Hiroshi Imada
Biographic Data
| ID | 807049 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Hiroshi Imada |
| GIVEN NAMES | Hiroshi |
| FAMILY NAME | Imada |
| SIGNATURE | IMADA H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Kwansei Gakuin University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6884-9962 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 3 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 26 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1959 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Recent learned helplessness/irrelevance research in Japan
In Section 1, a conceptual framework within which to study learned helplessness (LH), learned irrelevance (LI) and the related phenomena is introduced. In Section 2, three rat experiments on LI conducted in our laboratory using a conditioned suppression of licking preparation are introduced. In Experiment 1, the phenomena of LI and general LI were confirmed. In Experiment 2, random presentations of CST/US were found to interfere with subsequent i…
The effect of on‐ or off‐line extinction of a first‐order conditioned stimulus on a second‐order conditioned response in rats
In a water‐licking experiment with rats, the effects of the extinction of a first‐order conditioned stimulus (CS1) on the suppression of licking established for a second‐order conditioned stimulus (CS2) were explored. Extinction of the first‐order conditioned response (CR1) attenuated the conditioned suppression induced by CS2 when the rats had been allowed to lick water during the CR1 extinction phase. However, if water had been unavailable duri…
Panel-Touch Behavior of Horses Established by an Autoshaping Procedure
Panel-touch behavior of 3 geldings was successfully established by a response-termination type of autoshaping procedure. An omission or negative contingency introduced after the training of an animal, however, decreased the response rate to a near-zero level
Effects upon rats' responses on a running wheel of single alternation of large and small rewards and external cues
Thirty‐two rats were trained to run on a running wheel for one or six pellets of food, in either single alternation (SA) or quasi‐random sequences of reward magnitude and with external cues either informing or not informing the rats of the reward magnitude. Reward‐magnitude discrimination was clearly shown when the informative cues were given, but without such cues the SA patterning of responding appeared only late in training. The reward‐magnitu…
Effects of negative contingency upon conditioned suppression of licking in rats
The present experiments were designed to test the effects of negative contingencies of CS and US on conditioned suppression of licking in rats under conditions where P (USICS)-P (USInoCS) pairs were. 50-.50, .25-.50, and 00-.50. The contingencies were manipulated by matching the session length in a Time-Matched (TM) condition, and by matching the number of USs in a Number-Matched (NM) condition. To assess conditioned inhibition, the retardation t…
Effects of presence and absence of information about shock intensity upon licking suppression in rats
Two groups of rats were run to examine the effects of presence and absence of information about shock intensity upon the suppression of rats' licking behavior. Shocks of two different intensities were consistently preceded by signals of two different modalities. The modality of signal and the shock intensity were correlated for Group C (Correlated), but they were not for Group UC (Uncorrelated). Group C clearly evidenced shock intensity discrimin…
Strategy Changes in Human Contingency Judgments as a Function of Contingency Tables
Judgment strategies of 169 undergraduate students on problems to judge the contingency between two binary events were identified by the method of rule-based analysis to clarify whether or not the strategies the subjects used would be affected by the concrete nature of the contingency table. Problems were constructed along two factors: total cell frequency and width of range of objective contingencies. Although the factor of total cell frequency h…
Cross-language comparisons of emotional terms with special reference to the concept of anxiety
The Japanese equivalents of anxiety (FU·AN), fear (KYO·FU) and depression (YU·UTSU) were empirically defined by the method used by Davitz (1969) and the results were compared with those obtained by Davitz for anxiety, fear and depression. For Japanese, experiences of FU·AN (anxiety) were found to be more similar to those of YU·UTSU (depression) than to those of KYO·FU (fear), whereas Davitz found that, in English, experiences of anxiety were more…
The effects of intensities of shock and thirst on licking conditioned suppression
A licking conditioned suppression experiment was run with the strength of thirst motivating a baseline water licking and the intensity of shock suppressing licking factorially varied in a 2×2 manner. Forty-eight rats were run either with 23 h or 47 h water deprivation and either with 75 V or 140 V 0.7-s grid shock. Three trials were given per 5-min session during nine days of conditioning and six days of extinction. Suppression of licking both du…
Measurement and analyses of gross skin conductance (GSC) of rats in a grid-box
The present experiments were conducted to obtain basic data on some factors that could influence rat's coping processes in grid-shock situations by measuring the current flow through the rat. Unsignaled 1-s shocks were delivered repeatedly through a grid floor by a fixed impedance ac shock source. The current-flow measure was indexed by “gross skin conductance (GSC)”. In Experiment I, the shock intensity was the independent variable, and rat's GS…
An attempt to measure effects of electric shock upon rat's drinking, eating and general activities over 24 hours a day
An apparatus, named KGbox-24, which enabled one to measure rat's eating, drinking, rearing and locomotive activities over 24 h a day was introduced. The effects upon these behaviors of shocks given at 2100 hours, or at one hour after the beginning of the 12-h dark phase, were studied over 10 days, with a single rat. Using the results of this rat for an illustrative purpose, the methods to analyze both the local and overall effects of shocks and t…
The concept of uncertainty in animal experiments using aversive stimulation
Behavior of rats under fixed-time shock schedule
The effects of a fixed-time (FT) shock schedule upon rats' behavior were studied over 55 sessions using four subjects. Each rat was individually placed in a shock box and footshocks of 0.3 s each were administered regularly at 5 s intervals without regard to the rat's behavior. One session lasted for one hour in which 720 shocks were given. One rat learned to escape from the shock by jumping up at the advent of each shock with an approximate late…
The Effects of Shock Intensity on Discriminated Rearing Avoidance Conditioning in Rats
Discriminated rearing avoidance conditioning was studied using a 2×2 factorial design in which the two factors were levels of shock intensity and presence or absence avoidance contingency. Two avoidance groups of rats were trained to avoid shocks by their upward movement which cut the invisible beams running at 15 cm above the floor. The other two groups were trained by signaled escape training procedure without avoidance contingency. The CS-US i…
The Effects of Double-Alternation Schedules of Shock Intensity Upon Patterning of Suppression of Licking in Rats With Special Reference to Cue-Utilization
Thirsty rats were run in a water-drinking situation in which brief shocks of two different intensities were given with a fixed-time 40-sec schedule and in a double-alternation (DA) pattern of shock intensity, without any signal in Experiment I and with two different kinds of signal during the shock-shock interval in Experiment II. The three groups in Experiment II differed regarding the relationship of the signal with shock intensities. In Group …
Studies on Rigidity and Crystallization of Behavior
Rats were either avoidance or approach trained in a situation in which responses in a variety of directions were relatively free to occur. The training was continued until the response speed of the approach behavior became faster than that of the avoidance behavior. Then the approach group was subdivided into two groups differing in hunger drive. The variability of the slower avoidance behavior was significantly less than that of the faster appro…
Studies on Rigidity and Crystallization of Behavior
Two experiments using rats as Ss were conducted in order to test the adequacy of the fear-reduction hypothesis in accounting for the behavior fixation observed in an avoidance conditioning situation. In Experiment I guiding Ss equally often in three different directions was not effective in making their avoidance behavior variable and in changing their direction of response: They fixated in their preferred direction. In Experiment II giving excep…
Difficult Discrimination and Discrimination Reversal in Cer
The Cer and Bel as a Function of Predictability and Escapability of an Electric Shock
The conditioned emotional response (CER) and basal emotional level (BEL) were studied as a function of predictability and escapability of an electric shock in a conditioned suppression situation using 32 rats. One group of rats could escape shock by responding into an escape-space upon receiving shock which was signaled. The other two groups were yoked with the above group with respect to shock experience. But for one of them, shock was unsignale…
Studies on Rigidity and Crystallization of Behavior
The variability of fear-motivated behavior was studied as a function of the intensity of fear in running and jumping situations using 44 rats. The results generally confirmed the previous findings in that the hunger-motivated behavior was more variable and more plastic than the fear-motivated behavior and that the hunger-motivated behavior also showed fixation in the jumping situation. There was also a general tendency for the behavior to become …
A Methodological Study of Cer in Rats With ‘Licking’as the Criterion Response
Two CER experiments were conducted with ‘licking’ as the criterion response. In Experiment I, rats'(N=12) number of tongue laps in a drinking box was significantly suppressed by the presentation of a CS which had been paired with electric shock previously. This suppression was not observed in the control group of 11 Ss. In Experiment II, the effect of US intensity upon CER was tested with 11 Ss using a within-subject design. The CS's of two modal…
Studies on Rigidity and Crystalization of Behav-Ior
Variability of food approach and shock avoidance behavior was studied using 12 rats in running and jumping situations. Following results were obtained. 1) Approach behavior was variable in the running situation; but it lost its variability in the jumping situation. 2) Avoidance behavior was fixated to direction both for running and for jumping. 3) There were at least two pieces of evidence for the apparent abnormal nature of fear motivated avoida…
Running Speed and “Vigor” of Consummatory Behavior as Functions of Sucrose Concentration and Its Shift
The effects of sucrose concentration incentive and its shift upon runway performance and tongue pressure were investigated using 31 rats. The Ss were first trained to run down an alley for either 20% (Group H) or 2% (Group L) of sucrose solution and then the concentrations were switched for half of the Ss in each group. For the nonshift groups, the shift was introduced at the later stage of training. The following results were obtained, 1) Group …
“Vigor” of Water Drinking Behavior of Rats as a Function of Thirst Drive
The “vigor” of water drinking behavior was measured with 11 rats primarily in terms of “tongue pressure”, “lapping rate”, and “amount of ingestion per lap.” After having been trained to drink water from a tube, each S was tested once each for 5 min under high and low thirst drive. The Ss tended to lap with stronger tongue pressure under high drive than under low drive at the later part of the test session. The Ss lapped with significantly higher …
Avoidance Learning in Shuttling and Nonshuttling Situations, With and Without a Barrier
A 2×2 factorial experiment was run in order to obtain information regarding the effects of “shuttling” condition and those of 15-cm barrier upon avoidance learning in a modified Mowrer-Miller shuttle box. 40 male albino rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups, Sh-0, Sh-15, nonSh-0, and nonSh-15, and they all underwent 15 daily avoidance learning sessions of 10 trials each. The results indicated that rate of acquisition was faster an…
The Effects of Punishment on Avoidance Behavior
The author is greatly indebted to Mr. T. Shikano for his assistance in the execution of the experiment
“Vigor” of Water Drinking Behavior of Rats as a Function of Thirst Drive
The “vigor” of water drinking behavior was measured with 11 rats primarily in terms of “tongue pressure”, “lapping rate”, and “amount of ingestion per lap.” After having been trained to drink water from a tube, each S was tested once each for 5 min under high and low thirst drive. The Ss tended to lap with stronger tongue pressure under high drive than under low drive at the later part of the test session. The Ss lapped with significantly higher …
Avoidance Learning in Shuttling and Nonshuttling Situations, With and Without a Barrier
A 2×2 factorial experiment was run in order to obtain information regarding the effects of “shuttling” condition and those of 15-cm barrier upon avoidance learning in a modified Mowrer-Miller shuttle box. 40 male albino rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups, Sh-0, Sh-15, nonSh-0, and nonSh-15, and they all underwent 15 daily avoidance learning sessions of 10 trials each. The results indicated that rate of acquisition was faster an…
Running Speed and “Vigor” of Consummatory Behavior as Functions of Sucrose Concentration and Its Shift
The effects of sucrose concentration incentive and its shift upon runway performance and tongue pressure were investigated using 31 rats. The Ss were first trained to run down an alley for either 20% (Group H) or 2% (Group L) of sucrose solution and then the concentrations were switched for half of the Ss in each group. For the nonshift groups, the shift was introduced at the later stage of training. The following results were obtained, 1) Group …
Studies on Rigidity and Crystalization of Behav-Ior
Variability of food approach and shock avoidance behavior was studied using 12 rats in running and jumping situations. Following results were obtained. 1) Approach behavior was variable in the running situation; but it lost its variability in the jumping situation. 2) Avoidance behavior was fixated to direction both for running and for jumping. 3) There were at least two pieces of evidence for the apparent abnormal nature of fear motivated avoida…
A Methodological Study of Cer in Rats With ‘Licking’as the Criterion Response
Two CER experiments were conducted with ‘licking’ as the criterion response. In Experiment I, rats'(N=12) number of tongue laps in a drinking box was significantly suppressed by the presentation of a CS which had been paired with electric shock previously. This suppression was not observed in the control group of 11 Ss. In Experiment II, the effect of US intensity upon CER was tested with 11 Ss using a within-subject design. The CS's of two modal…
Studies on Rigidity and Crystallization of Behavior
The variability of fear-motivated behavior was studied as a function of the intensity of fear in running and jumping situations using 44 rats. The results generally confirmed the previous findings in that the hunger-motivated behavior was more variable and more plastic than the fear-motivated behavior and that the hunger-motivated behavior also showed fixation in the jumping situation. There was also a general tendency for the behavior to become …
Difficult Discrimination and Discrimination Reversal in Cer
The Cer and Bel as a Function of Predictability and Escapability of an Electric Shock
The conditioned emotional response (CER) and basal emotional level (BEL) were studied as a function of predictability and escapability of an electric shock in a conditioned suppression situation using 32 rats. One group of rats could escape shock by responding into an escape-space upon receiving shock which was signaled. The other two groups were yoked with the above group with respect to shock experience. But for one of them, shock was unsignale…
Studies on Rigidity and Crystallization of Behavior
Two experiments using rats as Ss were conducted in order to test the adequacy of the fear-reduction hypothesis in accounting for the behavior fixation observed in an avoidance conditioning situation. In Experiment I guiding Ss equally often in three different directions was not effective in making their avoidance behavior variable and in changing their direction of response: They fixated in their preferred direction. In Experiment II giving excep…
Studies on Rigidity and Crystallization of Behavior
Rats were either avoidance or approach trained in a situation in which responses in a variety of directions were relatively free to occur. The training was continued until the response speed of the approach behavior became faster than that of the avoidance behavior. Then the approach group was subdivided into two groups differing in hunger drive. The variability of the slower avoidance behavior was significantly less than that of the faster appro…
The Effects of Shock Intensity on Discriminated Rearing Avoidance Conditioning in Rats
Discriminated rearing avoidance conditioning was studied using a 2×2 factorial design in which the two factors were levels of shock intensity and presence or absence avoidance contingency. Two avoidance groups of rats were trained to avoid shocks by their upward movement which cut the invisible beams running at 15 cm above the floor. The other two groups were trained by signaled escape training procedure without avoidance contingency. The CS-US i…
The Effects of Double-Alternation Schedules of Shock Intensity Upon Patterning of Suppression of Licking in Rats With Special Reference to Cue-Utilization
Thirsty rats were run in a water-drinking situation in which brief shocks of two different intensities were given with a fixed-time 40-sec schedule and in a double-alternation (DA) pattern of shock intensity, without any signal in Experiment I and with two different kinds of signal during the shock-shock interval in Experiment II. The three groups in Experiment II differed regarding the relationship of the signal with shock intensities. In Group …
Behavior of rats under fixed-time shock schedule
The effects of a fixed-time (FT) shock schedule upon rats' behavior were studied over 55 sessions using four subjects. Each rat was individually placed in a shock box and footshocks of 0.3 s each were administered regularly at 5 s intervals without regard to the rat's behavior. One session lasted for one hour in which 720 shocks were given. One rat learned to escape from the shock by jumping up at the advent of each shock with an approximate late…
The concept of uncertainty in animal experiments using aversive stimulation
Measurement and analyses of gross skin conductance (GSC) of rats in a grid-box
The present experiments were conducted to obtain basic data on some factors that could influence rat's coping processes in grid-shock situations by measuring the current flow through the rat. Unsignaled 1-s shocks were delivered repeatedly through a grid floor by a fixed impedance ac shock source. The current-flow measure was indexed by “gross skin conductance (GSC)”. In Experiment I, the shock intensity was the independent variable, and rat's GS…
An attempt to measure effects of electric shock upon rat's drinking, eating and general activities over 24 hours a day
An apparatus, named KGbox-24, which enabled one to measure rat's eating, drinking, rearing and locomotive activities over 24 h a day was introduced. The effects upon these behaviors of shocks given at 2100 hours, or at one hour after the beginning of the 12-h dark phase, were studied over 10 days, with a single rat. Using the results of this rat for an illustrative purpose, the methods to analyze both the local and overall effects of shocks and t…
The effects of intensities of shock and thirst on licking conditioned suppression
A licking conditioned suppression experiment was run with the strength of thirst motivating a baseline water licking and the intensity of shock suppressing licking factorially varied in a 2×2 manner. Forty-eight rats were run either with 23 h or 47 h water deprivation and either with 75 V or 140 V 0.7-s grid shock. Three trials were given per 5-min session during nine days of conditioning and six days of extinction. Suppression of licking both du…
Cross-language comparisons of emotional terms with special reference to the concept of anxiety
The Japanese equivalents of anxiety (FU·AN), fear (KYO·FU) and depression (YU·UTSU) were empirically defined by the method used by Davitz (1969) and the results were compared with those obtained by Davitz for anxiety, fear and depression. For Japanese, experiences of FU·AN (anxiety) were found to be more similar to those of YU·UTSU (depression) than to those of KYO·FU (fear), whereas Davitz found that, in English, experiences of anxiety were more…
Strategy Changes in Human Contingency Judgments as a Function of Contingency Tables
Judgment strategies of 169 undergraduate students on problems to judge the contingency between two binary events were identified by the method of rule-based analysis to clarify whether or not the strategies the subjects used would be affected by the concrete nature of the contingency table. Problems were constructed along two factors: total cell frequency and width of range of objective contingencies. Although the factor of total cell frequency h…
Effects of presence and absence of information about shock intensity upon licking suppression in rats
Two groups of rats were run to examine the effects of presence and absence of information about shock intensity upon the suppression of rats' licking behavior. Shocks of two different intensities were consistently preceded by signals of two different modalities. The modality of signal and the shock intensity were correlated for Group C (Correlated), but they were not for Group UC (Uncorrelated). Group C clearly evidenced shock intensity discrimin…
Effects of negative contingency upon conditioned suppression of licking in rats
The present experiments were designed to test the effects of negative contingencies of CS and US on conditioned suppression of licking in rats under conditions where P (USICS)-P (USInoCS) pairs were. 50-.50, .25-.50, and 00-.50. The contingencies were manipulated by matching the session length in a Time-Matched (TM) condition, and by matching the number of USs in a Number-Matched (NM) condition. To assess conditioned inhibition, the retardation t…
Effects upon rats' responses on a running wheel of single alternation of large and small rewards and external cues
Thirty‐two rats were trained to run on a running wheel for one or six pellets of food, in either single alternation (SA) or quasi‐random sequences of reward magnitude and with external cues either informing or not informing the rats of the reward magnitude. Reward‐magnitude discrimination was clearly shown when the informative cues were given, but without such cues the SA patterning of responding appeared only late in training. The reward‐magnitu…
Panel-Touch Behavior of Horses Established by an Autoshaping Procedure
Panel-touch behavior of 3 geldings was successfully established by a response-termination type of autoshaping procedure. An omission or negative contingency introduced after the training of an animal, however, decreased the response rate to a near-zero level
The effect of on‐ or off‐line extinction of a first‐order conditioned stimulus on a second‐order conditioned response in rats
In a water‐licking experiment with rats, the effects of the extinction of a first‐order conditioned stimulus (CS1) on the suppression of licking established for a second‐order conditioned stimulus (CS2) were explored. Extinction of the first‐order conditioned response (CR1) attenuated the conditioned suppression induced by CS2 when the rats had been allowed to lick water during the CR1 extinction phase. However, if water had been unavailable duri…
Psychology (25 works) · Medicine (17 works) · Developmental psychology (14 works) · Audiology (13 works) · Cognitive psychology (10 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works) · Shock (circulatory) (9 works) · Biology (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works)