Constance Flanagan
Biographic Data
| ID | 846938 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Constance Flanagan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Constance |
| FAMILY NAME | Flanagan |
| SIGNATURE | FLANAGAN C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3911-7719 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 63 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1218 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 63 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
The Administrative Presidency and PK ‐12 Education Policy: Student Rights and Oversight During the Trump and Biden Era
In politically polarized environments, presidential administrations rely on executive and administrative action to advance their social policy agendas. This article conducts a systematic review of the early Trump and Biden administration's use of unilateral action to influence PK‐12 policy. We find that despite President Trump's campaign rhetoric around deregulation, both administrations employed unilateral action to influence education, although…
Environmental civic science: Civic and scientific literacy on socio-environmental issues for the common good
Introduction to the special issue: Teaching about social issues in politically volatile times
Measuring Geographic Opportunity for Higher Education in US Metropolitan Areas
Research demonstrates that students who live closer to postsecondary institutions are more likely to attend college. Yet many communities offer few or no postsecondary options. In this study, we expand on prior research on the geographic distribution of postsecondary opportunity by developing a finer-grained measure that accounts for both the variety and density of college options in each metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Our estimates use sev…
Chasing a dream against all odds
The findings support that families, particularly parents have the strongest influence on supporting the resilience process in a child. These findings were consistent across ethnicity and gender. Families, particularly parents, should be the target of future interventions designed to produce resilient behaviors in youth of color living in poverty
Using critical media literacy and Youth-Led research to promote the sociopolitical development of black youth: Strategies from our voices
In this paper Dr. Nkemka Anyiwo shares results from the Our Voices project with Black youth. The goal of that project was to promote the sociopolitical development (SPD) of the young participants b
Place-Based Environmental Civic Science: Urban Students Using STEM for Public Good
In the United States, Black and Latinx students are underrepresented in STEM courses and careers due to a dearth of culturally relevant opportunities, which in turn are connected to broader issues of social justice. Place-based environmental civic science offers potential for addressing these issues by enabling students to apply their STEM learning to mitigate local environmental problems. By civic science we refer to science in which all citizen…
Urban youth and the environmental commons: Rejuvenating civic engagement through civic science
Civic-science integrates science knowledge with civic practice but differs from the citizen-science prototype by reframing science as a public good and citizens as both recipients of and actors in policy. We draw from our studies of a civic-science model in which adolescents (majority African-American) collaborate with teachers and community partners to mitigate an environmental problem in their urban community. Based on students' reflections on …
Youth anti‐racism action: Contributions of youth perceptions of school racial messages and critical consciousness
The current study examined whether youth perceptions of school racial messages that acknowledged the reality of racism (critical consciousness [CC] messages) or denied racism (color‐blind messages) predicted youth anti‐racism action through interpersonal and communal/political means. We further tested whether youths’ critical reflection of perceived inequality and anger toward social injustice—psychological aspects of CC development—mediated rela…
Exploring the associations between youths’ explanations of poverty at the societal level and judgements of distributive justice
This study explores whether adolescents' societal explanations regarding the causes of poverty are associated with distributive justice reasoning. Survey data were collected from 425 6th-12th graders who answered questions concerning the causes of poverty and a vignette depicting a hypothetical class project designed to assess the degree to which the adolescent respondent would distribute resources based on principles of need or merit. Findings i…
Children’s and adolescents’ understanding and experiences of economic inequality: An introduction to the special section
The unprecedented state of economic inequality faced by many countries around the world is one of the most pressing social issues of the day, with far-reaching consequences for child and adolescent development. Despite the intensity of the public and scientific discourse on this topic, less scientific attention has been paid to young people's understanding and experiences of economic inequality, including their perceptions and beliefs about their…
Engendering the prefigurative: Feminist praxes that bridge a politics of prefigurement and survival
Prefigurative politics are typically understood as experiments in living, laboring or provisioning that are alternatives to ‘what is’ and prefigure ‘what could be.’ This paper rethinks prefigurative politics, which scholars have often approached by emphasizing their economic and political structures, not the transformation of social relationships and power in these experiments. Despite this scholarly trend, many collectivities organizing around a…
Place-Based Stewardship Education: Nurturing Aspirations to Protect the Rural Commons
In this mixed-methods study, we examine the potential of place-based stewardship education (PBSE) for nurturing rural students’ community attachment and aspirations to contribute to the preservation of the environmental “commons.” Analyzing pre- and post-experience surveys (n = 240) and open-ended responses (n = 275) collected from middle school students in a Northeast Michigan school district, we found significant increases in students’ environm…
Developmental change in social responsibility during adolescence: An ecological perspective
Social responsibility can be defined as a set of prosocial values representing personal commitments to contribute to community and society. Little is known about developmental change-and predictors of that change-in social responsibility during adolescence. The present study used an accelerated longitudinal research design to investigate the developmental trajectory of social responsibility values and ecological assets across family, school, comm…
Community Service and Adolescents' Social Capital
In two studies of 5th–12th graders ( n = 2,371; n = 999), we compare four groups based on engagement patterns in community service ( CS ) and/or extracurricular activities ( EC ). In both studies, adolescents who engaged in BOTH CS (whether mandated or voluntary) and EC had the highest reports of bonding and bridging social capital, intergenerational harmony, and social support whereas those who did NEITHER had the lowest. For most outcomes, adol…
Adolescents’ theories about economic inequality: Why are some people poor while others are rich
Open-ended responses of an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 593 12- to 19-year-olds (M = 16 years old, SD = 1.59) were analyzed to explain why some people in the United States are poor and others are rich. Adolescents had more knowledge and a more complex understanding of wealth than of poverty and older adolescents had more knowledge and a more complex understanding of both. Controlling for age and demographics, adolescents had…
A Mixed Methods Examination of Adolescents' Reports of the Values Emphasized in Their Families
Building on value socialization and personal values theories, this study examined adolescents' open‐ended reports of the values their families emphasize. Based on open‐ended reports of an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of adolescents, we described adolescent‐reported familial values using qualitative and cluster analysis techniques. Adolescents' open‐ended responses about the values held by their families were coded using a promi…
Teenage Citizens: The Political Theories of the Young
Too young to vote or pay taxes, teenagers are off the radar of most political scientists. Teenage Citizens looks beyond the electoral game to consider the question of how this overlooked segment of our citizenry understands political topics. Bridging psychology and political science, Constance Flanagan argues that civic identities form during adolescence and are rooted in teens’ everyday lives—in their experiences as members of schools and commun…
Socialization in context: Exploring longitudinal correlates of mothers' value messages of compassion and caution
This study examined correlates of mothers' value messages using mother and adolescent reports across 3 years (N =1,638 dyads). Two fundamental socialization dimensions were assessed: compassion messages (e.g., caring for others) and caution messages (e.g., being wary of others). Multilevel models revealed distinct between-person and within-person correlates for mothers' compassion and caution messages. Individual differences in compassion message…
Political Incorporation and the Protracted Transition to Adulthood: The Need for New Institutional Inventions
Journal Article Political Incorporation and the Protracted Transition to Adulthood: The Need for New Institutional Inventions Get access Constance Flanagan, Constance Flanagan * 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrea Finlay, Andrea Finlay 2The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Search for other work…
Youth civic development: Theorizing a domain with evidence from different cultural contexts
The authors use examples of youth civic engagement from Chile, South Africa, Central/Eastern Europe, and the United States--and also emphasize diversities among youth from different subgroups within countries--to illustrate common elements of the civic domain of youth development. These include the primacy of collective activity for forming political identities and ideas and the greater heterogeneity of civic compared to other discretionary activ…
Youth civic development: Historical context and emerging issues
The civic domain has taken its place in the scholarship and practice of youth development. From the beginning, the field has focused on youth as assets who contribute to the common good of their communities. Work at the cutting edge of this field integrates research and practice and focuses on the civic incorporation of groups who often have been marginalized from mainstream society. The body of work also extends topics of relevance to human deve…
Thirty-Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents' Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences
Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors' current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths' post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts' involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Re…
Defining a Moment in History: Parent Communication with Adolescents About September 11, 2001
Civic engagement patterns and transitions over 8 years: The AmeriCorps national study
Latent transition analysis was used to examine civic engagement transitions across 2 waves spanning 8 years in a sample of AmeriCorps participants and a comparison group (N = 1,344; 77% female). Latent indicators of civic engagement included volunteering, community participation, civic organizational involvement, local and national voting, civic consciousness, and perceptions of civic knowledge. Three latent statuses were identified; inactive, vo…
Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents' experiences in schools and in families
Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: A developmental and liberation psychology perspective
In this article, we take a critical look at the growing interest in U.S. political participation as it exists in the youth civic engagement literature. Our critique draws from principles of liberation and developmental psychology, and from the incisive writings of experts in youth organizing. Youth Organizing evolved from the Positive Youth Development (PYD) and Community Youth Development (CYD) perspectives but its addition of social justice act…
Adolescents' explanations for political issues: Concordance with their views of self and society
The relationships between adolescents' explanations for unemployment, poverty, and homelessness and their beliefs about opportunity, reports of family values, and personal aspirations were tested for 434 teenagers (mean age = 16 years 4 months). Explanations were coded for references to individual causes, societal causes, or both. Higher maternal education and average household income in the adolescent's school district were positively related to…
Ties that Bind: Correlates of Adolescents' Civic Commitments in Seven Countries
The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social respons…
Adolescents’ theories about economic inequality: Why are some people poor while others are rich
Open-ended responses of an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 593 12- to 19-year-olds (M = 16 years old, SD = 1.59) were analyzed to explain why some people in the United States are poor and others are rich. Adolescents had more knowledge and a more complex understanding of wealth than of poverty and older adolescents had more knowledge and a more complex understanding of both. Controlling for age and demographics, adolescents had…
Developmental Patterns of Social Trust Between Early and Late Adolescence: Age and School Climate Effects
Social trust (i.e., beliefs that people are generally fair and trustworthy) is important to the functioning of democracies and trend studies show it has declined. We test hypotheses concerning the development of these beliefs in adolescence. Based on surveys of 1535 adolescents collected over two years, we find that middle and late adolescents had significantly lower levels of trust than early adolescents and that these beliefs became more stable…
Thirty-Year Trends in U.S. Adolescents' Civic Engagement: A Story of Changing Participation and Educational Differences
Using annual cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future, the present study examined trends in high school seniors' current and anticipated civic participation and beliefs over a 30-year period. We examined overall trends and patterns based on youths' post-high school educational plans. Findings point to declines in recent cohorts' involvement in conventional and alternative forms of engagement but greater involvement in community service. Re…
Political Incorporation and the Protracted Transition to Adulthood: The Need for New Institutional Inventions
Journal Article Political Incorporation and the Protracted Transition to Adulthood: The Need for New Institutional Inventions Get access Constance Flanagan, Constance Flanagan * 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrea Finlay, Andrea Finlay 2The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Search for other work…
Contested Citizenship and Social Exclusion: Adolescent Arab American Immigrants' Views of the Social Contract
Drawing from social contract theory, we explore how some adolescent Arab immigrants' (n = 99) sensitivity to the image of their ethnic group as enemies of America colors their interpretation of the social contract. Analyses of data collected in 1997 reveal that those youth who reported that the American media portray Arab people and nations as enemies of the United States are more attuned to personal experiences of prejudice based on their ethnic…
Developmental Roots of Political Engagement
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Developmental change in social responsibility during adolescence: An ecological perspective
Social responsibility can be defined as a set of prosocial values representing personal commitments to contribute to community and society. Little is known about developmental change-and predictors of that change-in social responsibility during adolescence. The present study used an accelerated longitudinal research design to investigate the developmental trajectory of social responsibility values and ecological assets across family, school, comm…
Youth anti‐racism action: Contributions of youth perceptions of school racial messages and critical consciousness
The current study examined whether youth perceptions of school racial messages that acknowledged the reality of racism (critical consciousness [CC] messages) or denied racism (color‐blind messages) predicted youth anti‐racism action through interpersonal and communal/political means. We further tested whether youths’ critical reflection of perceived inequality and anger toward social injustice—psychological aspects of CC development—mediated rela…
Civic engagement patterns and transitions over 8 years: The AmeriCorps national study
Latent transition analysis was used to examine civic engagement transitions across 2 waves spanning 8 years in a sample of AmeriCorps participants and a comparison group (N = 1,344; 77% female). Latent indicators of civic engagement included volunteering, community participation, civic organizational involvement, local and national voting, civic consciousness, and perceptions of civic knowledge. Three latent statuses were identified; inactive, vo…
Ethnic Awareness, Prejudice, and Civic Commitments in Four Ethnic Groups of American Adolescents
Children’s and adolescents’ understanding and experiences of economic inequality: An introduction to the special section
The unprecedented state of economic inequality faced by many countries around the world is one of the most pressing social issues of the day, with far-reaching consequences for child and adolescent development. Despite the intensity of the public and scientific discourse on this topic, less scientific attention has been paid to young people's understanding and experiences of economic inequality, including their perceptions and beliefs about their…
Parents' and teachers' beliefs about adolescents: Effects of sex and experience
What Does Democracy Mean: Correlates of Adolescents’ Views
The open-ended responses of 701 7th to 12th graders to the question “What does democracy mean to you?” were analyzed. In logistic regressions, age, parental education, political discussions, and participation in extracurricular activities distinguished youth who could define democracy (53%) from those who could not. Case clustering revealed three emphases in youths’ definitions: individual rights (30%), representative rule (40%), and civic equali…
Social Class and Adolescents' Beliefs about Justice in Different Social Orders
We report on the justice beliefs of 4508 adolescents from 4 security societies in transition to market economies (i.e., Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia) and from 2 opportunity societies (Australia and the United States). Using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), justice beliefs were examined as a function of type of society, social class, and gender. In the security societies, working‐class teens wanted the state and s…
Exploring the associations between youths’ explanations of poverty at the societal level and judgements of distributive justice
This study explores whether adolescents' societal explanations regarding the causes of poverty are associated with distributive justice reasoning. Survey data were collected from 425 6th-12th graders who answered questions concerning the causes of poverty and a vignette depicting a hypothetical class project designed to assess the degree to which the adolescent respondent would distribute resources based on principles of need or merit. Findings i…
Using Elections as Teachable Moments: A Randomized Evaluation of the Student Voices Civic Education Program
The recommitment of public education to its civic roots has revived discussion on how to engage younger generations of citizens in electoral politics and civic life. This randomized trial of 1,670 high school students in 80 social studies classrooms evaluates the impact of an election‐based civics program on students’ civic knowledge, skills, and dispositions over the course of a semester. Analyses of these data reveal significant effects of the …
Refraining the Meaning of “Political” in Research with Adolescents
(1995). Refraining the Meaning of “Political” in Research with Adolescents. Perspectives on Political Science: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 34-41
Residential setting and parent-adolescent relationships during the college years
Community Service and Adolescents' Social Capital
In two studies of 5th–12th graders ( n = 2,371; n = 999), we compare four groups based on engagement patterns in community service ( CS ) and/or extracurricular activities ( EC ). In both studies, adolescents who engaged in BOTH CS (whether mandated or voluntary) and EC had the highest reports of bonding and bridging social capital, intergenerational harmony, and social support whereas those who did NEITHER had the lowest. For most outcomes, adol…
The road to democracy in South Africa
Control Versus Autonomy During Early Adolescence
Research and theorizing about adult control have often made seemingly conflicting recommendations and predictions about the potential impact of that control on children's social and intellectual development. Researchers concerned with intrinsic motivation have argued for minimal use of controlling strategies with children; other researchers, in contrast, argue that relatively high levels of adult control, when exercised in an emotionally supporti…
Self‐Concepts, Domain Values, and Self‐Esteem: Relations and Changes at Early Adolescence
We assessed how children's self‐concepts of ability for mathematics, English, social, and physical skills activities, ratings of the importance of these activities, and general self‐esteem change across the transition to junior high school Three types of change were assessed change in mean levels, change in stability, and change in relationships Twice each year during the sixth and seventh grades, 1,450 children completed questionnaires Mean leve…
Families and schools in hard times
Economic recessions affect children by conditioning their aspirations, straining parent-child relations, and limiting educational quality
Parents' and teachers' beliefs about adolescents: Effects of sex and experience
Control Versus Autonomy During Early Adolescence
Research and theorizing about adult control have often made seemingly conflicting recommendations and predictions about the potential impact of that control on children's social and intellectual development. Researchers concerned with intrinsic motivation have argued for minimal use of controlling strategies with children; other researchers, in contrast, argue that relatively high levels of adult control, when exercised in an emotionally supporti…
Decision Making in One-Parent and Two-Parent Families: Influence and Information Selection
This study investigated information selection and the influence of individual family members on decision outcomes during the transition into early adolescence. Members of 39 two-parent families and members of 30 one-parent families participated in the study. Participants completed four decision tasks independently and then came to a joint decision within their family. Mothers and fathers in both one- and two-parent families were more likely to us…
Residential setting and parent-adolescent relationships during the college years
Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents' experiences in schools and in families
Refraining the Meaning of “Political” in Research with Adolescents
(1995). Refraining the Meaning of “Political” in Research with Adolescents. Perspectives on Political Science: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 34-41
Predicting college student attitudes toward the Persian Gulf War: The role of gender and television exposure
This study examined college student attitudes and emotional reactions to the Persian Gulf War as a function of the student's gender and the amount of exposure to television coverage of the conflict. Respondents were 721 undergraduate students attending either a large residential campus or a smaller commuter campus of a Midwestern university. All analyses controlled for the effect of political conservatism. Results indicated that male students wer…
Postcommunist Societies in Times of Transition: Perceptions of Change Among Adolescents in Central and Eastern Europe
This article examines adolescents' perceptions of the economic changes and the justice of the new “social contract” in Eastern/Central Europe. Focusing on three countries, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic, it explores the social, political, and economic environments in which adolescents came of age in 1990. Surveys conducted among high school students in each country during 1995 tapped their perceptions of the economy, the local communit…
Youth Political Development: An Introduction
Research on political socialization during the 1950s focused on early precursors of political attitudes and treated children as rather passive participants in the process. A second wave of research in the 1960s considered youth a force creating social change and held that the transition between adolescence and adulthood was a period uniquely suited to examining political issues. Developmental research during the past two decades has emphasized li…
Ties that Bind: Correlates of Adolescents' Civic Commitments in Seven Countries
The relationship of voluntary work, school climates, and family values to public interest as a life goal of adolescents is presented for a sample of 5,579 12–18 year olds in three stable and four transitional democracies. In five of the seven countries, females were more likely than males to be engaged in voluntary work, and in all seven countries girls were more likely than boys to report that their families encouraged an ethic of social respons…
Negotiating Adolescence in Times of Social Change
The decline of the socialist governments in Eastern and Central Europe and the resulting political and economic reorganizations of the 1990s provided a dramatic illustration of the far-reaching effects of social change. For those interested in the health and well-being of youth, such instances of social upheaval raise the question of how young people are affected socially and psychologically by societal changes, and whether their development is c…
Adolescents' explanations for political issues: Concordance with their views of self and society
The relationships between adolescents' explanations for unemployment, poverty, and homelessness and their beliefs about opportunity, reports of family values, and personal aspirations were tested for 434 teenagers (mean age = 16 years 4 months). Explanations were coded for references to individual causes, societal causes, or both. Higher maternal education and average household income in the adolescent's school district were positively related to…
Young People's Views on Distributive Justice, Rights, and Obligations: A Cross-cultural Study
This article is based on a cross-cultural research project: 'Adolescents' interpretation of the social contract', in which values of young people in seven nations are compared. The goal of the project is to understand how adolescents across different nations interpret 'the social contract', that is their concepts of the relationships between individuals and society. Young people today grow up in a harsh world where they are increasingly expected …
Dimensions of Citizenship and Opportunities for Youth Development: The What, Why, When, Where, and Who of Citizenship Development
In this concluding article we consider the definition and conceptualization of citizenship, why youth should be interested in citizenship, when developmentally should we as a society try to foster it, where in youth's lives should our efforts be placed, and the existence of potentially different needs and usefulness of different strategies in diverse populations of youth. In addressing the what, why, when, where, and who of citizenship developmen…
Trust, Identity, and Civic Hope
This article concerns the phenomenon of trust-in others who are familiar and in humanity in general. I make a case that the foundations of both forms of trust are rooted in formative experiences. Trust springs from the sense of security we develop in early nurturing relationships. In friendships and peer relationships we learn about loyalty, accountability, and the reciprocity between trust and trustworthiness. However, trust among friends is an …
The road to democracy in South Africa
Social Class and Adolescents' Beliefs about Justice in Different Social Orders
We report on the justice beliefs of 4508 adolescents from 4 security societies in transition to market economies (i.e., Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia) and from 2 opportunity societies (Australia and the United States). Using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), justice beliefs were examined as a function of type of society, social class, and gender. In the security societies, working‐class teens wanted the state and s…
Developmental Roots of Political Engagement
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Volunteerism, Leadership, Political Socialization, and Civic Engagement
The topics that comprise this chapter fall under the umbrella of political socialization and refer to those practices whereby younger generations are incorporated as full members of the polity or public sphere of society (Flanagan & Gallay, 1995). Although individuals are guaranteed rights by virtue of their status as citizens, it is through the exercise of those rights that they assume membership and have a voice in defining the polity and throu…
On Your Own without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations
What Does Democracy Mean: Correlates of Adolescents’ Views
The open-ended responses of 701 7th to 12th graders to the question “What does democracy mean to you?” were analyzed. In logistic regressions, age, parental education, political discussions, and participation in extracurricular activities distinguished youth who could define democracy (53%) from those who could not. Case clustering revealed three emphases in youths’ definitions: individual rights (30%), representative rule (40%), and civic equali…
School and community climates and civic commitments: Patterns for ethnic minority and majority students.
The developmental correlates of diffuse support for the polity and civic commitments were explored in a survey of 1,052 students (mean age 14.96 years) from African American, Arab American, European American, and Latino American backgrounds. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that regardless of their age, gender, or ethnic background, youth were more likely to believe that America was a just society and to commit to democratic goals…
Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: A developmental and liberation psychology perspective
In this article, we take a critical look at the growing interest in U.S. political participation as it exists in the youth civic engagement literature. Our critique draws from principles of liberation and developmental psychology, and from the incisive writings of experts in youth organizing. Youth Organizing evolved from the Positive Youth Development (PYD) and Community Youth Development (CYD) perspectives but its addition of social justice act…
Psychology (46 works) · Political science (44 works) · Sociology (37 works) · Social Psychology (29 works) · Developmental psychology (27 works) · Politics (26 works) · Youth Development and Social Support (26 works) · Law (21 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Law (14 works)