Alan G Fix
Biographic Data
| ID | 75059 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alan G Fix |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alan G |
| FAMILY NAME | Fix |
| SIGNATURE | FIX A G |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Riverside |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 218 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Kin-structured migration and colonization
Introduction The process of Mendelian heredity whereby genes are passed from parents to offspring creates biological kinship; kin in this sense are individuals sharing alleles identical by descent from a common ancestor. This mechanism is the basis of inclusive fitness (Hamilton, 1964) and kin selection (Maynard Smith, 1964). Cooperation, even altruism, becomes rational from this shared gene perspective. In contrast, mating with close kin, inbree…
[The Biocultural History of the Orang Asli] Genes, Language, and Ethnic Groups: Reconstructing Orang Asli prehistory
Genetic Dendrograms and Malaysian Population History
From Darwin’s time in biology and even before Darwin in linguistics, the tree diagram has been the primary formal depiction of descent. The underlying logic of the dendrogram depends on a branching process: units fission, then diversify through time. This model of differentiation is generally correct for the evolution of species, languages, and genes. However, at the level of human populations, subject to the ramifying effects of gene flow and na…
Frank B. Livingstone (1928–2005)
Rapid deployment of the five founding Amerind mtDNA haplogroups via coastal and riverine colonization
Numerous studies of variation in mtDNA in Amerindian populations established that four haplogroups are present throughout both North and South America. These four haplogroups (A, B, C, and D) and perhaps a fifth (X) in North America are postulated to be present in the initial founding migration to the Americas. Furthermore, studies of ancient mtDNA in North America suggested long-term regional continuity of the frequencies of these founding haplo…
Kin‐structured migration: Causes and consequences
Migration among local populations classically has been seen as the principal process retarding genetic microdifferentiation. However, as Sewall Wright pointed out long ago, migration may also act as a random differentiating force. In fact, when migrants comprise a biological kin group, migration may be considered a component of genetic drift. The causes of kin‐structured migration (KSM) lie in the common, if not universal, tendency for kin to ass…
Human Population Dynamics: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives (review)
The title of this edited volume accurately describes its contents: cross-disciplinary perspectives on population. Originating from the 15th workshop of the Biosocial Society in 2000, Human Population Dynamics brings together a wide array of researchers of demography, social and biological anthropology, genetics, ecology, history, and geography. The aim is to actively foster integration between the biological and social sciences and to expose the …
Simulating Hemoglobin History
In one of the truly classic works in anthropological genetics, Frank Livingstone established the interrelationships between agriculture, mosquito ecology, malaria, and, consequently, the frequencies of sickle cell hemoglobin in West Africa. A major inference from Livingstone's study was the recency of malaria as a selective agent in human populations, only becoming significant after the adoption of agriculture in the last few thousand years. Clin…
Foragers, farmers, and traders in the Malayan Peninsula: Origins of cultural and biological diversity
Introduction Within the narrow confines of the Malayan Peninsula existed a microcosm of the human diversity to be found throughout Asia. The present-day majority populations include representatives from South Asia and China, recent migrants in response to economic developments in mining and plantation agriculture, and the Malays, also migrants from the islands of Indonesia over the past several hundred years. The traditional view has been that ea…
Colonization Models and Initial Genetic Diversity in the Americas
The mode and tempo of colonization of the Americas established the initial pattern of continental genetic diversity. Despite a long history of study, the process of settlement remains controversial in terms of date, rate, and pattern. While there is agreement that Asia was the source population, several different models have been proposed for the colonization process. A classic model postulates a rapid spread of population ("blitzkrieg") from a s…
On Reflections on Darkness in El Dorado
Perspectives on Tierney'sDarkness in El Dorado
Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: The San Ildefonso Agta
Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: The San Ildefonso Agta
Gene Frequency Clines in Europe: Demic Diffusion or Natural Selection
According to the demic diffusion model ofCavalli-Sforza and colleagues, agriculture was spread through Europe by a rapid population expansion of early farmers from the Near East. These scholars use the presence of gene frequency clines paralleling this direction of spread to support their model. However, genetic clines may also be caused by natural selection. This article shows that the archaeological and demographic evidence for demic diffusion …
Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli
The traditional explanation for biological and cultural diversity among Malayan Orang Asli has been separate waves of migration of already differentiated populations. According to this view, the original colonizers of the peninsula were Semang Negrito nomadic hunter-gatherers, followed by Senoi swiddeners, and later by trading and farming Melayu Asli groups. Geoffrey Benjamin has proposed an alternative model stressing in situ differentiation fro…
Detecting clinal and balanced selection using spatial autocorrelation analysis under kin‐structured migration
Recently spatial autocorrelation has been employed to infer microevolutionary processes from patterns of genetic variation. In theory, different processes should show characteristic signature correlograms; e. g., clinal selection should produce correlograms decreasing from positive to negative autocorrelation, whereas uniform balanced selection should lead to no spatial autocorrelation. The ability of a statistical method such as spatial autocorr…
Explaining Biased Sex Ratios in Human Populations: A Critique of Recent Studies [and Comments and Reply]
Semai Senoi mortality: Two‐census method
The mortality pattern of a subpopulation of Semai Senoi of Malaysia is studied by using a two‐census method. The method yields abridged life tables for both sexes as well as an estimate of the birth rate. The life tables show that Semai mortality is reduced compared to estimates based on stable population methods for the population prior to 1969. Increased health care availability seems to account for this lower mortality
Semai Senoi fertility and population dynamics: Two‐census method
The fertility and parameters of population growth of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia are studied by using a two‐census method based on nonstable population theory. Semai fertility is shown to be moderately high; female completed fertility is 7.42 children and the crude birth rate is greater than 0.050. Previous estimates of Semai mortality rates are also moderately high but are insufficient to balance birth; thus, the overall rate of growth is presen…
Anthropology and Demography: The Mutual Reinforcement of Speculation and Research [and Comments and Reply]
Kin groups and trait groups: Population structure and epidemic disease selection
A Monte Carlo simulation based on the population structure of a small‐scale human population, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia, has been developed to study the combined effects of group, kin, and individual selection. The population structure resembles D.S. Wilson's structured deme model in that local breeding populations (Semai settlements) are subdivided into trait groups (hamlets) that may be kin‐structured and are not themselves demes. Additionall…
Kin‐structured migration and the rate of advance of an advantageous gene
Hemoglobin E, an allele generally considered to confer malarial resistance in heterozygotes, is found in high frequencies across a wide area of Southeast Asia. Apparently it originated as a single‐point mutation which was spread by gene flow. The rate of diffusion of this adaptive allele is studied using four computer simulation models. It is shown that in small populations deterministic equations for gene flow may overestimate rates of diffusion…
Endogamy in settlement populations of semai senoi: Potential mate pool analysis and simulation
Two methods have been used to evaluate potential endogamy in three settlement populations of a swidden farming group, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia. One method involved determining the number of potential mates available to individuals in each population based on demographic structure and cultural rules concerning appropriate mates. A Monte Carlo simulation of Semai settlement populations was also carried out under two different regimes of mate cho…
Anthropological Genetics of Small Populations
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Explaining Biased Sex Ratios in Human Populations: A Critique of Recent Studies [and Comments and Reply]
Anthropological Genetics of Small Populations
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Anthropology and Demography: The Mutual Reinforcement of Speculation and Research [and Comments and Reply]
On Natural Selection and the Inheritance of Wealth [and Comments and Reply]
Greater reproductive variance among males than among females is presented as a component of natural selection's influence in determining preferential treatment of males in the inheritance of wealth. In conjunction, the transmission of sex chromosomes and their attendant probabilities of carrying genes identical by descent are traced for several generations in order to illustrate a male bias in species whose male sex is heterogametic (XY) while th…
Fission‐fusion and lineal effect: Aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Analysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively un‐acculturated, swidden‐farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission‐fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes …
Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli
The traditional explanation for biological and cultural diversity among Malayan Orang Asli has been separate waves of migration of already differentiated populations. According to this view, the original colonizers of the peninsula were Semang Negrito nomadic hunter-gatherers, followed by Senoi swiddeners, and later by trading and farming Melayu Asli groups. Geoffrey Benjamin has proposed an alternative model stressing in situ differentiation fro…
Colonization Models and Initial Genetic Diversity in the Americas
The mode and tempo of colonization of the Americas established the initial pattern of continental genetic diversity. Despite a long history of study, the process of settlement remains controversial in terms of date, rate, and pattern. While there is agreement that Asia was the source population, several different models have been proposed for the colonization process. A classic model postulates a rapid spread of population ("blitzkrieg") from a s…
Gene Frequency Clines in Europe: Demic Diffusion or Natural Selection
According to the demic diffusion model ofCavalli-Sforza and colleagues, agriculture was spread through Europe by a rapid population expansion of early farmers from the Near East. These scholars use the presence of gene frequency clines paralleling this direction of spread to support their model. However, genetic clines may also be caused by natural selection. This article shows that the archaeological and demographic evidence for demic diffusion …
Genetic microdifferentiation in the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Blood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalocytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent‐offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migrat…
Kin groups and trait groups: Population structure and epidemic disease selection
A Monte Carlo simulation based on the population structure of a small‐scale human population, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia, has been developed to study the combined effects of group, kin, and individual selection. The population structure resembles D.S. Wilson's structured deme model in that local breeding populations (Semai settlements) are subdivided into trait groups (hamlets) that may be kin‐structured and are not themselves demes. Additionall…
Health and the Hunter-Gatherer: Biomedical Studies on the Hunting and Gathering Populations of Southern Africa
Perspectives on Tierney'sDarkness in El Dorado
Kin‐structured migration and the rate of advance of an advantageous gene
Hemoglobin E, an allele generally considered to confer malarial resistance in heterozygotes, is found in high frequencies across a wide area of Southeast Asia. Apparently it originated as a single‐point mutation which was spread by gene flow. The rate of diffusion of this adaptive allele is studied using four computer simulation models. It is shown that in small populations deterministic equations for gene flow may overestimate rates of diffusion…
Rapid deployment of the five founding Amerind mtDNA haplogroups via coastal and riverine colonization
Numerous studies of variation in mtDNA in Amerindian populations established that four haplogroups are present throughout both North and South America. These four haplogroups (A, B, C, and D) and perhaps a fifth (X) in North America are postulated to be present in the initial founding migration to the Americas. Furthermore, studies of ancient mtDNA in North America suggested long-term regional continuity of the frequencies of these founding haplo…
Genetic Dendrograms and Malaysian Population History
From Darwin’s time in biology and even before Darwin in linguistics, the tree diagram has been the primary formal depiction of descent. The underlying logic of the dendrogram depends on a branching process: units fission, then diversify through time. This model of differentiation is generally correct for the evolution of species, languages, and genes. However, at the level of human populations, subject to the ramifying effects of gene flow and na…
Simulating Hemoglobin History
In one of the truly classic works in anthropological genetics, Frank Livingstone established the interrelationships between agriculture, mosquito ecology, malaria, and, consequently, the frequencies of sickle cell hemoglobin in West Africa. A major inference from Livingstone's study was the recency of malaria as a selective agent in human populations, only becoming significant after the adoption of agriculture in the last few thousand years. Clin…
Detecting clinal and balanced selection using spatial autocorrelation analysis under kin‐structured migration
Recently spatial autocorrelation has been employed to infer microevolutionary processes from patterns of genetic variation. In theory, different processes should show characteristic signature correlograms; e. g., clinal selection should produce correlograms decreasing from positive to negative autocorrelation, whereas uniform balanced selection should lead to no spatial autocorrelation. The ability of a statistical method such as spatial autocorr…
Physical Anthropology: Demographic Genetics. Kenneth M. Weiss and Paul A. Ballonoff
Fission‐fusion and lineal effect: Aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Analysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively un‐acculturated, swidden‐farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission‐fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes …
Genetic microdifferentiation in the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Blood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalocytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent‐offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migrat…
On Natural Selection and the Inheritance of Wealth [and Comments and Reply]
Greater reproductive variance among males than among females is presented as a component of natural selection's influence in determining preferential treatment of males in the inheritance of wealth. In conjunction, the transmission of sex chromosomes and their attendant probabilities of carrying genes identical by descent are traced for several generations in order to illustrate a male bias in species whose male sex is heterogametic (XY) while th…
The Demography of the Semai Senoi
During 1968 and 1969, Alan G. Fix conducted an anthropological and genetic study among the Semai Senoi of Malaysia. His goal was to measure the amount of genetic exchange between local populations and document the effects of that exchange. This work combines results from that study with data from a 1965 census of aborigines and an expanded analysis
Physical Anthropology: Demographic Genetics. Kenneth M. Weiss and Paul A. Ballonoff
Health and the Hunter-Gatherer: Biomedical Studies on the Hunting and Gathering Populations of Southern Africa
Genocentric Social Theory
Anthropological Genetics of Small Populations
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Kin‐structured migration and the rate of advance of an advantageous gene
Hemoglobin E, an allele generally considered to confer malarial resistance in heterozygotes, is found in high frequencies across a wide area of Southeast Asia. Apparently it originated as a single‐point mutation which was spread by gene flow. The rate of diffusion of this adaptive allele is studied using four computer simulation models. It is shown that in small populations deterministic equations for gene flow may overestimate rates of diffusion…
Endogamy in settlement populations of semai senoi: Potential mate pool analysis and simulation
Two methods have been used to evaluate potential endogamy in three settlement populations of a swidden farming group, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia. One method involved determining the number of potential mates available to individuals in each population based on demographic structure and cultural rules concerning appropriate mates. A Monte Carlo simulation of Semai settlement populations was also carried out under two different regimes of mate cho…
Kin groups and trait groups: Population structure and epidemic disease selection
A Monte Carlo simulation based on the population structure of a small‐scale human population, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia, has been developed to study the combined effects of group, kin, and individual selection. The population structure resembles D.S. Wilson's structured deme model in that local breeding populations (Semai settlements) are subdivided into trait groups (hamlets) that may be kin‐structured and are not themselves demes. Additionall…
Anthropology and Demography: The Mutual Reinforcement of Speculation and Research [and Comments and Reply]
Semai Senoi mortality: Two‐census method
The mortality pattern of a subpopulation of Semai Senoi of Malaysia is studied by using a two‐census method. The method yields abridged life tables for both sexes as well as an estimate of the birth rate. The life tables show that Semai mortality is reduced compared to estimates based on stable population methods for the population prior to 1969. Increased health care availability seems to account for this lower mortality
Semai Senoi fertility and population dynamics: Two‐census method
The fertility and parameters of population growth of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia are studied by using a two‐census method based on nonstable population theory. Semai fertility is shown to be moderately high; female completed fertility is 7.42 children and the crude birth rate is greater than 0.050. Previous estimates of Semai mortality rates are also moderately high but are insufficient to balance birth; thus, the overall rate of growth is presen…
Explaining Biased Sex Ratios in Human Populations: A Critique of Recent Studies [and Comments and Reply]
Detecting clinal and balanced selection using spatial autocorrelation analysis under kin‐structured migration
Recently spatial autocorrelation has been employed to infer microevolutionary processes from patterns of genetic variation. In theory, different processes should show characteristic signature correlograms; e. g., clinal selection should produce correlograms decreasing from positive to negative autocorrelation, whereas uniform balanced selection should lead to no spatial autocorrelation. The ability of a statistical method such as spatial autocorr…
Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli
The traditional explanation for biological and cultural diversity among Malayan Orang Asli has been separate waves of migration of already differentiated populations. According to this view, the original colonizers of the peninsula were Semang Negrito nomadic hunter-gatherers, followed by Senoi swiddeners, and later by trading and farming Melayu Asli groups. Geoffrey Benjamin has proposed an alternative model stressing in situ differentiation fro…
Gene Frequency Clines in Europe: Demic Diffusion or Natural Selection
According to the demic diffusion model ofCavalli-Sforza and colleagues, agriculture was spread through Europe by a rapid population expansion of early farmers from the Near East. These scholars use the presence of gene frequency clines paralleling this direction of spread to support their model. However, genetic clines may also be caused by natural selection. This article shows that the archaeological and demographic evidence for demic diffusion …
Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: The San Ildefonso Agta
Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: The San Ildefonso Agta
Perspectives on Tierney'sDarkness in El Dorado
Foragers, farmers, and traders in the Malayan Peninsula: Origins of cultural and biological diversity
Introduction Within the narrow confines of the Malayan Peninsula existed a microcosm of the human diversity to be found throughout Asia. The present-day majority populations include representatives from South Asia and China, recent migrants in response to economic developments in mining and plantation agriculture, and the Malays, also migrants from the islands of Indonesia over the past several hundred years. The traditional view has been that ea…
Colonization Models and Initial Genetic Diversity in the Americas
The mode and tempo of colonization of the Americas established the initial pattern of continental genetic diversity. Despite a long history of study, the process of settlement remains controversial in terms of date, rate, and pattern. While there is agreement that Asia was the source population, several different models have been proposed for the colonization process. A classic model postulates a rapid spread of population ("blitzkrieg") from a s…
On Reflections on Darkness in El Dorado
Simulating Hemoglobin History
In one of the truly classic works in anthropological genetics, Frank Livingstone established the interrelationships between agriculture, mosquito ecology, malaria, and, consequently, the frequencies of sickle cell hemoglobin in West Africa. A major inference from Livingstone's study was the recency of malaria as a selective agent in human populations, only becoming significant after the adoption of agriculture in the last few thousand years. Clin…
Sociology (24 works) · Biology (21 works) · Geography (19 works) · Population (19 works) · Demography (18 works) · History (14 works) · Evolutionary biology (12 works) · Anthropology (11 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Archaeology (9 works)