Gordon B Moskowitz
Biographic Data
| ID | 4231981 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Gordon B Moskowitz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Gordon B |
| FAMILY NAME | Moskowitz |
| SIGNATURE | MOSKOWITZ G B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Lehigh University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7807-9386 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 536 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Flexibility mindsets: Reducing biases that result from spontaneous processing
Spontaneous (i.e., heuristic, fast, effortless, and associative) processing has clear advantages for human cognition, but it can also elicit undesirable outcomes such as stereotyping and other biases. In the current article, we argue that biased judgements and behaviour that result from spontaneous processing can be reduced by activating various flexibility mindsets. These mindsets are characterised by the consideration of alternatives beyond one…
Handbook of Impression Formation: A Social Psychological Approach
Reducing defensive responding to implicit bias feedback: On the role of perceived moral threat and efficacy to change
Investigating the Relationship between Resident Physician Implicit Bias and Language Use during a Clinical Encounter with Hispanic Patients
Prior research suggests that the implicit biases of physicians are negatively associated with quality of medical care and patient satisfaction among minority patients. However, relatively little is known about how physicians express these subtle forms of bias in patient interactions. This study examined the implicit and explicit anti-Hispanic biases of 53 resident physicians and the relationship between anti-Hispanic bias and language use during …
Spontaneous goal versus spontaneous trait inferences: How ideology shapes attributions and explanations
Past research documented liberals’ greater tendency than conservatives to take situational determinants of others’ actions into account when forming causal attributions, and conservatives’ greater tendency to seek consistency. We hypothesize that liberals (vs. conservatives) should be more likely to make spontaneous goal inferences (SGIs). Conservatives, however, should tend to implicitly infer invariant rather than variant characteristics from o…
Testing active learning workshops for reducing implicit stereotyping of Hispanics by majority and minority group medical students
The present research tested if having first year medical students complete active learning workshops would reduce their implicit stereotyping of Hispanics as medically noncompliant. The workshops were tested with 78-majority (White) group, 16-target minority (Hispanic, African-American and American-Indian) group, and 42-non-target minority (Asian-American and foreign born students from East Asia and Southeast Asia) group students in the 2018 and …
On the updating of spontaneous impressions
A large body of work has shown that perceivers form spontaneous inferences about others' characteristics (e.g., mean, bad) as soon as they observe their behaviors. However, a question that has not been addressed by previous research is the integration of contingencies of those actions (e.g., perceivers' ultimate goals) that are typically learned over time into the initial spontaneous impressions of those others. Three experiments examined updatin…
Goal versus trait explanations: Causal attributions beyond the trait-situation dichotomy
In 4 studies, we show that two behavioral dimensions specified in Kelley's (1967) model of attribution, consistency and distinctiveness of behaviors, determine perceivers' likelihood to explain others' behaviors in terms of their goals versus traits. Participants tended to attribute the cause of others' behaviors to their goals (vs. traits and other characteristics) when behaviors were characterized by high distinctiveness (Study 1A & 1B) or low …
Priming creativity as a strategy to increase creative performance by facilitating the activation and use of remote associations
Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition
Implicit Stereotyping and Medical Decisions: Unconscious Stereotype Activation in Practitioners' Thoughts About African Americans
Objectives. We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. Methods. We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and c…
Compensatory cognition associated with egalitarian goals
Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control
Implicit volition and stereotype control
Goals are mental representations that vary in accessibility and operate within goal systems. The implicit nature of goal activation and pursuit is shown here to make goals effective not merely at overturning the influence of an activated stereotype on how people respond to members of stereotyped groups, but effective at implicitly controlling the activation of stereotypes in the first place. In a set of experiments examining chronic egalitarian g…
The psychology of goals
This tightly edited volume brings together leading authorities to review the breadth of current knowledge about goals and their role in human behavior. Presented are basic concepts, cutting-edge theories and findings, and innovative research designs that yield new insights into how people strive toward particular ends and avoid less desired outcomes. The book provides an overview of the biological, cognitive, affective, and social underpinnings o…
The carry-over effect of competition: The impact of competition on prejudice towards uninvolved outgroups
Further ironies of suppression: Stereotype and counterstereotype accessibility
Social cognition: Understanding Self and Others
Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention
Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect
Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build …
Evidence for Implicit Evaluative In-Group Bias: Affect-Biased Spontaneous Trait Inference in a Minimal Group Paradigm
Counterfactuals as Behavioral Primes: Priming the Simulation Heuristic and Consideration of Alternatives
Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism
Contrast effects as determined by the type of prime: Trait versus exemplar primes initiate processing strategies that differ in how accessible constructs are used
In 4 experiments it was found that contrast effects in person perception depend on the type and extremity of the primed information. Two previous models of priming effects, the standard-of-comparison and the set-reset models, make opposing predictions for the consequences of prime extremity on contrast effects. In Experiments 1 and 2 it was found that each model is descriptively accurate but in response to different priming stimuli. Exemplar prim…
Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals
This research shows stereotype activation is controlled by chronic egalitarian goals. In the first 2 studies it was found that the stereotype of women is equally available to individuals with and without chronic goals, and the discriminant validity of the concept of egalitarian goals was established. In the next 2 experiments, differences in stereotype activation as a function of this individual difference were found. In Study 3, participants rea…
Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism
Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals
This research shows stereotype activation is controlled by chronic egalitarian goals. In the first 2 studies it was found that the stereotype of women is equally available to individuals with and without chronic goals, and the discriminant validity of the concept of egalitarian goals was established. In the next 2 experiments, differences in stereotype activation as a function of this individual difference were found. In Study 3, participants rea…
Evidence for Implicit Evaluative In-Group Bias: Affect-Biased Spontaneous Trait Inference in a Minimal Group Paradigm
Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention
Accuracy motivation attenuates covert priming: The systematic reprocessing of social information
Three studies tested the hypothesis that assimilation of impressions to primed constructs is a product of relatively superficial processing and is unlikely to occur when behavioral information about a target person is processed systematically. In Study 1, the impressions of accuracy-motivated Ss did not assimilate to covertly primed trait constructs, although the impressions of unmotivated Ss did. Studies 2 and 3 showed that when Ss become accura…
Individual differences in social categorization: The influence of personal need for structure on spontaneous trait inferences
Because 1 function of categorization is to provide structure and control to social interactions and because individuals differ in the extent to which they desire control and structure, individual differences in personal need for structure (PNS) should moderate the extent to which people categorize. Spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) were used to assess the use of traits in categorization. High-PNS Ss were more likely to form STIs and more likely…
Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect
Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build …
Contrast effects as determined by the type of prime: Trait versus exemplar primes initiate processing strategies that differ in how accessible constructs are used
In 4 experiments it was found that contrast effects in person perception depend on the type and extremity of the primed information. Two previous models of priming effects, the standard-of-comparison and the set-reset models, make opposing predictions for the consequences of prime extremity on contrast effects. In Experiments 1 and 2 it was found that each model is descriptively accurate but in response to different priming stimuli. Exemplar prim…
Counterfactuals as Behavioral Primes: Priming the Simulation Heuristic and Consideration of Alternatives
Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control
Implicit Stereotyping and Medical Decisions: Unconscious Stereotype Activation in Practitioners' Thoughts About African Americans
Objectives. We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. Methods. We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and c…
Unintended effects of goals on unintended inferences
Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their…
Further ironies of suppression: Stereotype and counterstereotype accessibility
Compensatory cognition associated with egalitarian goals
Testing active learning workshops for reducing implicit stereotyping of Hispanics by majority and minority group medical students
The present research tested if having first year medical students complete active learning workshops would reduce their implicit stereotyping of Hispanics as medically noncompliant. The workshops were tested with 78-majority (White) group, 16-target minority (Hispanic, African-American and American-Indian) group, and 42-non-target minority (Asian-American and foreign born students from East Asia and Southeast Asia) group students in the 2018 and …
The carry-over effect of competition: The impact of competition on prejudice towards uninvolved outgroups
Priming creativity as a strategy to increase creative performance by facilitating the activation and use of remote associations
Spontaneous trait inferences as self-generated primes: Implications for conscious social judgment
The priming literature has documented the influence of trait terms held outside of conscious awareness on later judgment relevant to the primed trait dimension. The present research demonstrated that spontaneous trait inferences can serve as self-generated primes. In Experiment 1, Ss instructed to memorize trait-implying sentences (thus spontaneously inferring traits outside of consciousness) showed assimilation effects in judgment. Ss instructed…
Reducing defensive responding to implicit bias feedback: On the role of perceived moral threat and efficacy to change
Goal versus trait explanations: Causal attributions beyond the trait-situation dichotomy
In 4 studies, we show that two behavioral dimensions specified in Kelley's (1967) model of attribution, consistency and distinctiveness of behaviors, determine perceivers' likelihood to explain others' behaviors in terms of their goals versus traits. Participants tended to attribute the cause of others' behaviors to their goals (vs. traits and other characteristics) when behaviors were characterized by high distinctiveness (Study 1A & 1B) or low …
Investigating the Relationship between Resident Physician Implicit Bias and Language Use during a Clinical Encounter with Hispanic Patients
Prior research suggests that the implicit biases of physicians are negatively associated with quality of medical care and patient satisfaction among minority patients. However, relatively little is known about how physicians express these subtle forms of bias in patient interactions. This study examined the implicit and explicit anti-Hispanic biases of 53 resident physicians and the relationship between anti-Hispanic bias and language use during …
Spontaneous goal versus spontaneous trait inferences: How ideology shapes attributions and explanations
Past research documented liberals’ greater tendency than conservatives to take situational determinants of others’ actions into account when forming causal attributions, and conservatives’ greater tendency to seek consistency. We hypothesize that liberals (vs. conservatives) should be more likely to make spontaneous goal inferences (SGIs). Conservatives, however, should tend to implicitly infer invariant rather than variant characteristics from o…
On the updating of spontaneous impressions
A large body of work has shown that perceivers form spontaneous inferences about others' characteristics (e.g., mean, bad) as soon as they observe their behaviors. However, a question that has not been addressed by previous research is the integration of contingencies of those actions (e.g., perceivers' ultimate goals) that are typically learned over time into the initial spontaneous impressions of those others. Three experiments examined updatin…
Spontaneous trait inferences as self-generated primes: Implications for conscious social judgment
The priming literature has documented the influence of trait terms held outside of conscious awareness on later judgment relevant to the primed trait dimension. The present research demonstrated that spontaneous trait inferences can serve as self-generated primes. In Experiment 1, Ss instructed to memorize trait-implying sentences (thus spontaneously inferring traits outside of consciousness) showed assimilation effects in judgment. Ss instructed…
Individual differences in social categorization: The influence of personal need for structure on spontaneous trait inferences
Because 1 function of categorization is to provide structure and control to social interactions and because individuals differ in the extent to which they desire control and structure, individual differences in personal need for structure (PNS) should moderate the extent to which people categorize. Spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) were used to assess the use of traits in categorization. High-PNS Ss were more likely to form STIs and more likely…
Accuracy motivation attenuates covert priming: The systematic reprocessing of social information
Three studies tested the hypothesis that assimilation of impressions to primed constructs is a product of relatively superficial processing and is unlikely to occur when behavioral information about a target person is processed systematically. In Study 1, the impressions of accuracy-motivated Ss did not assimilate to covertly primed trait constructs, although the impressions of unmotivated Ss did. Studies 2 and 3 showed that when Ss become accura…
Unintended effects of goals on unintended inferences
Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their…
Individual Differences In Experiment Participation: Structure, Autonomy, and the Time of the Semeste
This research investigated the association of two individual difference moderators of psychological phenomena with the time of semester students choose to participate in experiments. The Personal Need for Structure (PNS) scale and the Stein Self‐Description Questionnaire were administered to the students in an introductory psychology class at the beginning of a university semester. Students' responses on these measures were related to their chose…
The Interplay of Heuristic and Systematic Processing of Social Information
The heuristic-systematic model (HSM) provides a general theory of social information processing. It features two modes of social information processing, a relatively effortless, top-down heuristic mode and a more effortful, bottom-up systematic mode. The model assumes that social perceivers strike a balance between effort minimization and achieving confidence in their social judgments. The HSM emphasizes three broad motivational forces: accuracy,…
People as Flexible Interpreters: Evidence and Issues from Spontaneous Trait Inference
Contrast effects as determined by the type of prime: Trait versus exemplar primes initiate processing strategies that differ in how accessible constructs are used
In 4 experiments it was found that contrast effects in person perception depend on the type and extremity of the primed information. Two previous models of priming effects, the standard-of-comparison and the set-reset models, make opposing predictions for the consequences of prime extremity on contrast effects. In Experiments 1 and 2 it was found that each model is descriptively accurate but in response to different priming stimuli. Exemplar prim…
Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals
This research shows stereotype activation is controlled by chronic egalitarian goals. In the first 2 studies it was found that the stereotype of women is equally available to individuals with and without chronic goals, and the discriminant validity of the concept of egalitarian goals was established. In the next 2 experiments, differences in stereotype activation as a function of this individual difference were found. In Study 3, participants rea…
Evidence for Implicit Evaluative In-Group Bias: Affect-Biased Spontaneous Trait Inference in a Minimal Group Paradigm
Counterfactuals as Behavioral Primes: Priming the Simulation Heuristic and Consideration of Alternatives
Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism
Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention
Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect
Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build …
Social cognition: Understanding Self and Others
The carry-over effect of competition: The impact of competition on prejudice towards uninvolved outgroups
Further ironies of suppression: Stereotype and counterstereotype accessibility
Implicit volition and stereotype control
Goals are mental representations that vary in accessibility and operate within goal systems. The implicit nature of goal activation and pursuit is shown here to make goals effective not merely at overturning the influence of an activated stereotype on how people respond to members of stereotyped groups, but effective at implicitly controlling the activation of stereotypes in the first place. In a set of experiments examining chronic egalitarian g…
The psychology of goals
This tightly edited volume brings together leading authorities to review the breadth of current knowledge about goals and their role in human behavior. Presented are basic concepts, cutting-edge theories and findings, and innovative research designs that yield new insights into how people strive toward particular ends and avoid less desired outcomes. The book provides an overview of the biological, cognitive, affective, and social underpinnings o…
Compensatory cognition associated with egalitarian goals
Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control
Implicit Stereotyping and Medical Decisions: Unconscious Stereotype Activation in Practitioners' Thoughts About African Americans
Objectives. We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. Methods. We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and c…
Cognitive Social Psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition
Priming creativity as a strategy to increase creative performance by facilitating the activation and use of remote associations
Goal versus trait explanations: Causal attributions beyond the trait-situation dichotomy
In 4 studies, we show that two behavioral dimensions specified in Kelley's (1967) model of attribution, consistency and distinctiveness of behaviors, determine perceivers' likelihood to explain others' behaviors in terms of their goals versus traits. Participants tended to attribute the cause of others' behaviors to their goals (vs. traits and other characteristics) when behaviors were characterized by high distinctiveness (Study 1A & 1B) or low …
Psychology (29 works) · Social Psychology (26 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (24 works) · Cognitive psychology (20 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (15 works) · Cognition (12 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (10 works) · Perception (10 works) · Social perception (10 works)