Kennon M Sheldon
Biographic Data
| ID | 630998 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kennon M Sheldon |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kennon M |
| FAMILY NAME | Sheldon |
| SIGNATURE | SHELDON K M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Missouri |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9219-832X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 96 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1050 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 96 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Leading from behind: How the symbolic self exerts its free will
Relatively little is known about how individuals generate life goals and directions. We extend the goal breakthrough model, which conceptualizes goal formation as a creative process comprising dissatisfaction, preparation, incubation, illumination, goal articulation, and goal elaboration. We first demonstrate how this model aligns with established brain network functions and compatibilist accounts of free will. However, the original model omits c…
Negative changes in emotional well-being and motivation in Russian adolescents between 1999 and 2020 / Cambios negativos en el bienestar emocional y la motivación en adolescentes rusos entre 1999 y 20…
Studies in the US, the UK, Canada and Australia show cohort increases in ill-being among adolescents in recent decades, and this is especially true for girls. The present study compared two Russian adolescent samples on both positive and negative emotions, via data collected in 1999 and in January 2020 (before the COVID-19 pandemic). The results show that joy was much lower and anger and anxiety were much higher in the 2020 cohort. Corresponding …
When visions truly inspire: The moderating role of self-concordance in boosting positive affect, goal commitment, and goal progress
Research demonstrates that visions elicit positive affective reactions, which can mobilize and motivate behavior. However, the factors that determine their effectiveness remain largely unknown. We examine the role of self-concordance in shaping the extent to which visions elicit positive affect and promote vision-related goal pursuit. We develop and test a moderated mediation model, where self-concordance moderates the path from visions through p…
The autobiographical critic within: Perceiving oneself as a major character in one’s life story predicts well-being
Perception of helper's autonomous motivation increases recipient's prosocial behaviour intentions via feelings of gratitude
Four studies investigated the impact of a recipient's perception of a helper's motivation (autonomous vs. controlled) on the recipient's subsequent prosocial intentions, alongside testing a mediational mechanism. Study 1 employed a questionnaire method to assess the relationships between participants’ lay theories of helper's prosocial motivations (i.e., the degree of autonomy), their dispositional gratitude and their prosocial tendencies. Studie…
The free will capacity: A uniquely human adaption
Herein, I characterize free will (FW) is an evolved functional capacity within the mature human mind, which provides us with numerous adaptive benefits. The FW capacity was selected for because it enables us to respond effectively to momentary contingencies, via on-the-spot deliberation. But FW also extricates us from the present moment, enabling us to generate and decide between imagined long-term futures. Based upon a compatibilist philosophica…
Social media use and well-being: Testing an integrated self-determination theory model
Although some commentators assert that social media use (SMU) has large negative effects on peoples’ mental health, meta-analyses show the effect is tiny at best, implying that individual differences play an important role. We combined self-determination theory’s organismic integration and basic psychological needs mini-theories to address this issue. Our integrated process model stated that self-determined motivation for SMU affects the extent p…
Conservatives Report Less Autonomous Work Motivation and Less Intrinsic Values than Liberals, but are Happier Nonetheless: The Explanatory Role of Psychological Need-Satisfaction
The Goal breakthrough model of goal reorientation: Explicit questions drive implicit processes
Self-concordant goals breed goal-optimism and thus well-being
True-self-as-guide lay theory endorsement across five countries
A widespread lay theory in the United States suggests that the best way to make decisions is to follow who you “really are”, referred to as the “true-self-as-guide” (TSAG) lay theory of decision making. In this paper, we explore whether people from four less-WEIRD (i.e., Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) countries also explicitly endorse the TSAG lay theory, whether individual differences in horizontal/vertical individualis…
Blood donation motivation in the United States and Russia: What keeps donors coming back
What keeps regular blood donors coming back, despite the inconvenience and discomfort, thereby maintaining the community's blood supply? We approached 494 people waiting to give blood, 229 Americans and 265 Russians, with a survey that assessed their motivations to donate, their contextual emotions, and their future donation intentions. The Russian sample was older, and many were regulars at the donation centre. The U.S. sample was younger, atten…
Understanding the motivations of food bank volunteers: Applying self‐determination theory and functional motivations theory
We assessed the motivations, commitment, and subjective well‐being (SWB) of 441 food bank volunteers, using motivation scales derived from self‐determination theory and functional motives theory. Replicating the findings of Sheldon, Wineland, Venhoeven, and Osin's (2016) study of environmental activists, all motivation scales could be located on the autonomous or controlled motivation factors specified by self‐determination theory (SDT). In addit…
Duchenne Smiles as Honest Signals of Chronic Positive Mood
Chronic positive mood (CPM) has been shown to confer a wide variety of social, functional, and health benefits. Some researchers have argued that humans evolved to feel CPM, which explains why most people report better than neutral mood (the “positivity offset bias”) and why particularly happy people have particularly good outcomes. Here, we argue that the Duchenne smile evolved as an honest signal of high levels of CPM, alerting others to the ps…
Using Social Network Sites to Boost Savoring: Positive Effects on Positive Emotions
Research has demonstrated that positive interventions (PIs) can be effective in enhancing well-being. Our study used Facebook to conduct a PI based on savoring. Sixty-one university students in Taiwan were randomly assigned to undergo a three-week savoring PI, and 61 participants were assigned to a no-treatment control group. The results showed significantly enhanced positive affect in the treatment group compared to the control group, in both a …
Clarifying the Concept of Well-Being: Psychological Need Satisfaction as the Common Core Connecting Eudaimonic and Subjective Well-Being
Interest in the experience of well-being, as both a research topic and as a policy goal, has significantly increased in recent decades. Although subjective well-being (SWB)—composed of positive affect, low negative affect, and life satisfaction—is the most commonly used measure of well-being, many experts have argued that another important dimension of well-being, often referred to as eudaimonic well-being (EWB), should be measured alongside SWB.…
Self‐determination theory as a foundation for personality researchers
In this introductory article, we first describe the impetus for this special issue. What made us think that self‐determination theory (SDT) might provide a sort of foundation for the rest of personality psychology? For readers unfamiliar with SDT, we then provide a historical overview that covers the evolution of the six “mini‐theories” that currently compose SDT: cognitive evaluation theory, causality orientations theory, organismic integration …
I am the chosen one: Narcissism in the backdrop of self‐determination theory
OBJECTIVE: This theoretical article discusses the relevance of self-determination theory (SDT) for narcissism, a classic topic in self-theory. METHOD AND RESULTS: The trait of narcissism reflects a self-aggrandizing, dominant, and manipulative interpersonal orientation that feeds on exaggerated perceptions of agency, but not communion. The article embeds narcissism in the five mini-theories of SDT (organismic integration, causality orientations, …
Narcissism and social motives: Successful pursuit of egosystem goals boosts narcissism
We investigated the links between grandiose narcissism (agentic and communal) and social motives (social egosystem vs. social ecosystem). In Study 1, agentic narcissism was positively associated with egosystem (self-serving) motives, and was negatively associated with ecosystem (prosocial) motives, as assessed by explicit and more behavioral means. The pattern for communal narcissism was more complex, depending on mode of assessment. Striving for…
Rightly crossing the Rubicon: Evaluating goal self-concordance prior to selection helps people choose more intrinsic goals
Self-determined motivation for studying abroad predicts lower culture shock and greater well-being among international students: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction
Freedom and responsibility go together: Personality, experimental, and cultural demonstrations
In three cross-cultural studies we tested the premise that psychological freedom (aka autonomy) and personal responsibility are complementary rather than conflicting, and the further premise that freedom causes responsibility, rather than vice versa. In all studies, (a) supporting autonomy in an experimental context increased responsibility-taking after failure, whereas emphasizing responsibility did not; (b) measures of dispositional autonomy an…
Evaluating the Dimensionality of Self-Determination Theory’s Relative Autonomy Continuum
We conducted a theoretical and psychometric evaluation of self-determination theory’s “relative autonomy continuum” (RAC), an important aspect of the theory whose validity has recently been questioned. We first derived a Comprehensive Relative Autonomy Index (C-RAI) containing six subscales and 24 items, by conducting a paired paraphrase content analysis of existing RAI measures. We administered the C-RAI to multiple U.S. and Russian samples, ass…
Openness to experience predicts intrinsic value shifts after deliberating one’s own death
Individual differences that might moderate processes of value shifting during and after deliberating one's own death remain largely unexplored. Two studies measured participants' openness and relative intrinsic-to-extrinsic value orientation (RIEVO) before randomly assigning them to conditions in which they wrote about their own death or dental pain for 6 days, after which RIEVO was assessed again up to 12 days later. When participants confronted…
Conditional Regard, Self-Concept, and Relational Authenticity: Revisiting Some Key Rogerian Concepts Cross-Culturally, Through Multilevel Modeling
The present cross-cultural study utilized contemporary statistical techniques to explore the associations among conditional regard, ideal and actual self-concept, and relational authenticity, constructs with deep roots in the Rogerian and humanistic traditions. In three countries (China, Russia, and the United States), the experience of conditional regard in past and present relationships predicted larger discrepancies between ideal and actual se…
What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs
Three studies compared 10 candidate psychological needs in an attempt to determine which are truly most fundamental for humans. Participants described "most satisfying events" within their lives and then rated the salience of each of the 10 candidate needs within these events. Supporting self-determination theory postulates (Ryan & Deci, 2000)--autonomy, competence, and relatedness, were consistently among the top 4 needs, in terms of both their …
Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model
Motivating Learning, Performance, and Persistence: The Synergistic Effects of Intrinsic Goal Contents and Autonomy-Supportive Contexts
Three field experiments with high school and college students tested the self-determination theory hypotheses that intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) goals and autonomy-supportive (vs. controlling) learning climates would improve students' learning, performance, and persistence. The learning of text material or physical exercises was framed in terms of intrinsic (community, personal growth, health) versus extrinsic (money, image) goals, which were present…
Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being
In 2 studies, college students evidenced differing levels of the Big-Five traits in different roles, supporting social-contextualist assumptions regarding trait expression. Supporting organismic theories of personality, within-subject variations in the Big Five were predictable from variations in the degree of psychological authenticity felt in different roles. In addition, two concepts of self-integrat ion or true selfhood were examined: 1 based…
Why positive psychology is necessary
The authors provide a definition of positive psychology and suggest that psychologists should try to cultivate a more appreciative perspective on human nature. Examples are given of a negative bias that seems to pervade much of theoretical psychology, which may limit psychologists' understanding of typical and successful human functioning. Finally, a preview of the articles in the special section is given
Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration
The Urge to Splurge: A Terror Management Account of Materialism and Consumer Behavior
This article presents terror management theory (TMT) as a way to understand how the human awareness of death affects materialism, conspicuous consumption, and consumer decisions. The pursuit of wealth and culturally desired commodities are hypothesized to reinforce those beliefs that function to protect people from existential anxieties. Following a brief overview of TMT and research, evidence is reviewed that explicates how intimations of mortal…
Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and psychological maturity across the life span
Measures of psychological maturity based on personal strivings (R. A. Emmons, 1989) were administered to 108 adults aged 17-82. On the basis of organismic-theoretical assumptions regarding maturity, age was hypothesized to be positively associated with K. M. Sheldon and T. Kasser's (1995, 1998) two goal-based measures of personality integration. E. Erikson's (1963) assumptions regarding maturity were the basis for the hypothesis that older people…
The Structure of Goal Contents Across 15 Cultures
The authors investigated the structure of goal contents in a group of 1,854 undergraduates from 15 cultures around the world. Results suggested that the 11 types of goals the authors assessed were consistently organized in a circumplex fashion across the 15 cultures. The circumplex was well described by positioning 2 primary dimensions underlying the goals: intrinsic (e.g., self-acceptance, affiliation) versus extrinsic (e.g., financial success, …
Literal and symbolic immortality: The effect of evidence of literal immortality on self-esteem striving in response to mortality salience
Three studies investigated the effect of encouraging participants to believe in an afterlife on the relationship between mortality salience and self-esteem striving. Participants were exposed to essays arguing either in favor of or against the existence of an afterlife, and reminded about death or a control topic. Mortality salience led to increased accuracy ratings of a positive personality description (Studies 1 and 2) and increased striving fo…
Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral
Two studies used the self-concordance model of healthy goal striving (K. M. Sheldon & A. J. Elliot, 1999) to examine the motivational processes by which people can increase their level of well-being during a period of time and then maintain the gain or perhaps increase it even further during the next period of time. In Study 1, entering freshmen with self-concordant motivation better attained their 1st-semester goals, which in turn predicted incr…
Self-Concordance and Subjective Well-Being in Four Cultures
Sheldon and colleagues have recently focused research attention on the concept of self-concordance, in which people feel that they pursue their goals because the goals fit with their underlying interests and values rather than because others say they should pursue them. Self-concordant individuals typically evidence higher subjective well-being (SWB). But is this also true in non-Western cultures, which emphasize people's duty to conform to socie…
Goals, Congruence, and Positive Well-Being: New Empirical Support for Humanistic Theories
Although some have suggested that humanistic theories and quantitative methodologies are inherently contradictory, this article will try to demonstrate that they can be quite complementary. To this end, the authors will review their own findings with regard to the nature of “positive motivation,” research that has been based in humanistic theoretical ideas but that also has employed state-of-the-art quantitative methodologies, longitudinal design…
Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis
A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: Disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it
Does using Facebook help people to meet their relatedness needs? Study 1 shows that more frequent Facebook usage paradoxically correlates with more relatedness satisfaction (connection) and more relatedness dissatisfaction (disconnection). Study 2 supports a 2-process explanation of this finding, showing that disconnection motivates greater usage as a coping strategy, whereas connection results from greater usage. Study 3 examines the effects of …
It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need satisfaction also affects well-being
The basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness have been found to have unique additive effects on psychological well-being (see E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan, 2000). In the present study, the authors extended these findings by examining whether the balance in the satisfaction of these 3 needs is also important. The results of 4 studies showed that people who experienced balanced need satisfaction reported higher well-being than…
Avoidance personal goals and the personality–illness relationship
Social roles as mechanism for psychological need satisfaction within social groups
The authors explored ways in which needs for autonomy and relatedness can be simultaneously met within the context of group life. Specifically, it was hypothesized that social role performances provide means of both expressing the self and connecting with group members. Consistent with the assumption that autonomy and relatedness are complementary rather than conflictual, these needs were positively correlated in all 5 studies. Consistent with th…
Prosocial values and group assortation: Within an N-person prisoner’s dilemma game
Wanting, having, and needing: Integrating motive disposition theory and self-determination theory
Four studies explored the motivational and experiential dynamics of psychological needs, applying both self-determination theory and motive disposition theory. In all 4 studies, motive dispositions toward achievement and affiliation ("wanting" particular experiences) predicted corresponding feelings of competence and relatedness ("having" those experiences). Competence and relatedness in turn predicted well-being, again indicating that these 2 ex…
Positive value change during college: Normative trends and individual differences
Autonomy, culture, and well-being: The benefits of inclusive autonomy
Self-determined motivation for studying abroad predicts lower culture shock and greater well-being among international students: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction
Antecedents and trajectories of achievement goals: A self-determination theory perspective
Background. Research has shown that both achievement goal theory and self-determination theory (SDT) are quite useful in explaining student motivation and success in academic contexts. However, little is known about how the two theories relate to each other. Aim. The current research used SDT as a framework to understand why students enter classes with particular achievement goal profiles, and also, how those profiles may change over time. Sample…
Learning the lessons of tit-for-tat: Even competitors can get the message
The tit-for-tat strategy is known for its ability to train cooperation during an iterated 2-person prisoner's dilemma. In this research, a repeated measures design was used to assess the nature and long-term persistence of such training. One month after playing against a programmed tit-for-tat strategy, participants returned to the lab to play a randomly matched other participant. Participants increased their levels of cooperative behavior, both …
Emotionality Differences between Artists and Scientists
Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration
What Makes for a Good Day? Competence and Autonomy in the Day and in the Person
This diary study examined the proposal that satisfaction of two psychological needs, competence and autonomy, leads to daily well-being. Between-subjects analyses indicated that participants higher in trait competence and trait autonomy tended to have "better" days on average. Independently, within-subject analyses showed that good days were those in which participants felt more competent and autonomous in their daily activities, relative to thei…
Avoidance Personal Goals and Subjective Well-Being
The present research comprises two studies designed to investigate both antecedents and consequences of pursuing avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals over the course of a semester-long period. Results revealed that neuroticism was positively related to the adoption of avoidance personal strivings (Study 1), and participants with low perceptions of their life skills were more likely to adopt avoidance personal projects (Study 2). Avoida…
Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being
In 2 studies, college students evidenced differing levels of the Big-Five traits in different roles, supporting social-contextualist assumptions regarding trait expression. Supporting organismic theories of personality, within-subject variations in the Big Five were predictable from variations in the degree of psychological authenticity felt in different roles. In addition, two concepts of self-integrat ion or true selfhood were examined: 1 based…
Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis
Not all Personal Goals are Personal: Comparing Autonomous and Controlled Reasons for Goals as Predictors of Effort and Attainment
Even when goals are self-generated, they may not feel truly "personal," that is, autonomous and self-integrated. In three studies (one concurrent and two prospective), we found that the autonomy of personal goals predicted goal attainment. In contrast, the strength of "controlled" motivation did not predict attainment. Studies 2 and 3 validated a mediational model in which autonomy led to attainment because it promoted sustained effort investment…
Pursuing Personal Goals: Skills Enable Progress, but Not all Progress is Beneficial
Although goal theorists have speculated about the causes and consequences of making progress at personal goals, little longitudinal research has examined these issues. In the current prospective study, participants with stronger social and self-regulatory skills made more progress in their goals over the course of a semester. In turn, goal progress predicted increases in psychological well-being, both in short-term (5-day) increments and across t…
Avoidance personal goals and the personality-illness relationship
Three studies demonstrated that avoidance personal goals are positively related to physical symptom reports. These results were obtained (a) using both longitudinal and retrospective methodologies and (b) controlling for neuroticism and other alternative predictor variables. In 2 of the studies, a process model was validated in which perceived competence and perceived controlledness were shown to mediate the observed relationship between avoidanc…
Avoidance personal goals and the personality–illness relationship
The American Dream in Russia: Extrinsic Aspirations and Well-Being in Two Cultures
Recent research in the United States suggests that individuals who strongly value extrinsic goals (e.g., fame, wealth, image) relative to intrinsic goals (e.g., personal growth, relatedness, community) experience less well-being. This study examines such goals in university samples from two cultures—the United States and Russia. Participants (N = 299) rated the importance, expectancies, and current attainment of 15 life goals, including 4 target …
Learning the lessons of tit-for-tat: Even competitors can get the message
The tit-for-tat strategy is known for its ability to train cooperation during an iterated 2-person prisoner's dilemma. In this research, a repeated measures design was used to assess the nature and long-term persistence of such training. One month after playing against a programmed tit-for-tat strategy, participants returned to the lab to play a randomly matched other participant. Participants increased their levels of cooperative behavior, both …
Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model
Of Wealth and Death: Materialism, Mortality Salience, and Consumption Behavior
Theoretical work suggests that feelings of insecurity produce materialistic behavior, but most empirical evidence is correlational in nature. We therefore experimentally activated feelings of insecurity by having some subjects write short essays about death (mortality-salience condition). In Study 1, subjects in the mortality-salience condition, compared with subjects who wrote about a neutral topic, had higher financial expectations for themselv…
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Emotional well-being is most typically studied in trait or trait-like terms, yet a growing literature indicates that daily (within-person) fluctuations in emotional well-being may be equally important. The present research explored the hypothesis that daily variations may be understood in terms of the degree to which three basic needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—are satisfied in daily activity. Hierarchical linear models were used to ex…
Personal Goals in Social Roles: Divergences and Convergences Across Roles and Levels of Analysis
Most contemporary personal goal research aggregates across goals, perhaps masking important differences between goals. We assessed this risk by examining both similarities and differences between the goals that participants pursued in five important social roles. Previous relevant findings (Cantor, Norem, Niedenthal, Langston, & Brower, 1987) and self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) were used to predict between‐role differences in goal a…
Extrinsic Value Orientation and “The Tragedy of the Commons”
Two studies examined the effect of Extrinsic Value Orientation (Kasser & Ryan, 1993, 1996) upon harvesting strategies and personal profit within commons dilemmas, in which individual and group interests can be at odds. At an individual or within‐group level of analysis, extrinsically oriented persons (who value money, fame, and popularity) harvested more than intrinsically oriented persons (who value self‐acceptance, intimacy, and community). How…
Prosocial values and group assortation: Within an N-person prisoner’s dilemma game
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Avoidance (Relative to Approach) Personal Goals
The results from this research supported our primary hypothesis that the adoption of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals varies as a function of individualism-collectivism (across representations of this distinction). Interdependent self-construals were positively related and independent self-construals were negatively related to adoption of avoidance goals (Study 1), Asian Americans adopted more avoidance goals than non-Asian America…
Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and psychological maturity across the life span
Measures of psychological maturity based on personal strivings (R. A. Emmons, 1989) were administered to 108 adults aged 17-82. On the basis of organismic-theoretical assumptions regarding maturity, age was hypothesized to be positively associated with K. M. Sheldon and T. Kasser's (1995, 1998) two goal-based measures of personality integration. E. Erikson's (1963) assumptions regarding maturity were the basis for the hypothesis that older people…
Goals, Congruence, and Positive Well-Being: New Empirical Support for Humanistic Theories
Although some have suggested that humanistic theories and quantitative methodologies are inherently contradictory, this article will try to demonstrate that they can be quite complementary. To this end, the authors will review their own findings with regard to the nature of “positive motivation,” research that has been based in humanistic theoretical ideas but that also has employed state-of-the-art quantitative methodologies, longitudinal design…
Why positive psychology is necessary
The authors provide a definition of positive psychology and suggest that psychologists should try to cultivate a more appreciative perspective on human nature. Examples are given of a negative bias that seems to pervade much of theoretical psychology, which may limit psychologists' understanding of typical and successful human functioning. Finally, a preview of the articles in the special section is given
Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral
Two studies used the self-concordance model of healthy goal striving (K. M. Sheldon & A. J. Elliot, 1999) to examine the motivational processes by which people can increase their level of well-being during a period of time and then maintain the gain or perhaps increase it even further during the next period of time. In Study 1, entering freshmen with self-concordant motivation better attained their 1st-semester goals, which in turn predicted incr…
Social roles as mechanism for psychological need satisfaction within social groups
The authors explored ways in which needs for autonomy and relatedness can be simultaneously met within the context of group life. Specifically, it was hypothesized that social role performances provide means of both expressing the self and connecting with group members. Consistent with the assumption that autonomy and relatedness are complementary rather than conflictual, these needs were positively correlated in all 5 studies. Consistent with th…
What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs
Three studies compared 10 candidate psychological needs in an attempt to determine which are truly most fundamental for humans. Participants described "most satisfying events" within their lives and then rated the salience of each of the 10 candidate needs within these events. Supporting self-determination theory postulates (Ryan & Deci, 2000)--autonomy, competence, and relatedness, were consistently among the top 4 needs, in terms of both their …
Psychology (91 works) · Social Psychology (87 works) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (42 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (41 works) · Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports (39 works) · Developmental psychology (34 works) · Autonomy (29 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (21 works) · Personality (20 works)