Yield Consistent and Valid Results
Data on age-sequenced trajectories of individuals’ attributes are used for a growing number of research purposes. However, there is no consensus about which method to use to identify the number of discrete trajectories in a population or to assign individuals to a specific trajectory group. The authors modeled real and simulated trajectory data using “naïve” methods, optimal matching, grade of membership models, and three types of finite-mixture …
The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics
Social scientists have frequently sought to understand the distinct effects of age, period, and cohort, but disaggregation of the three dimensions is difficult because cohort = period − age. We argue that this technical difficulty reflects a disconnection between how the cohort effect is conceptualized and how it is modeled in the traditional age-period-cohort framework. We propose a new method, called the age-period-cohort-interaction (APC-I) mo…
Heterogeneous Effects of Intergenerational Social Mobility: An Improved Method and New Evidence
Intergenerational social mobility has immense implications for individuals' well-being, attitudes, and behaviors. However, previous methods may be unreliable for estimating heterogeneous mobility effects, especially in the presence of moderate- or large-scale intergenerational mobility. I propose an improved method, called the "mobility contrast model" (MCM). Using simulation evidence, I demonstrate that the MCM is more flexible and reliable for …
Constraints in Random Effects Age-Period-Cohort Models
Random effects (RE) models have been widely used to study the contextual effects of structures such as neighborhoods or schools. The RE approach has recently been applied to age-period-cohort (APC) models that are unidentified because the predictors are exactly linearly dependent. However, research has not fully explained how the RE specification identifies these otherwise unidentified APC models. We address this challenge by first making explici…
Block Constraints in Age-Period-Cohort Models with Unequal-width Intervals
Age-period-cohort (APC) models are designed to estimate the independent effects of age, time periods, and cohort membership. However, APC models suffer from an identification problem: There are no unique estimates of the independent effects that fit the data best because of the exact linear dependency among age, period, and cohort. Among methods proposed to address this problem, using unequal-interval widths for age, period, and cohort categories…
The contemporary transformation of american youth: An analysis of change in the prevalence of delinquency, 1991–2015
Youth involvement in crime has declined substantially over the past few decades, yet the reasons for this trend remain unclear. We advance the literature by examining the role of several potentially important shifts in individual attitudes and behaviors that may help to account for the observed temporal variation in youth delinquency. Our multilevel analysis of repeated cross‐sectional data from eighth and tenth grade students in the Monitoring t…
Paradigm Shift in Age-Period-Cohort Analysis: A Response to Yang and Land, O’Brien, Held and Riebler, and Fienberg
I appreciate the opportunity to respond to the thoughtful comments by Yang and Land (henceforth Y&L), O'Brien, Held and Riebler (henceforth H&R), and Fienberg. In this response, I will (1) elaborate on the limitations of the age-period-cohort (APC) accounting model, (2) clarify apparent misunderstandings about the intrinsic estimator (IE), and (3) outline a methodological research agenda that will facilitate improvements to substantive research
The Sensitivity of the Intrinsic Estimator to Coding Schemes: Comment on Yang, Schulhofer-Wohl, Fu, and Land
The mobility effects hypothesis: Methods and applications
Gender, Education, and Attitudes toward Women’s Leadership in Three East Asian Countries: An Intersectional and Multilevel Approach
Despite their achievements in the past few decades, women remain largely excluded from impactful leadership positions in many countries and fields. In this research, we focus on how gender and education shape public opinions that favor men over women for political and economic leadership in three East Asian countries. Utilizing an intersectional theoretical framework and multilevel methodological approach to analyze the World Value Survey data, w…
Understanding Trends in the Concentration of Infant Mortality Among Disadvantaged White and Black Mothers in the United States, 1983–2013: A Decomposition Analysis
The United States compares unfavorably with other high-income countries in infant mortality, which recent literature has attributed to the poor birth outcomes among disadvantaged (i.e., unmarried and less-educated) mothers. Describing and decomposing the trend of the concentration of infant mortality among disadvantaged mothers thus provides important clues for improving birth outcomes. We develop the infant mortality disadvantage index (IMDI) to…
Shifting Cohort Patterns in the Use of Drugs with Elevated Overdose Risk in the United States
Rising drug overdose rates are a major social problem, but understanding of trends in the use of high-risk drugs is limited. The increasingly addictive potential of high-risk drugs, broader social changes, and the importance of peers and social contexts in shaping use may create conditions in which some cohorts have elevated use further into adulthood than others. We use an age-period-cohort model that defines cohort effects as the differential i…
For Whom Does Education Convey Health Benefits? A Two-Generation and Life Course Approach
Scholars of social determinants of health have long been interested in how parent's and own education influence health. However, the differing effects of parent's and own education on health-that is, for what socioeconomic group education conveys health benefits-are relatively less studied. Using multilevel marginal structural models, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of parent's and own education over the life course on two health measures. …
Describing and explaining age, period, and cohort trends in Americans’ vocabulary knowledge
Paradigm Shift in Age-Period-Cohort Analysis: A Response to Yang and Land, O’Brien, Held and Riebler, and Fienberg
I appreciate the opportunity to respond to the thoughtful comments by Yang and Land (henceforth Y&L), O'Brien, Held and Riebler (henceforth H&R), and Fienberg. In this response, I will (1) elaborate on the limitations of the age-period-cohort (APC) accounting model, (2) clarify apparent misunderstandings about the intrinsic estimator (IE), and (3) outline a methodological research agenda that will facilitate improvements to substantive research
Assessing Validity and Application Scope of the Intrinsic Estimator Approach to the Age-Period-Cohort Problem
In many different fields, social scientists desire to understand temporal variation associated with age, time period, and cohort membership. Among methods proposed to address the identification problem in age-period-cohort analysis, the intrinsic estimator (IE) is reputed to impose few assumptions and to yield good estimates of the independent effects of age, period, and cohort groups. This article assesses the validity and application scope of I…
Do Different Methods for Modeling Age-Graded Trajectories Yield Consistent and Valid Results
Data on age-sequenced trajectories of individuals’ attributes are used for a growing number of research purposes. However, there is no consensus about which method to use to identify the number of discrete trajectories in a population or to assign individuals to a specific trajectory group. The authors modeled real and simulated trajectory data using “naïve” methods, optimal matching, grade of membership models, and three types of finite-mixture …
The Intrinsic Estimator, Alternative Estimates, and Predictions of Mortality Trends: A Comment on Masters, Hummer, Powers, Beck, Lin, and Finch
In this article, we discuss a study by Masters et al. (2014), published in Demography. Masters and associates estimated age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on U.S. mortality rates between 1959 and 2009 using the intrinsic estimator (IE). We first argue that before applying the IE, a grounded theoretical justification is needed for its fundamental constraint on minimum variance of the estimates. We next demonstrate IE's high sensitivity to the t…
Block Constraints in Age-Period-Cohort Models with Unequal-width Intervals
Age-period-cohort (APC) models are designed to estimate the independent effects of age, time periods, and cohort membership. However, APC models suffer from an identification problem: There are no unique estimates of the independent effects that fit the data best because of the exact linear dependency among age, period, and cohort. Among methods proposed to address this problem, using unequal-interval widths for age, period, and cohort categories…
The Sensitivity of the Intrinsic Estimator to Coding Schemes: Comment on Yang, Schulhofer-Wohl, Fu, and Land
Visualizing Age, Period, and Cohort Patterns of Substance Use in the U.S. Opioid Crisis
Descriptions of the contemporary U.S. opioid crisis emphasize several “waves” of overdose deaths. However, a focus on trends in overdose deaths may obscure important sociological dynamics. The authors provide heatmap visualizations of estimated annual rates of past-year substance use, rather than overdose deaths, for prescription pain relievers and heroin. These visualizations are based on weighted analyses of self-reports, cross-classified by ag…
Understanding Trends in the Concentration of Infant Mortality Among Disadvantaged White and Black Mothers in the United States, 1983–2013: A Decomposition Analysis
The United States compares unfavorably with other high-income countries in infant mortality, which recent literature has attributed to the poor birth outcomes among disadvantaged (i.e., unmarried and less-educated) mothers. Describing and decomposing the trend of the concentration of infant mortality among disadvantaged mothers thus provides important clues for improving birth outcomes. We develop the infant mortality disadvantage index (IMDI) to…
Constraints in Random Effects Age-Period-Cohort Models
Random effects (RE) models have been widely used to study the contextual effects of structures such as neighborhoods or schools. The RE approach has recently been applied to age-period-cohort (APC) models that are unidentified because the predictors are exactly linearly dependent. However, research has not fully explained how the RE specification identifies these otherwise unidentified APC models. We address this challenge by first making explici…
Trends in Public Stigma of Mental Illness in the US, 1996-2018
Cohort Variation in U.S. Violent Crime Patterns from 1960 to 2014: An Age–Period–Cohort-Interaction Approach
Gender, Education, and Attitudes toward Women’s Leadership in Three East Asian Countries: An Intersectional and Multilevel Approach
Despite their achievements in the past few decades, women remain largely excluded from impactful leadership positions in many countries and fields. In this research, we focus on how gender and education shape public opinions that favor men over women for political and economic leadership in three East Asian countries. Utilizing an intersectional theoretical framework and multilevel methodological approach to analyze the World Value Survey data, w…
The contemporary transformation of american youth: An analysis of change in the prevalence of delinquency, 1991–2015
Youth involvement in crime has declined substantially over the past few decades, yet the reasons for this trend remain unclear. We advance the literature by examining the role of several potentially important shifts in individual attitudes and behaviors that may help to account for the observed temporal variation in youth delinquency. Our multilevel analysis of repeated cross‐sectional data from eighth and tenth grade students in the Monitoring t…
Heterogeneous Effects of Intergenerational Social Mobility: An Improved Method and New Evidence
Intergenerational social mobility has immense implications for individuals' well-being, attitudes, and behaviors. However, previous methods may be unreliable for estimating heterogeneous mobility effects, especially in the presence of moderate- or large-scale intergenerational mobility. I propose an improved method, called the "mobility contrast model" (MCM). Using simulation evidence, I demonstrate that the MCM is more flexible and reliable for …
The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics
Social scientists have frequently sought to understand the distinct effects of age, period, and cohort, but disaggregation of the three dimensions is difficult because cohort = period − age. We argue that this technical difficulty reflects a disconnection between how the cohort effect is conceptualized and how it is modeled in the traditional age-period-cohort framework. We propose a new method, called the age-period-cohort-interaction (APC-I) mo…
Trends in sleep duration in the U.S. from 2004 to 2018: A decomposition analysis
Average sleep duration in the United States declined in recent years, and the decline may be linked with many biopsychosocial factors. We examine how a set of biopsychosocial factors have differentially contributed to the temporal trends in self-reported sleep duration across racial groups between 2004-2005 and 2017-2018. Using repeated nationally representative cross-sections from the National Health Interview Survey, we decompose the influence …
Describing and explaining age, period, and cohort trends in Americans’ vocabulary knowledge
The mobility effects hypothesis: Methods and applications
Predicting the potential mechanism of radix chimonanthi pracecocis in treating osteoarthritis by network pharmacology analysis combined with experimental validation
For Whom Does Education Convey Health Benefits? A Two-Generation and Life Course Approach
Scholars of social determinants of health have long been interested in how parent's and own education influence health. However, the differing effects of parent's and own education on health-that is, for what socioeconomic group education conveys health benefits-are relatively less studied. Using multilevel marginal structural models, we estimate the heterogeneous effects of parent's and own education over the life course on two health measures. …
Mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of Amorphophallus konjac against breast cancer based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation
Intergenerational occupational mobility and health in the United States
Shifting Cohort Patterns in the Use of Drugs with Elevated Overdose Risk in the United States
Rising drug overdose rates are a major social problem, but understanding of trends in the use of high-risk drugs is limited. The increasingly addictive potential of high-risk drugs, broader social changes, and the importance of peers and social contexts in shaping use may create conditions in which some cohorts have elevated use further into adulthood than others. We use an age-period-cohort model that defines cohort effects as the differential i…
Examining the Unequal Decline in Race-Specific Youth Offending: A Decomposition Analysis
Sociology (14 works) · Demography (12 works) · Psychology (11 works) · Medicine (10 works) · Cohort (9 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (9 works) · Mathematics (9 works) · Statistics (9 works) · Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management (8 works) · Population (8 works)