David C Funder
Biographic Data
| ID | 89352 |
|---|---|
| NAME | David C Funder |
| GIVEN NAMES | David C |
| FAMILY NAME | Funder |
| SIGNATURE | FUNDER D C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Riverside |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7609-706X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 83 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 870 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 82 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
Cultural differences in the Personality Triad: The interplay of personality traits, situation characteristics, and behavioral states around the world
Understanding the interplay of persons, situations, and behavior (the Personality Triad) is a key task of psychology. However, previous research has largely focused on Western samples. We examined the Personality Triad across cultures with N = 15,221 participants from 61 countries and one geographic region. Participants reported on one situation from their daily lives. We examined (a) situation characteristic-behavioral state, (b) trait-behaviora…
The Experience of Situations Before and During a Covid-19 Shelter-at-Home Period
Undergraduate participants described their experience of an ordinary situation before ( N = 544) and during ( N = 123) a COVID-19 shelter-at-home period using the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ). They also rated the experience’s positivity and completed a Big Five Personality Inventory. RSQ items placed higher before the sheltering period included “new relationships could develop,” “femininity can be expressed,” and “talking is expected.” Item…
International optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries
OBJECTIVE: The current exploratory study sought to examine dispositional optimism, or the general expectation for positive outcomes, around the world. METHOD: Dispositional optimism and possible correlates were assessed across 61 countries (N = 15,185; mean age = 21.92; 77% female). Mean-level differences in optimism were computed along with their relationships with individual and country-level variables. RESULTS: Worldwide, mean optimism levels …
Who in the world is trying to change their personality traits? Volitional personality change among college students in six continents
Recent research conducted largely in the United States suggests that most people would like to change one or more of their personality traits. Yet almost no research has investigated the degree to which and in what ways volitional personality change (VPC), or individuals' active efforts toward personality change, might be common around the world. Through a custom-built website, 13,278 college student participants from 55 countries and one of a la…
The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations
This imbalance has begun to be remedied in recent years, with the development of assessment instruments and new theoretical perspectives for understanding situations. More and more papers are being published, symposia and even entire conferences are being devoted to the interplay of persons and situations, and research is progressing rapidly. This handbook offers an extensive review of the research on psychological situations, providing a one-sto…
Situational experience around the world: A replication and extension in 62 countries
OBJECTIVE: The current study seeks to replicate and extend principal findings reported in The World at 7:00, a project that examined the psychological experience of situations in 20 countries. METHOD: Data were collected from participants in 62 countries (N = 15,318), recruited from universities by local collaborators to complete the study via a custom-built website using 42 languages. RESULTS: Several findings of the previous study were replicat…
Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations
Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense
Effect sizes are underappreciated and often misinterpreted—the most common mistakes being to describe them in ways that are uninformative (e.g., using arbitrary standards) or misleading (e.g., squaring effect-size rs). We propose that effect sizes can be usefully evaluated by comparing them with well-understood benchmarks or by considering them in terms of concrete consequences. In that light, we conclude that when reliably estimated (a critical …
Associations between informant ratings of personality disorder traits, self‐reports of personality, and directly observed behavior
OBJECTIVE: Diagnoses of personality disorders (PD) must rely on judgments of observers-either clinicians or acquaintances-because personality disorders are primarily defined in terms of maladaptive interpersonal behavior. Little is known, however, about how closely acquaintances' judgments of PD traits relate to self-reports of theoretically relevant Big Five traits or directly observed behavioral outcomes in interpersonal situations. The present…
Comparisons of Daily Behavior Across 21 Countries
While a large body of research has investigated cultural differences in behavior, this typical study assesses a single behavioral outcome, in a single context, compared across two countries. The current study compared a broad array of behaviors across 21 countries ( N = 5,522). Participants described their behavior at 7:00 p.m. the previous evening using the 68 items of the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ). Correlations between average patterns …
Behavioral change and consistency across contexts
The World at 7: 00: Comparing the Experience of Situations Across 20 Countries
The purpose of this research is to quantitatively compare everyday situational experience around the world. Local collaborators recruited 5,447 members of college communities in 20 countries, who provided data via a Web site in 14 languages. Using the 89 items of the Riverside Situational Q‐sort (RSQ), participants described the situation they experienced the previous evening at 7:00 p.m. Correlations among the average situational profiles of eac…
Person Perception, Accuracy of
Principles of Situation Research: Towards a Better Understanding of Psychological Situations
There is currently no consensus on how to study psychological situations, and situation research is still riddled with problems of conceptualization (what is a situation and what is it not?) and measurement (how can situational information be assessed?). This target article formulates three core principles (with corollaries) to provide a foundation for psychological situation research: the Processing, Reality and Circularity Principles. These pri…
Personality-driven situation experience, contact, and construal: How people’s personality traits predict characteristics of their situations in daily life
Improving the Dependability of Research in Personality and Social Psychology: Recommendations for Research and Educational Practice
In this article, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) Task Force on Publication and Research Practices offers a brief statistical primer and recommendations for improving the dependability of research. Recommendations for research practice include (a) describing and addressing the choice of N (sample size) and consequent issues of statistical power, (b) reporting effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), (c) avoiding “q…
The Situational Eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics
Taxonomies of person characteristics are well developed, whereas taxonomies of psychologically important situation characteristics are underdeveloped. A working model of situation perception implies the existence of taxonomizable dimensions of psychologically meaningful, important, and consequential situation characteristics tied to situation cues, goal affordances, and behavior. Such dimensions are developed and demonstrated in a multi-method se…
Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology
Replicability of findings is at the heart of any empirical science. The aim of this article is to move the current replicability debate in psychology towards concrete recommendations for improvement. We focus on research practices but also offer guidelines for reviewers, editors, journal management, teachers, granting institutions, and university promotion committees, highlighting some of the emerging and existing practical solutions that can fac…
How Are Curious People Viewed and How Do They Behave in Social Situations? From the Perspectives of Self, Friends, Parents, and Unacquainted Observers
OBJECTIVE: People who are open and curious orient their lives around an appreciation of novelty and a strong urge to explore, discover, and grow. Researchers have recently shown that being an open, curious person is linked to healthy social outcomes. METHOD: To better understand the benefits (and liabilities) of being a curious person, we used a multimethod design of social behavior to assess the perspectives of multiple informants (including sel…
Situational construal is related to personality and gender
The behavioral correlates of overall and distinctive life history strategy
Life history (LH) theory provides an evolutionary theoretical framework for understanding individual differences in maturation, mating, reproduction, parenting, and social interaction. However, the psychometric assessment of human life history has been largely limited to generalized self-reports. Using template matching, this article examines the relationship between personality differences associated with slow-life history (slow-LH) and social b…
Accurate Personality Judgment
Personality traits are patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that are relatively consistent over time and across situations. Judging the traits of others and of oneself is a ubiquitous and consequential activity of daily life, which raises two important questions. First, how does accurate personality judgment happen? According to the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM), accuracy in such judgments is achieved when relevant behavioral information i…
Properties of persons and situations related to overall and distinctive personality-behavior congruence
The Correlates of High Parental Academic Expectations: An Asian-Latino Comparison
Asian American parents espouse higher academic expectations relative to parents from other ethnic groups, yet these high expectations predict greater self-doubt in children who fall short of expectations. In the present study, 69 Asian American and 33 Latino undergraduate students discussed their parents' expectations, how supportive they felt their parents were with their choice of major and school performance, and their feelings about their own…
Personality in Social Psychology
18.1 Personality Psychology 18.2 Basic Approaches to Studying Personality 18.3 Behavioral Assessment of Personality 18.4 Person Perception and Accuracy 18.5 Competition 18.6 Toward a Cooperative Social–Personality Psychology
Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate
Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment
We examined the effect of acquaintanceship on interjudge agreement in personality ratings. Approximately 150 undergraduates described their own personalities using the Q-sort. They were also described by two close acquaintances and by two "strangers" who knew them only via a single, spontaneous interaction viewed on videotape. The effect of acquaintanceship was powerful: Judgments by close acquaintances agreed with each other and with subjects' s…
Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement
The present study concerns the relation between properties of personality traits and the agreement with which they are applied to real individuals. Subjects rated the 100 personality items of the California Q-Set on nine subjective dimensions, six of which loaded highly on a first principal component. This factor was interpreted as reflecting each trait's "easy visibility" to an outside observer. Actual interjudge agreement in applying each trait…
Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health
Agreement among judges of personality: Interpersonal relations, similarity, and acquaintanceship
Personality judgments of 184 targets were provided by the self, college acquaintances, hometown acquaintances, parents, and strangers. Study 1 found that knowing the target in the same context enhanced but was not necessary for interjudge agreement and that acquaintances who had never met agreed with each other as well as those who had met. Study 2 found that personality judgements by acquaintances manifested much better interjudge and self-other…
Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors
The Situational Eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics
Taxonomies of person characteristics are well developed, whereas taxonomies of psychologically important situation characteristics are underdeveloped. A working model of situation perception implies the existence of taxonomizable dimensions of psychologically meaningful, important, and consequential situation characteristics tied to situation cues, goal affordances, and behavior. Such dimensions are developed and demonstrated in a multi-method se…
Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment
accuracy issues more directly. Moreover, this research attracts a great deal of attention because of what many take to be its dismal implications for the accuracy of human social reasoning. These implications are illusory, however, because an error is not the same thing as a "mistake. " An error is a judgment of an experimental stimulus that departs from a model of the judgment process. If this model is normative, then the error can be said to re…
Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behaviors
Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy
Persons, behaviors and situations: An agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era
Information quantity and quality affect the realistic accuracy of personality judgment
Triads of unacquainted college students interacted in 1 of 5 experimental conditions that manipulated information quantity (amount of information) and information quality (relevance of information to personality), and they then made judgments of each others' personalities. To determine accuracy, the authors compared the ratings of each judge to a broad-based accuracy criterion composed of personality ratings from 3 types of knowledgeable informan…
The Effect of Information on Consensus and Accuracy in Personality Judgment
Personality as manifest in word use: Correlations with self-report, acquaintance report, and behavior
The use of words is one of the most direct means of expressing thoughts and feelings. However, past studies have had limited success in correlating word use with personality. The purpose of the present study was to identify categories of word use relevant to personality using a broad range of personality data. Using data from 181 participants, the present study correlated word use within a 1-hr life history interview with self-judgments of person…
A multimodal analysis of personal negativity
This study examined how unhappiness and self-dissatisfaction are related to behavior, self-perception, social reputation, and the way one is treated by others. Varying in personal negativity (PN)--a composite of unhappiness, dissatisfaction with life, low self-esteem, and nonclinical depression--146 undergraduates (82 women and 64 men) engaged in 3 interactions. Participants' behavior and the behavior of their interaction partners was coded from …
Situational similarity and personality predict behavioral consistency
A new method for assessing situations is employed to examine the association between situational similarity, personality, and behavioral consistency across ecologically representative contexts. On 4 occasions across 4 weeks, 202 undergraduate participants (105 women, 97 men) wrote descriptions of a situation they had experienced the previous day. In addition, they rated its psychological features using the recently developed Riverside Situational…
Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self
Acquaintance reports of personality and academic achievement: A case for conscientiousness
Situational similarity and behavioral consistency: Subjective, objective, variable-centered, and person-centered approaches
Predicting personality and behavior: A boundary on the acquaintanceship effect
Recent research has shown that interjudge agreement in personality ratings increases with acquaintanceship. The present study sought to replicate and extend this finding by investigating the relation between acquaintanceship and behavioral prediction. A total of 138 undergraduate targets were videotaped while interacting with an opposite-sex partner in 3 situations. The targets also completed 5 personality measures. Results indicated that acquain…
The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence
The delay-of-gratification behavior of 104 14-year-old Ss (54 girls and 50 boys) was assessed in an experiment in which each subject chose between immediate monetary payment and larger, delayed payment on 5 occasions. Personality data were obtained on these adolescents in the form of California Adult Q-Set ratings made by several research examiners who were blind to the subjects' delay behavior. The number of delayed payments chosen was strongly …
Personality-driven situation experience, contact, and construal: How people’s personality traits predict characteristics of their situations in daily life
Properties of persons and situations related to overall and distinctive personality-behavior congruence
Delay of gratification: Some longitudinal personality correlates
Two brief laboratory tasks measuring delay of gratification in different ways were administered to 116 four-year-old children. Personality data were available on these children separately at ages 3, 4, 7, and 11 years in the form of California Child Q-Set ratings by independent sets of teachers and examiners. The two delayof-gratification measures were standard scored and composited to generate a more broadly based index of delay of gratification…
Behavior as a function of the situation
B oston U niversityT he pow er of several w ell-know n and im portant situational factors to affect be-havior is assessed in term s usually reserved for m easuring pow er of disposi-tions. T he linear effects of incentive for counterattitudinal advocacy on attitudechange, of degree of hurry and num ber of onlookers on bystander intervention,and of proxim ity of authority and victim on obedience average slightly lessthan .40. T his m agnitude is q…
Predicting more of the people more of the time: Assessing the personality of situations
On seeing ourselves as others see us: Self-other agreement and discrepancy in personality ratings
Subjects' descriptions of their own personalities were found to correlate quite well with descriptions contributed by their peers, especially on traits high in social desirability. As would be predicted from attribution research, subjects tend to rate themselves higher than do their peers on traits pertaining to inner states (e.g., “is introspective”), while peers tend to rate them higher on traits pertaining to behaviors especially salient to an…
The “trait” of ascribing traits: Individual differences in the tendency to trait ascription
On assessing social psychological theories through the study of individual differences: Template matching and forced compliance
On the nature and accuracy of attributions that change over time
“Actor” subjects engaged in a brief getting‐acquainted conversation while “observer” subjects watched. Ratings of and causal attributions for behavior during the conversation were obtained immediately upon its conclusion and three weeks later from the same subjects and from an independent group of subjects not asked for immediate attributions. Comparison between immediate and the independent, “postponed” assessments showed that attributions by ac…
The “consistency” controversy and the accuracy of personality judgments
Areas of clear and acknowledged disagreement in the personality literature's “consistency controversy” are surprisingly difficult to pin down. The present essay suggests that one basic and real disagreement nowadays is the admissability of subjective judgments of personality as data: Personologists are willing to use them, and situationists are not. Situationists generally regard judgments as so influenced by error as to be essentially unusable, …
Behavior as a function of the situation
B oston U niversityT he pow er of several w ell-know n and im portant situational factors to affect be-havior is assessed in term s usually reserved for m easuring pow er of disposi-tions. T he linear effects of incentive for counterattitudinal advocacy on attitudechange, of degree of hurry and num ber of onlookers on bystander intervention,and of proxim ity of authority and victim on obedience average slightly lessthan .40. T his m agnitude is q…
Delay of gratification: Some longitudinal personality correlates
Two brief laboratory tasks measuring delay of gratification in different ways were administered to 116 four-year-old children. Personality data were available on these children separately at ages 3, 4, 7, and 11 years in the form of California Child Q-Set ratings by independent sets of teachers and examiners. The two delayof-gratification measures were standard scored and composited to generate a more broadly based index of delay of gratification…
On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity
The present research employs a variety of methods to examine social acuity , the ability and inclination to perceive the psychological state of others and act accordingly Sources of data include three self‐report inventories (Self‐Monitoring, Attributional Complexity, and Empathy), a direct measure of perceptual performance (the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity), and comprehensive Q‐sort descriptions of personality provided by subjects' peers and…
Experimental effects and person effects in delay of gratification
"More on determinants of delay of gratification": Reply to Kihlstrom
Experimental effects and person effects in delay of gratification
Hypnosis, 21, 134-147. Samko, M. R., & Schoenfeld, L. S. (1975) 9 Hypnotic susceptibility and the Lamaze childbirth experience. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 121, 631-636. Samuelly, I. (1972). Lamaze method of child. birth, conditioning or hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 15, 136-139. Spiegel, H., & Bridger, A. A. (1970). Manual for the Hypnotic Induction Profile. New York: Soni Medica. Venn, J. (1986). Self-hypno…
"More on determinants of delay of gratification": Reply to Kihlstrom
Social roles and social perception: Individual differences in attribution and error
In a replication of the social roles experiment by Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz (1977), 103 male and female 14-year-olds viewed a brief videotape that showed a randomly assigned "questioner" asking general knowledge questions of a "contestant," who answered most of them incorrectly. Subjects subsequently manifested the role-based attribution error of attributing significantly more knowledge and ability to the arbitrarily designated questioner tha…
Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement
The present study concerns the relation between properties of personality traits and the agreement with which they are applied to real individuals. Subjects rated the 100 personality items of the California Q-Set on nine subjective dimensions, six of which loaded highly on a first principal component. This factor was interpreted as reflecting each trait's "easy visibility" to an outside observer. Actual interjudge agreement in applying each trait…
Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment
accuracy issues more directly. Moreover, this research attracts a great deal of attention because of what many take to be its dismal implications for the accuracy of human social reasoning. These implications are illusory, however, because an error is not the same thing as a "mistake. " An error is a judgment of an experimental stimulus that departs from a model of the judgment process. If this model is normative, then the error can be said to re…
Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate
Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment
We examined the effect of acquaintanceship on interjudge agreement in personality ratings. Approximately 150 undergraduates described their own personalities using the Q-sort. They were also described by two close acquaintances and by two "strangers" who knew them only via a single, spontaneous interaction viewed on videotape. The effect of acquaintanceship was powerful: Judgments by close acquaintances agreed with each other and with subjects' s…
The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence
The delay-of-gratification behavior of 104 14-year-old Ss (54 girls and 50 boys) was assessed in an experiment in which each subject chose between immediate monetary payment and larger, delayed payment on 5 occasions. Personality data were obtained on these adolescents in the form of California Adult Q-Set ratings made by several research examiners who were blind to the subjects' delay behavior. The number of delayed payments chosen was strongly …
Global Traits: A Neo-Allportian Approach to Personality
This paper outlines a theory of global traits based on the seminal writings of Gordon Allport and 50 years of subsequent empirical research. Personality research needs to refocus on global traits because such traits are an important part of everyday social discourse, because they embody a good deal of folk wisdom and common sense, because understanding and evaluating trait judgments can provide an important route toward the improvement of social …
Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors
Predicting personality and behavior: A boundary on the acquaintanceship effect
Recent research has shown that interjudge agreement in personality ratings increases with acquaintanceship. The present study sought to replicate and extend this finding by investigating the relation between acquaintanceship and behavioral prediction. A total of 138 undergraduate targets were videotaped while interacting with an opposite-sex partner in 3 situations. The targets also completed 5 personality measures. Results indicated that acquain…
Consensus, Self‐Other Agreement, and Accuracy in Personality Judgment: An Introduction
Consensus in personality judgment refers to the agreement with which two people (or more) can describe the personality of another; self‐other agreement refers to the similarity between personality descriptions by the self and by others; and accuracy refers to the degree to which personality descriptions capture real attributes of the persons described. After years of focusing on other subjects, researchers recently have renewed their interest in …
Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy
On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach.
The "accuracy paradigm" for the study of personality judgment provides an important, new complement to the "error paradigm" that dominated this area of research for almost 2 decades. The present article introduces a specific approach within the accuracy paradigm called the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM). RAM begins with the assumption that personality traits are real attributes of individuals. This assumption entails the use of a broad array of c…
Psychology (81 works) · Social Psychology (77 works) · Personality (57 works) · Personality Traits and Psychology (37 works) · Developmental psychology (35 works) · Cognitive psychology (31 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (29 works) · Big Five personality traits (28 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (26 works) · Computer Science (18 works)