Robert E Prytula
Biographic Data
| ID | 5380817 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert E Prytula |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert E |
| FAMILY NAME | Prytula |
| SIGNATURE | PRYTULA R E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Middle Tennessee State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 18 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 18 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Utilizing the School to Control Head-Banging Behavior of a Child at Home
A school-based reinforcement program was implemented to control a preschooler's head-banging behavior at home. At school, the child's participation in a preferred activity was contingent upon the absence of head-banging at home. This combined school-home procedure resulted in a marked decrease in incidence of head-banging
If You Were a Stickleback Fish it Would Be Important to You
Erroneous description of the mating behavior of the stickleback fish appeared recurrently in a widely used text. Since students rely heavily on secondary sources, it becomes important to correct these inaccuracies
Little Albert rides again
Little Albert rides again
Differences in Attribution of Responsibility by Police Recruits and Their Wives
Heider (1) proposed that responsibility for an action r.ust lie in the actor and/or his environment. Prytula, Whiteside, and Davidson ( 2 ) found that life experiences affect the extent to which a person is prone to emphasize the personal factors in attributing responsibility to a negative event. Shaver ( 4 ) indicated that individuals will attribute responsibility in a defensive manner if they believe they might find themselves in a similar situ…
Multiple-Choice Feedback by Categorization of Errors
Students in three advanced classes (replications) were given specific graphical feedback ( n = 35) concerning errors made on a paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test. When compared with a control group who were not given information ( n = 40), Ss performed more poorly when given specific graphical feedback
RN Transitions
Three groups of rats were trained and extinguished (Phase I) in an alley, and retrained and extinguished (Phases II and III) under RN, NR, and RR reward schedules. An exhaust system was operative in the alley in Phases I and III but inoperative in Phase II. The results show that with the simple schedules employed, odors do not appear to mediate the running responses. Ss which received the RN schedule were generally less resistant to extinction th…
Police Experience and Attribution of Personal Responsibility
The sociogenic or sociological explanations of crime emphasize the strong role of environmental factors in the precipitation of crime (Gibbons, 1973) . Attribution theory (Jones & Davis, 1965) would lead one to expect that veteran police officers should be less likely than the average citizen to accept this view of criminal causation. The veteran police officer, having seen boch delinquent and nondelinquent individuals emerging from the same envi…
Administration of Trials Within- S S and Double-Alternation Responding
Rats, in a four-phase within- Ss study, were given a double-alternation schedule of reward and nonreward (RRNNRRNN). During Phase I, the odor-exhaust system was blocked, and Ss developed the characteristic response pattern, i.e., they ran fast on the rewarded trials and slow on the nonrewarded trials. During Phase II, the exhaust-system was unblocked for the first four trials and blocked for the last four trials; and during Phase III, the conditi…
Double-Alternation Runway Performance as a Function of Inter- and Intra-Reinforcement Odor Cues
Two groups of 12 rats served as Ss in a three-phase investigation into the production and utilization of odor cues in the runway. Both groups were trained under double-alternation patterns of reward-nonreward with one group serving as start-box donor-odorants, while the second group actually traversed the runway. During the first two phases the run- Ss were water-reinforced, and the donor-odorants were food-reinforced. The reinforcement schedules…
Relationship between a Forward Learning Set and Three Orders of Multiple-Choice Examinations
A series of 4 replication-design experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of arrangement of test-items and its effects on S's performance for teacher-devised examinations. A 30-item, four-choice, multiple-choice examination was prepared by the teacher and presented in three forms. The Forward-Backward form, presented test items covering material from the first lecture through the last; the Backward-Forward form, presented the sa…
Runway Performance as a Function of Positively and Negatively Correlated Olfactory Cues
Double-alternation runway performance of rats is shown to be influenced by 2 sources of odor, donor-odorant Ss and previous Ss that have traversed the runway. Performance in initial segments of the apparatus depended upon odors produced by start-box confined donor Ss, while performance in the terminal segment was predominantly influenced by odors produced by previous running Ss ( ns = 14)
Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response as a Function of a Between- or Within-Subjects Odor Condition
2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward (NNNRN), the same magnitude of reward, the same intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Each S in a partial reinforcement, within- Ss group received all 5 daily trials before the second S received its first daily trial, etc. Tor Ss in a between- Ss, odor group, 4 other Ss received a given trial before the first S received its second trial, etc. Thus, …
Partial Reinforcement Acquisition and Extinction as Function of Odor Control
3 groups of albino rats were run in a runway under the same schedule of reward and nonreward, magnitude of reward, N-length and intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Theoretically all groups should have been equally resistant to extinction. The results showed that evacuating odors during acquisition and extinction increased goal speed and resistance to extinction. When odors were not exhausted or were intensified, Ss extin…
Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control
4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting o…
Role of Restricted Running and Goal-Box Placements in the Double Runway Behavior of the Albino Rat
7 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats received 40 acquisition trials (5/day) in a double alley under one of the following conditions: (1) 40 8-pellet rewarded GB 1 placements; (2) 40 8-pellet rewarded run trials, RW 1 and RW 2 ; (3) 40 NR GB 1 placements; (4) 40 8-pellet rewarded RW 1 -only trials, and (5) 40 NR run trials, RW 1 and RW 2 . Following preshift training, 30 postshift trials were given under the following conditions: (1) one of the 8-pe…
Consequences of Absolute and Relative Qualitative and Quantitative Sucrose-Incentive Reductions in the Albino Rat
Four experiments are reported which involved relative qualitative (Exps. 1 and 2), relative quantitative (Exp. 3), and absolute quantitative (Exp. 4) sucrose-solution incentive reductions in the first goal box of a double runway. In the three relative experiments, different GB 1 amounts (.50 cc vs .10 cc) or concentrations (32% vs 8%) of sucrose did not affect pre- or postshift locomotion speeds in either runway. In the absolute study, RW 1 speed…
Sucrose-Pellet Incentive Shifts in the Double Alley
4 groups of male albino rats were given 45 double runway trials under the following conditions: (a) nonreward in goal box (GB 1 ) throughout, (b) nonreward in GB 1 for 30 trials followed by an upshift to two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 15 trials, (c) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets in GB 1 throughout, or (d) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 30 trials followed by a GB 1 downshift to nonreward for 15 trials. Sucrose incentive upshift produced a rapid runwa…
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Consequences of Absolute and Relative Qualitative and Quantitative Sucrose-Incentive Reductions in the Albino Rat
Four experiments are reported which involved relative qualitative (Exps. 1 and 2), relative quantitative (Exp. 3), and absolute quantitative (Exp. 4) sucrose-solution incentive reductions in the first goal box of a double runway. In the three relative experiments, different GB 1 amounts (.50 cc vs .10 cc) or concentrations (32% vs 8%) of sucrose did not affect pre- or postshift locomotion speeds in either runway. In the absolute study, RW 1 speed…
Sucrose-Pellet Incentive Shifts in the Double Alley
4 groups of male albino rats were given 45 double runway trials under the following conditions: (a) nonreward in goal box (GB 1 ) throughout, (b) nonreward in GB 1 for 30 trials followed by an upshift to two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 15 trials, (c) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets in GB 1 throughout, or (d) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 30 trials followed by a GB 1 downshift to nonreward for 15 trials. Sucrose incentive upshift produced a rapid runwa…
Role of Restricted Running and Goal-Box Placements in the Double Runway Behavior of the Albino Rat
7 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats received 40 acquisition trials (5/day) in a double alley under one of the following conditions: (1) 40 8-pellet rewarded GB 1 placements; (2) 40 8-pellet rewarded run trials, RW 1 and RW 2 ; (3) 40 NR GB 1 placements; (4) 40 8-pellet rewarded RW 1 -only trials, and (5) 40 NR run trials, RW 1 and RW 2 . Following preshift training, 30 postshift trials were given under the following conditions: (1) one of the 8-pe…
Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control
4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting o…
Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response as a Function of a Between- or Within-Subjects Odor Condition
2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward (NNNRN), the same magnitude of reward, the same intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Each S in a partial reinforcement, within- Ss group received all 5 daily trials before the second S received its first daily trial, etc. Tor Ss in a between- Ss, odor group, 4 other Ss received a given trial before the first S received its second trial, etc. Thus, …
Partial Reinforcement Acquisition and Extinction as Function of Odor Control
3 groups of albino rats were run in a runway under the same schedule of reward and nonreward, magnitude of reward, N-length and intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Theoretically all groups should have been equally resistant to extinction. The results showed that evacuating odors during acquisition and extinction increased goal speed and resistance to extinction. When odors were not exhausted or were intensified, Ss extin…
Double-Alternation Runway Performance as a Function of Inter- and Intra-Reinforcement Odor Cues
Two groups of 12 rats served as Ss in a three-phase investigation into the production and utilization of odor cues in the runway. Both groups were trained under double-alternation patterns of reward-nonreward with one group serving as start-box donor-odorants, while the second group actually traversed the runway. During the first two phases the run- Ss were water-reinforced, and the donor-odorants were food-reinforced. The reinforcement schedules…
Relationship between a Forward Learning Set and Three Orders of Multiple-Choice Examinations
A series of 4 replication-design experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of arrangement of test-items and its effects on S's performance for teacher-devised examinations. A 30-item, four-choice, multiple-choice examination was prepared by the teacher and presented in three forms. The Forward-Backward form, presented test items covering material from the first lecture through the last; the Backward-Forward form, presented the sa…
Runway Performance as a Function of Positively and Negatively Correlated Olfactory Cues
Double-alternation runway performance of rats is shown to be influenced by 2 sources of odor, donor-odorant Ss and previous Ss that have traversed the runway. Performance in initial segments of the apparatus depended upon odors produced by start-box confined donor Ss, while performance in the terminal segment was predominantly influenced by odors produced by previous running Ss ( ns = 14)
RN Transitions
Three groups of rats were trained and extinguished (Phase I) in an alley, and retrained and extinguished (Phases II and III) under RN, NR, and RR reward schedules. An exhaust system was operative in the alley in Phases I and III but inoperative in Phase II. The results show that with the simple schedules employed, odors do not appear to mediate the running responses. Ss which received the RN schedule were generally less resistant to extinction th…
Police Experience and Attribution of Personal Responsibility
The sociogenic or sociological explanations of crime emphasize the strong role of environmental factors in the precipitation of crime (Gibbons, 1973) . Attribution theory (Jones & Davis, 1965) would lead one to expect that veteran police officers should be less likely than the average citizen to accept this view of criminal causation. The veteran police officer, having seen boch delinquent and nondelinquent individuals emerging from the same envi…
Administration of Trials Within- S S and Double-Alternation Responding
Rats, in a four-phase within- Ss study, were given a double-alternation schedule of reward and nonreward (RRNNRRNN). During Phase I, the odor-exhaust system was blocked, and Ss developed the characteristic response pattern, i.e., they ran fast on the rewarded trials and slow on the nonrewarded trials. During Phase II, the exhaust-system was unblocked for the first four trials and blocked for the last four trials; and during Phase III, the conditi…
Multiple-Choice Feedback by Categorization of Errors
Students in three advanced classes (replications) were given specific graphical feedback ( n = 35) concerning errors made on a paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test. When compared with a control group who were not given information ( n = 40), Ss performed more poorly when given specific graphical feedback
Differences in Attribution of Responsibility by Police Recruits and Their Wives
Heider (1) proposed that responsibility for an action r.ust lie in the actor and/or his environment. Prytula, Whiteside, and Davidson ( 2 ) found that life experiences affect the extent to which a person is prone to emphasize the personal factors in attributing responsibility to a negative event. Shaver ( 4 ) indicated that individuals will attribute responsibility in a defensive manner if they believe they might find themselves in a similar situ…
Little Albert rides again
Little Albert rides again
Utilizing the School to Control Head-Banging Behavior of a Child at Home
A school-based reinforcement program was implemented to control a preschooler's head-banging behavior at home. At school, the child's participation in a preferred activity was contingent upon the absence of head-banging at home. This combined school-home procedure resulted in a marked decrease in incidence of head-banging
If You Were a Stickleback Fish it Would Be Important to You
Erroneous description of the mating behavior of the stickleback fish appeared recurrently in a widely used text. Since students rely heavily on secondary sources, it becomes important to correct these inaccuracies
Psychology (18 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Audiology (6 works) · Computer Science (6 works) · Medicine (6 works) · Odor (6 works) · Reinforcement (6 works) · Extinction (optical mineralogy (5 works) · Mathematics (5 works)