Shinkuro Iwahara
Biographic Data
| ID | 7116770 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Shinkuro Iwahara |
| GIVEN NAMES | Shinkuro |
| FAMILY NAME | Iwahara |
| SIGNATURE | IWAHARA S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Nara Women's University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 33 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1956 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Interrelationships Among Hippocampal Theta Activity
Visual evoked response (VER) to flash was averaged at the occipital cortex during paradoxical sleep (PS) in rats. The peak-to-peak amplitude with about 30 to 80 msec latency decreased as rapid eye movement (REM) rates during PS increased. Theta frequency increased with REM rates but there was no clear relationship between VER amplitude and theta frequency when no REM occurred. Further, after the medial septal lesions which abolished hippocampal t…
Effects of Atropine Sulphate Upon Hippocampal Theta Activity and Eye Movements During Different Behavioral States of Cats
In freely moving cats, the influence of atropine sulphate upon hippocampal theta activity was studied during paradoxical sleep (PS) and waking states, in relation to the associated eye movement (EM). The theta activity observed during immobility in the waking cat was completely abolished by atropine, while it was partially distorted during body movements and PS which produced higher theta frequency. The drug's inhibitory effect was little observe…
Habituation of Some Arousal Responses to Auditory Stimulation in Cats With Special Reference to Hippocampal Electrical Activity
A tone (500 c/sec, 95 phons, 5 sec in duration) was presented to a cat during slow-wave sleep until the temporal cortex failed to desynchronize on 3 successive trials, being followed by a dishabituation trial when the tone of a different frequency (1000 c/sec) was given. Data with 10 adult cats showed that cortical desynchronization decreased and disappeared with trials and recovered, although not completely, on the dishabituation trial. Similar …
Frequency Specific and Nonspecific Effects of Flickering Lights Upon Electrical Activity of the Human Occiput
The occipital EEG was observed under the rhythmic photic stimulation (F) at 7.5, 9.2, 11.4, 15.0 and 22.5Hz as well as under the nonflicker (NF) stimulation for 11 human adults. The data were frequency-analyzed with a Waltertype apparatus and the obtained integrated values in 10-sec units for 7 frequency bands (theta 1 and 2, alpha 1, 2 and 3, beta 1 and 2) were used as cortical responses. The spontaneous or NF activity was blocked by eye opening…
Effects of Overtraining Upon Drug-State Dependency in Discrimination Learning in White Rats
Groups ND10ND, NDND and NNDN were treated daily with saline (N), and Group DDND was treated with 20 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide (D) 10 days prior to black-white escape discrimination training. Training 1 consisted of 20 trials per day on a discrimination task until a 90% correct criterion was met for all groups and Group ND10ND was given 10 additional training days; Groups ND10ND, NDND and DDND were injected i.p. with D, 30 min prior to each daily …
Drug-State Dependency as a Function of Overtraining in Rats
After given 10 days of saline injections, rats in Group I were run 15 trials per day on a shuttle avoidance task to a 13/15 criterion plus 10 additional training days all under 20mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide (D). From the following day, they were injected saline (N), being trained to the same criterion, after which they were trained only a day under D. Group II rats were similarly treated except they were not given 10 additional training days and Gr…
Effects of Drug-State Changes Upon Two-Way Shuttle Avoidance Responses in Rats, Treated With Chlordiazepoxide or Placebo
Rats were trained 15 trials per day to avoid electric shock in a shuttle box to a 13/15 criterion either under D (20mg/kg chlordiazepoxide, p. o.) or under N (placebo). Reaching the criterion, some Ss, immediately, and others, after overtraining, were trained to the same criterion under the shifted drug condition. The drug state was further changed twice with no other precedural differences.Results indicated a faster acquisition of the avoidance …
A Development Study of Brain Waves and Spontaneous Motor Activity in White Rats
Changes in a number of physiological and neuroanatomical measures with a most emphasis on the cortical EEG in relation to behavior were studied as a function of age in days after birth in white rats. Results confirmed most of the previous studies in that the cortical activity matured by 20-30 days after birth.One of the original findings was a sudden appearance of the highly rhythmic (almost completely sinusoidal) activity of 7-10 Hz from the fro…
Interactions Between the Effects of Chlordiazepoxide and Amphetamine on Food-Intake and Spontaneous Motor Activity in the Rat
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Food Intake and Spontaneous Motor Activity of the Rat as a Function of Hours of Food Deprivation
Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was found to increase food intake in rats on a 2-hr test at 10-30mg/kg, i. p., but a slight decrease was suggested at 40mg/kg under 22-hr food deprivation. Spontaneous motor activity was reduced by CDP progressively from 20 to 40mg/kg but was not affected at 10mg/kg under the same deprivation level. Correlation between activity and body weight and that between the former and food intake were differentially affected by CDP d…
Differential Effects of Chlorpromazine Upon Passive Avoidance Response in Rats Under Two Types of Shock Treatment
Chlorpromazine at 2mg/kg, i.p. was shown to inhibit the rat's passive avoidance response in a two-compartment apparatus when the rat was given unescapable electric shock, being confined in the small compartment, while the same effect failed to appear when the rat, placed in the large compartment, received electric shock only upon attempting to enter the small compartment and thus the shock was escapable. A slight but nonsignificant drug-learning …
An Ontogenetic Study of Electrical Activities in the Cerebral Cortex of the Albino Rat
The cortical potentials (EEG) of the albino rat were studied from birth to maturity. For several days after birth the EEG recordings were mostly flat with occasional appearance of 6 to 12 c/s waves of low voltage. After 5 days a long sequence of highly rhythmic waves of the same frequencies was most characteristic, often synchronous with the respiratory cycle and even after gross bodily movement. Frequency of these rhythms increased to 14 to 18 c…
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Experimental Extinction in the Straight Runway as a Function of Partial Reinforcement in the Rat
4 groups of rats were trained to run for food in the straight runway. The groups were differentiated in terms of reinforcement schedule (50% vs. 100% reward) and drug condition (saline vs. 20 mg/kg of CDP). After 64 acquisition trials, the rats in Section I were given 32 extinction trials, half of each group being injected with CDP and half with saline. The rats in Section II were run similarly but with additional 32 extinction trials during whic…
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Partially-Reinforced Behavior of Rats in the Straight Runway
Runway performance of rats was studied as a function of reinforcement schedule (100% reward vs. 50% reward) and drug dosage level (10mg/kg, and 20mg/kg, i.p. of CDP, and saline). The groups injected with 10mg/kg of CDP ran faster on initial trials than the other groups, but slightly slower on later trials than the corresponding saline groups. The 50% reward saline group was superior in speeds in early trials but much inferior in later trials to t…
A Psychophysiological Study of the Depth of Sleep
Relationships were studied between 6 EEG stages of sleep (I through V, and SA or “activated” sleep) and behavioral indices (reaction time to an auditory stimulus, and motor and verbal response to a varying number of light flashes) during human natural sleep. Results showed that the depth of sleep as expressed by reaction time and perception (cognition) of the varying number of flashes was a monotonic function of the order of the EEG sleep stages …
Effect of Chlorpromazine and Pentobarbital Upon Shock- and Fear-Motivated Behavior in Mice
A dose level of pentobarbital was determined with mice that would produce as much motor deficit as produced in the escape runway under 2 mg/kg of CPZ in Exp. I. This was done to control motor deficit due to CPZ in Exp. II and III. A specific blocking effect of CPZ upon escape and avoidance responses occurred in mice in comparison with pentobarbital and saline with pole-climbing (Exp. II) and with the shuttle-box (Exp. III). The CPZ action was muc…
Effect of Intertrial Interval and Removal of the Suprapharyngeal Ganglion Upon Spontaneous Alternation in the Earthworm, Pheretima Communissima
In Exp. I earthworms, Pheretima communissima, alternated in average around 50% in a T-maze whether intertrial was highly massed (0′′) or extremely spaced (600′′). Neither latency, running time, or VTE was related to alternation. Latency was significantly less for the massed group; running time increased with trials for both groups. In Exp. II alternation was not affected whether only one maze or 5 different mazes of the same size were used, and i…
An Intercountry Comparison of Textbooks Used for Introductory Psychology Courses
The preliminary results seem to indicate that the content areas emphasized by different countries in their textbooks or lectures reflect their interests and development in the field of psychology. It seems that Japan, South Africa, Germany, and to some extent the United States, place high emphasis on areas of experimental such as learning, perception, motivation, emotion, and thinking. Probably the United States is the leader in teaching abnormal…
Anxiety Level and the Effect of Verbal Reinforcement Combinations on a Verbal-Coding Task
The purpose of this experiment was to test whether verbal learning is a function of manifest anxiety as well as verbal reinforcement combinations. Highand low-anxious groups were each divided into 3 subgroups, depending upon whether they were given both positive (“Right”) and negative (“Wrong”) reinforcements (RW), or only one of the two reinforcements (NW and RN). Only the interaction between the two variables was found to be significant, indica…
Response vs. Stimulus Fixation in the Shocked Rat
Fowler, eb al. (1959) have shown thac the rat repeats stimuli rather than responses when it is forced by electric shock to run from one stem of a crossmaze wich the other stem blocked after it has been given six trials from the latter scem. The results contradict our study in which response fixation is emphasized (Iwahara, 1960b). However, close examination of their study reveals a few points of weakness. First, their conclusion is based on the o…
Response vs. Stimulus Fixation in the Shocked Rat
Effect of Trials Upon Associative Transfer in Learning and Relearning in the a-B, a-C Situation
Associative Interference as a Function of Degree of Prior Training in Paired-Associate Learning
Associative Interference as a Function of Degree of Prior Training in Paired-Associate Learning
Our previous studies (Iwahara & Sugimura, 1958; Sugimura & Iwahara, 1959) showed that in learning two discrimination problems, interference on the second (color) problem increases in direct proportion to amount of prior training on a (position) problem, but decreases when the first problem has been overlearned. Maximum negative transfer appears when the initial prob-' lem has been learned to a fairly stable level of performance. Similar results w…
Effect of Intertrial Interval Upon Alternation Behavior in the Shocked Rat
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Studies of the ‘Spread of Effect’
Zirkle (6) and Jenkins and Cunningham (4) varied the order of presentation of unrewarded words in the 'spread of effect' situation . The stimulus
Hull's Concept of Inhibition
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Hull's Concept of Inhibition
Hull is often said to hold two-factor theory of inhibition, i.e., IH and SIX. However, as SIR is originally function of IR, his position is essentially based only on the factor of In. According to Hull, IR is a negative drive akin to tissue injury, fatigue, or 'pain' (2 , p. 7 3 ) , and SIR is 'habit' (2, p. 76) or conditioning of particular stimuli to the cessation of given activity in the presence of IR from that response. Then the following th…
Studies of the “Spread of Effect”
Studies in Spontaneous Alternation in Human Subjects Iii
Associative Interference as a Function of Degree of Prior Training in Paired-Associate Learning
Associative Interference as a Function of Degree of Prior Training in Paired-Associate Learning
Our previous studies (Iwahara & Sugimura, 1958; Sugimura & Iwahara, 1959) showed that in learning two discrimination problems, interference on the second (color) problem increases in direct proportion to amount of prior training on a (position) problem, but decreases when the first problem has been overlearned. Maximum negative transfer appears when the initial prob-' lem has been learned to a fairly stable level of performance. Similar results w…
Effect of Intertrial Interval Upon Alternation Behavior in the Shocked Rat
Effect of Intertrial Interval upon Alternation Behavior in the Shocked Rat
Response Fixation of the Shocked Rat in the Free-Choice Situation
ammonsscientific.com is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, ammonsscientific.com has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for
Response Fixation of the Shocked Rat in the Free-Choice Situation
Iwahara ( 1959) has maintained that spontaneous alternation behavior is a function of two competitive variables: inhibition and response preference. The inhibitory factor may be either response-oriented (reactive inhibition) or stimulus-oriented (stimulus satiation, stimulus curiosity, stimulus change). Response preference or position preference is added in order to explain the finding that there is less than 50% alternation in animals and human …
Effect of Trials Upon Associative Transfer in Learning and Relearning in the a-B, a-C Situation
Response vs. Stimulus Fixation in the Shocked Rat
Fowler, eb al. (1959) have shown thac the rat repeats stimuli rather than responses when it is forced by electric shock to run from one stem of a crossmaze wich the other stem blocked after it has been given six trials from the latter scem. The results contradict our study in which response fixation is emphasized (Iwahara, 1960b). However, close examination of their study reveals a few points of weakness. First, their conclusion is based on the o…
Response vs. Stimulus Fixation in the Shocked Rat
Anxiety Level and the Effect of Verbal Reinforcement Combinations on a Verbal-Coding Task
The purpose of this experiment was to test whether verbal learning is a function of manifest anxiety as well as verbal reinforcement combinations. Highand low-anxious groups were each divided into 3 subgroups, depending upon whether they were given both positive (“Right”) and negative (“Wrong”) reinforcements (RW), or only one of the two reinforcements (NW and RN). Only the interaction between the two variables was found to be significant, indica…
An Intercountry Comparison of Textbooks Used for Introductory Psychology Courses
The preliminary results seem to indicate that the content areas emphasized by different countries in their textbooks or lectures reflect their interests and development in the field of psychology. It seems that Japan, South Africa, Germany, and to some extent the United States, place high emphasis on areas of experimental such as learning, perception, motivation, emotion, and thinking. Probably the United States is the leader in teaching abnormal…
Effect of Intertrial Interval and Removal of the Suprapharyngeal Ganglion Upon Spontaneous Alternation in the Earthworm, Pheretima Communissima
In Exp. I earthworms, Pheretima communissima, alternated in average around 50% in a T-maze whether intertrial was highly massed (0′′) or extremely spaced (600′′). Neither latency, running time, or VTE was related to alternation. Latency was significantly less for the massed group; running time increased with trials for both groups. In Exp. II alternation was not affected whether only one maze or 5 different mazes of the same size were used, and i…
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Partially-Reinforced Behavior of Rats in the Straight Runway
Runway performance of rats was studied as a function of reinforcement schedule (100% reward vs. 50% reward) and drug dosage level (10mg/kg, and 20mg/kg, i.p. of CDP, and saline). The groups injected with 10mg/kg of CDP ran faster on initial trials than the other groups, but slightly slower on later trials than the corresponding saline groups. The 50% reward saline group was superior in speeds in early trials but much inferior in later trials to t…
A Psychophysiological Study of the Depth of Sleep
Relationships were studied between 6 EEG stages of sleep (I through V, and SA or “activated” sleep) and behavioral indices (reaction time to an auditory stimulus, and motor and verbal response to a varying number of light flashes) during human natural sleep. Results showed that the depth of sleep as expressed by reaction time and perception (cognition) of the varying number of flashes was a monotonic function of the order of the EEG sleep stages …
Effect of Chlorpromazine and Pentobarbital Upon Shock- and Fear-Motivated Behavior in Mice
A dose level of pentobarbital was determined with mice that would produce as much motor deficit as produced in the escape runway under 2 mg/kg of CPZ in Exp. I. This was done to control motor deficit due to CPZ in Exp. II and III. A specific blocking effect of CPZ upon escape and avoidance responses occurred in mice in comparison with pentobarbital and saline with pole-climbing (Exp. II) and with the shuttle-box (Exp. III). The CPZ action was muc…
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Experimental Extinction in the Straight Runway as a Function of Partial Reinforcement in the Rat
4 groups of rats were trained to run for food in the straight runway. The groups were differentiated in terms of reinforcement schedule (50% vs. 100% reward) and drug condition (saline vs. 20 mg/kg of CDP). After 64 acquisition trials, the rats in Section I were given 32 extinction trials, half of each group being injected with CDP and half with saline. The rats in Section II were run similarly but with additional 32 extinction trials during whic…
Differential Effects of Chlorpromazine Upon Passive Avoidance Response in Rats Under Two Types of Shock Treatment
Chlorpromazine at 2mg/kg, i.p. was shown to inhibit the rat's passive avoidance response in a two-compartment apparatus when the rat was given unescapable electric shock, being confined in the small compartment, while the same effect failed to appear when the rat, placed in the large compartment, received electric shock only upon attempting to enter the small compartment and thus the shock was escapable. A slight but nonsignificant drug-learning …
An Ontogenetic Study of Electrical Activities in the Cerebral Cortex of the Albino Rat
The cortical potentials (EEG) of the albino rat were studied from birth to maturity. For several days after birth the EEG recordings were mostly flat with occasional appearance of 6 to 12 c/s waves of low voltage. After 5 days a long sequence of highly rhythmic waves of the same frequencies was most characteristic, often synchronous with the respiratory cycle and even after gross bodily movement. Frequency of these rhythms increased to 14 to 18 c…
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Food Intake and Spontaneous Motor Activity of the Rat as a Function of Hours of Food Deprivation
Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) was found to increase food intake in rats on a 2-hr test at 10-30mg/kg, i. p., but a slight decrease was suggested at 40mg/kg under 22-hr food deprivation. Spontaneous motor activity was reduced by CDP progressively from 20 to 40mg/kg but was not affected at 10mg/kg under the same deprivation level. Correlation between activity and body weight and that between the former and food intake were differentially affected by CDP d…
Interactions Between the Effects of Chlordiazepoxide and Amphetamine on Food-Intake and Spontaneous Motor Activity in the Rat
Psychology (32 works) · Medicine (22 works) · Developmental psychology (13 works) · Neuroscience (13 works) · Audiology (10 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works) · Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research (8 works) · Chemistry (7 works) · Chlordiazepoxide (7 works)