Kiyoshi Kawakami
Biographic Data
| ID | 730847 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kiyoshi Kawakami |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kiyoshi |
| FAMILY NAME | Kawakami |
| SIGNATURE | KAWAKAMI K |
| AFFILIATIONS | York University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5320-3472 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 876 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1939 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
How Norms Depend on the Presence and Status of Observers: The Relational Contingency of Everyday Behaviors in 90 Societies
Norms are fundamental to social life, but basic questions about how they are affected by social context remain. Specifically, how do normative constraints depend on the presence and status of observers, and how do such relational contingencies vary across cultures? Using data from more than 25,000 individuals across 90 societies, we test several hypotheses linking normative constraints on everyday behaviors (like arguing, laughing, cursing, kissi…
Examining temporal orientation without narrative construction in young and older adults
Mixed Emotions in Cross‐Cultural Communication
Nonverbal facial expressions and verbal language are critical for communicating emotions during social interactions. While observers often agree on the primary emotion expressed, the recognition and interpretation of mixed (co‐occurring) emotions remain underexplored, particularly across cultural contexts. Recent research indicates that culture profoundly influences the production and perception of mixed emotions. While Eastern cultures tend to e…
Registered report “Categorical perception of facial expressions of anger and disgust across cultures”
Previous research has demonstrated that individuals from Western cultures exhibit categorical perception (CP) in their judgments of emotional faces. However, the extent to which this phenomenon characterises the judgments of facial expressions among East Asians remains relatively unexplored. Building upon recent findings showing that East Asians are more likely than Westerners to see a mixture of emotions in facial expressions of anger and disgus…
Decoding Angry and Disgusted Faces Across Cultures: Facial Prototypes and Software Matter
The Effect of Face Masks and Sunglasses on Emotion Perception over Two Years of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Changing perceptions of people wearing masks: Two years of living in a pandemic
Despite the widespread use of face masks to combat COVID‐19, little is known about their immediate and delayed social consequences. To understand short‐ and long‐term effects of face masks on interpersonal perception, we measured the evaluation of faces with and without masks at four time points—June 2020, January 2021, September 2021 and June 2022—from the early months of the pandemic in North America to the more recent, and from the implementat…
Evaluating past emotions in changing facial expressions: The role of current emotions and culture
Facial expressions in daily life typically change from one emotional state to another. To understand how people process emotions, it is important to know not only how current facial expressions are interpreted but also recent past expressions. While researchers have recently focused on perceptions of current expressions, little is known about how past expressions are gauged and about cultural differences in this process. The present research inve…
Posing while black: The impact of race and expansive poses on trait attributions, professional evaluations, and interpersonal relations
A large literature on nonverbal behavior demonstrates that information from body cues can inform our impressions of others. This work, however, has largely focused on perceptions of White targets. The current experiments extend this research by investigating the impact of body poses on trait attributions, professional evaluations, and interpersonal relations for both White and Black targets. In four studies, participants were presented with image…
Perceiving ingroup and outgroup faces within and across nations
The human face is arguably the most important of all social stimuli because it provides so much valuable information about others. Therefore, one critical factor for successful social communication is the ability to process faces. In general, a wide body of social cognitive research has demonstrated that perceivers are better at extracting information from their own-race compared to other-race faces and that these differences can be a barrier to …
Impact of similarity on recognition of faces of Black and White targets
One reason for the persistence of racial inequality may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroups. In the present research, we explored the impact of perceived similarity with White and Black targets on facial identity recognition accuracy. In two studies, participants first completed an ostensible personality survey. Next, in a Learning Phase, Black and White faces were presented on one of three background colours. Participants were led…
Children’s spontaneous associations with targets who differ by race and emotional expression
Across three studies, we examined non-Black children's spontaneous associations with targets who differed by both race and emotional expression. Children aged 5 to 10 years (N = 419; 215 girls; 58% White; 65% of household incomes >$75,000/year) completed Implicit Association Tests (IAT; Greenwald et al., 2003) containing smiling Black and neutral White target faces. In all three studies, when children categorized these faces by emotional expressi…
Cultural differences in perceiving transitions in emotional facial expressions: Easterners show greater contrast effects than westerners
Other-Groups Bias Effects: Recognizing Majority and Minority Outgroup Faces
A large literature has provided evidence that intergroup biases are common in facial recognition. In investigations of faces of different races, research has repeatedly demonstrated an Own Race Bias in which people are more accurate in recognizing racial ingroup compared to outgroup members. The primary goal of this research was to investigate whether participants from typically underrepresented populations in social psychological research (i.e.,…
In the office or at the gym: The impact of confronting sexism in specific contexts on support for confrontation and perceptions of others
The current research investigated support for confronting a sexist comment and how responses in a work or social setting by a target or witness can influence actor perceptions. Across three studies, we demonstrated that although most people supported confrontation by a female target, she was evaluated less positively when confronting than passive, especially in a social versus professional context. In contrast, a male witness was evaluated more p…
Does Reducing Implicit Prejudice Increase Out-Group Identification? The Downstream Consequences of Evaluative Training on Associations Between the Self and Racial Categories
The present experiments were designed to investigate whether an intervention that targeted racial attitudes influenced not only prejudice but also self–Black associations. Because past research has demonstrated that people strive to build connections with favorable social categories, we predicted that positive evaluative training would increase identification with Blacks. Results from three studies provide evidence that practice in associating po…
I Don't See Race (or Conflict): Strategic Descriptions of Ambiguous Negative Intergroup Contexts
Despite current societal trends to encourage diversity, individuals often avoid acknowledging race, and we suggest also conflict, because of concerns about appearing prejudiced. The present research investigated the use of racial color and conflict blind strategies in an ambiguous negative intergroup context. In three studies, we assessed whether people acknowledged race and conflict using a novel ambiguous context task. Study 1 demonstrated that…
Perceiving happiness in an intergroup context: The role of race and attention to the eyes in differentiating between true and false smiles
The present research comprises six experiments that investigated racial biases in the perception of positive emotional expressions. In an initial study, we demonstrated that White participants distinguished more in their happiness ratings of Duchenne ("true") and non-Duchenne ("false") smiles on White compared with Black faces (Experiment 1). In a subsequent study we replicated this effect using a different set of stimuli and non-Black participan…
Intergroup Perception and Cognition
Let's stay home and watch TV: The benefits of shared media use for close relationships
Sharing a social identity is a key component of interdependence in romantic relationships. In particular, sharing a social network of friends and family members with a romantic partner enhances relationship quality, but maintaining an integrated social network is not always possible. When people lack a shared circle of friends with their partners, sharing media like TV shows, books, and movies with partners may compensate for this deficit and res…
An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members
Human faces, and more specifically the eyes, play a crucial role in social and nonverbal communication because they signal valuable information about others. It is therefore surprising that few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivations on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Four experiments investigated differences in eye gaze to racial and novel ingroups using eye tracker technology. Whereas S…
In perfect harmony: Synchronizing the self to activated social categories
The self-concept is one of the main organizing constructs in the behavioral sciences because it influences how people interpret their environment, the choices they make, whether and how they initiate action, and the pursuit of specific goals. Because belonging to social groups and feeling interconnected is critical to human survival, the authors propose that people spontaneously change their working self-concept so that they are more similar to s…
Reducing implicit prejudice: Matching approach/avoidance strategies to contextual valence and regulatory focus
Describing a group in positive terms reduces prejudice less effectively than describing it in positive and negative terms
Mind the gap: Increasing associations between the self and blacks with approach behaviors
Although perceived differences between outgroup social categories and the self are often cited as a major contributor to prejudice and intergroup tension, surprisingly few studies have examined ways to improve associations between the self and racial outgroups. The present research investigated one strategy to increase these associations-approach training. Specifically, 3 studies investigated the impact of training participants to conceptually ap…
On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Processes
Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and the Future
The Contact Hypothesis has long been considered one of psychology's most effective strategies for improving intergroup relations. In this article, we review the history of the development of the Contact Hypothesis, and then we examine recent developments in this area. Specifically, we consider the conditions that are required for successful contact to occur (e.g. cooperation), investigate basic psychological processes that may mediate the consequ…
Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction
The present research examined how implicit racial associations and explicit racial attitudes of Whites relate to behaviors and impressions in interracial interactions, Specifically, the authors examined how response latency and self-report measures predicted bias and perceptions of bias in verbal and nonverbal behavior exhibited by Whites while they interacted with a Black partner. As predicted, Whites' self-reported racial attitudes significantl…
Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation
The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies I and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when r…
(Close) distance makes the heart grow fonder: Improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors
In 4 studies, the authors examined the effect of approaching Blacks on implicit racial attitudes and immediacy behaviors. In Studies 1-3, participants were trained to pull a joystick toward themselves or to push it away from themselves when presented with photographs of Blacks, Whites, or Asians before completing an Implicit Association Test to measure racial bias. In Study 4, the effect of this training procedure on nonverbal behavior in an inte…
The impact of salient self‐identities on relative deprivation and action intentions
Salient self‐identities and their impact upon feelings of relative deprivation (RD) and subsequent action intentions were examined. Eight experimental conditions (Personal/Group Salience × Large/Small Intragroup Inequalities × Large/Small Intergroup Inequalities) were created utilizing a role‐play design. Significant main effects for both salience and social inequalities were found to influence both RD and action intentions. In accordance with se…
An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members
Human faces, and more specifically the eyes, play a crucial role in social and nonverbal communication because they signal valuable information about others. It is therefore surprising that few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivations on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Four experiments investigated differences in eye gaze to racial and novel ingroups using eye tracker technology. Whereas S…
Mind the gap: Increasing associations between the self and blacks with approach behaviors
Although perceived differences between outgroup social categories and the self are often cited as a major contributor to prejudice and intergroup tension, surprisingly few studies have examined ways to improve associations between the self and racial outgroups. The present research investigated one strategy to increase these associations-approach training. Specifically, 3 studies investigated the impact of training participants to conceptually ap…
Consider the situation: Reducing automatic stereotyping through Situational Attribution Training
Approaching math increases math=me and math=pleasant
Perceiving happiness in an intergroup context: The role of race and attention to the eyes in differentiating between true and false smiles
The present research comprises six experiments that investigated racial biases in the perception of positive emotional expressions. In an initial study, we demonstrated that White participants distinguished more in their happiness ratings of Duchenne ("true") and non-Duchenne ("false") smiles on White compared with Black faces (Experiment 1). In a subsequent study we replicated this effect using a different set of stimuli and non-Black participan…
In perfect harmony: Synchronizing the self to activated social categories
The self-concept is one of the main organizing constructs in the behavioral sciences because it influences how people interpret their environment, the choices they make, whether and how they initiate action, and the pursuit of specific goals. Because belonging to social groups and feeling interconnected is critical to human survival, the authors propose that people spontaneously change their working self-concept so that they are more similar to s…
Let's stay home and watch TV: The benefits of shared media use for close relationships
Sharing a social identity is a key component of interdependence in romantic relationships. In particular, sharing a social network of friends and family members with a romantic partner enhances relationship quality, but maintaining an integrated social network is not always possible. When people lack a shared circle of friends with their partners, sharing media like TV shows, books, and movies with partners may compensate for this deficit and res…
Describing a group in positive terms reduces prejudice less effectively than describing it in positive and negative terms
I Don't See Race (or Conflict): Strategic Descriptions of Ambiguous Negative Intergroup Contexts
Despite current societal trends to encourage diversity, individuals often avoid acknowledging race, and we suggest also conflict, because of concerns about appearing prejudiced. The present research investigated the use of racial color and conflict blind strategies in an ambiguous negative intergroup context. In three studies, we assessed whether people acknowledged race and conflict using a novel ambiguous context task. Study 1 demonstrated that…
Negative self-synchronization: Will I change to be like you when it is bad for me
The current research examined whether people will attempt to modify internal aspects of the self to make them congruent with others, even when those modifications have negative implications for the self, a phenomenon we refer to as negative self-synchronization. We proposed that negative self-synchronization will occur only for individuals who are securely attached. Across 4 experiments, participants who were high in secure attachment were more l…
Perceiving ingroup and outgroup faces within and across nations
The human face is arguably the most important of all social stimuli because it provides so much valuable information about others. Therefore, one critical factor for successful social communication is the ability to process faces. In general, a wide body of social cognitive research has demonstrated that perceivers are better at extracting information from their own-race compared to other-race faces and that these differences can be a barrier to …
Impact of similarity on recognition of faces of Black and White targets
One reason for the persistence of racial inequality may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroups. In the present research, we explored the impact of perceived similarity with White and Black targets on facial identity recognition accuracy. In two studies, participants first completed an ostensible personality survey. Next, in a Learning Phase, Black and White faces were presented on one of three background colours. Participants were led…
Disinhibition of stereotyping: Context, prejudice, and target characteristics
The present research examined the moderating influences of individual differences in sexism on the application of gender stereotypes to stereotypic versus nonstereotypic targets as a function of contexts that induced sex stereotypic or counterstereotypic responses. Specifically, participants first received an attribution task in which they were induced to explain a variety of gender relevant situations in gender stereotypic or nonstereotypic ways…
Cultural differences in perceiving transitions in emotional facial expressions: Easterners show greater contrast effects than westerners
Posing while black: The impact of race and expansive poses on trait attributions, professional evaluations, and interpersonal relations
A large literature on nonverbal behavior demonstrates that information from body cues can inform our impressions of others. This work, however, has largely focused on perceptions of White targets. The current experiments extend this research by investigating the impact of body poses on trait attributions, professional evaluations, and interpersonal relations for both White and Black targets. In four studies, participants were presented with image…
Children’s spontaneous associations with targets who differ by race and emotional expression
Across three studies, we examined non-Black children's spontaneous associations with targets who differed by both race and emotional expression. Children aged 5 to 10 years (N = 419; 215 girls; 58% White; 65% of household incomes >$75,000/year) completed Implicit Association Tests (IAT; Greenwald et al., 2003) containing smiling Black and neutral White target faces. In all three studies, when children categorized these faces by emotional expressi…
Japan in China: Her Motives and Aims
The impact of salient self‐identities on relative deprivation and action intentions
Salient self‐identities and their impact upon feelings of relative deprivation (RD) and subsequent action intentions were examined. Eight experimental conditions (Personal/Group Salience × Large/Small Intragroup Inequalities × Large/Small Intergroup Inequalities) were created utilizing a role‐play design. Significant main effects for both salience and social inequalities were found to influence both RD and action intentions. In accordance with se…
Social Identity and Affect as Determinants of Collective Action: Toward an Integration of Relative Deprivation and Social Identity Theories
The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast relative deprivation and social identity theories in an attempt to form an integrative model of social comparison. The model posits that, depending on the determinants of salience, people come to categorize themselves as individuals or group members. When personal or group self-identities are salient, individuals engage in intragroup or intergroup comparisons respectively. Negative outcomes from t…
Ethnicity and perceived discrimination in Toronto: Another look at the personal/group discrimination discrepancy.
Perceptions of personal and group discrimination in five domains (jobs, pay, loans, promotions, and clubs) were investigated using the 1992 Minority Survey, which consisted of telephone interviews with 902 respondents from different ethnic groups in Toronto. The reported analyses concern six ethnic groups, representing visible, racial minorities (Blacks, Chinese, and South Asians) as well as white minorities (Italians, Jews, and Portuguese). The …
On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Processes
Racial Prejudice and Stereotype Activation
The main goal of the present study was to investigate the interrelationships among preudice and the endorsement and activation of cultural stereotypes. The endorsement of stereotypes was examined using an attribution estimate measure. Stereotype activation was examined using a pronunciation task with short and long stimulus onset asynchronies (300 ms and 2000 ms) to induce automatic and controlled processing. As expected, high prejudiced particip…
Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation
The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies I and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when r…
Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust
The authors review a series of studies that illustrate how one form of contemporary racial bias of Whites, aversive racism, can shape different perspectives of Blacks and Whites in ways that can undermine race relations. This research demonstrates that contemporary racism among Whites is subtle, often unintentional, and unconscious but that its effects are systematically damaging to race relations by fostering miscommunication and distrust. In pa…
Disinhibition of stereotyping: Context, prejudice, and target characteristics
The present research examined the moderating influences of individual differences in sexism on the application of gender stereotypes to stereotypic versus nonstereotypic targets as a function of contexts that induced sex stereotypic or counterstereotypic responses. Specifically, participants first received an attribution task in which they were induced to explain a variety of gender relevant situations in gender stereotypic or nonstereotypic ways…
Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction
The present research examined how implicit racial associations and explicit racial attitudes of Whites relate to behaviors and impressions in interracial interactions, Specifically, the authors examined how response latency and self-report measures predicted bias and perceptions of bias in verbal and nonverbal behavior exhibited by Whites while they interacted with a Black partner. As predicted, Whites' self-reported racial attitudes significantl…
Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and the Future
The Contact Hypothesis has long been considered one of psychology's most effective strategies for improving intergroup relations. In this article, we review the history of the development of the Contact Hypothesis, and then we examine recent developments in this area. Specifically, we consider the conditions that are required for successful contact to occur (e.g. cooperation), investigate basic psychological processes that may mediate the consequ…
Mimicry and Prosocial Behavior
Recent studies have shown that mimicry occurs unintentionally and even among strangers. In the present studies, we investigated the consequences of this automatic phenomenon in order to learn more about the adaptive function it serves. In three studies, we consistently found that mimicry increases pro-social behavior. Participants who had been mimicked were more helpful and generous toward other people than were non-mimicked participants. These b…
(Close) distance makes the heart grow fonder: Improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors
In 4 studies, the authors examined the effect of approaching Blacks on implicit racial attitudes and immediacy behaviors. In Studies 1-3, participants were trained to pull a joystick toward themselves or to push it away from themselves when presented with photographs of Blacks, Whites, or Asians before completing an Implicit Association Test to measure racial bias. In Study 4, the effect of this training procedure on nonverbal behavior in an inte…
Approaching math increases math=me and math=pleasant
Mispredicting Affective and Behavioral Responses to Racism
Contemporary race relations are marked by an apparent paradox: Overt prejudice is strongly condemned, yet acts of blatant racism still frequently occur. We propose that one reason for this inconsistency is that people misunderstand how they would feel and behave after witnessing racism. The present research demonstrates that although people predicted that they would be very upset by a racist act, when people actually experienced this event they s…
Consider the situation: Reducing automatic stereotyping through Situational Attribution Training
Racism
Racism is a form of intergroup reaction (including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) that systematically advantages one's own group and/or disadvantages another group defined by racial difference. Racism occurs at different social levels-culturally, institutionally, and individually. Individual racism, which is the focus of this chapter, involves the actions of individuals who act unfairly to restrict the opportunities of racialized groups. Alth…
Negative self-synchronization: Will I change to be like you when it is bad for me
The current research examined whether people will attempt to modify internal aspects of the self to make them congruent with others, even when those modifications have negative implications for the self, a phenomenon we refer to as negative self-synchronization. We proposed that negative self-synchronization will occur only for individuals who are securely attached. Across 4 experiments, participants who were high in secure attachment were more l…
Reducing implicit prejudice: Matching approach/avoidance strategies to contextual valence and regulatory focus
Describing a group in positive terms reduces prejudice less effectively than describing it in positive and negative terms
Mind the gap: Increasing associations between the self and blacks with approach behaviors
Although perceived differences between outgroup social categories and the self are often cited as a major contributor to prejudice and intergroup tension, surprisingly few studies have examined ways to improve associations between the self and racial outgroups. The present research investigated one strategy to increase these associations-approach training. Specifically, 3 studies investigated the impact of training participants to conceptually ap…
In perfect harmony: Synchronizing the self to activated social categories
The self-concept is one of the main organizing constructs in the behavioral sciences because it influences how people interpret their environment, the choices they make, whether and how they initiate action, and the pursuit of specific goals. Because belonging to social groups and feeling interconnected is critical to human survival, the authors propose that people spontaneously change their working self-concept so that they are more similar to s…
An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members
Human faces, and more specifically the eyes, play a crucial role in social and nonverbal communication because they signal valuable information about others. It is therefore surprising that few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivations on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Four experiments investigated differences in eye gaze to racial and novel ingroups using eye tracker technology. Whereas S…
Intergroup Perception and Cognition
Let's stay home and watch TV: The benefits of shared media use for close relationships
Sharing a social identity is a key component of interdependence in romantic relationships. In particular, sharing a social network of friends and family members with a romantic partner enhances relationship quality, but maintaining an integrated social network is not always possible. When people lack a shared circle of friends with their partners, sharing media like TV shows, books, and movies with partners may compensate for this deficit and res…
Psychology (39 works) · Social Psychology (37 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (26 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (20 works) · Developmental psychology (19 works) · Perception (17 works) · Cognitive psychology (15 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (15 works) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works)