Jason T Carmichael
Biographic Data
| ID | 90177 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jason T Carmichael |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jason T |
| FAMILY NAME | Carmichael |
| SIGNATURE | CARMICHAEL J T |
| AFFILIATIONS | McGill University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9670-607X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 557 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Establishing the validity of a Volunteered Geographic Information mapping approach for measuring the spatial and social distribution of police stop experiences in a large urban area
Police-recorded stops and stop experiences reveal a similar social distribution. • Stop experiences are spatially correlated with police-recorded stops. • Stop experiences are spatially correlated with crime, and social deprivation. • Participatory mapping is a valid approach to measure police stop experiences
Death Row
Sociologists have explored the availability and use of the death penalty both in the United States and around the world. The historical trend has been a movement away from the use of this sanction. Today, two thirds of the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty. Furthermore, the United States is the only western democracy that still employs the sanction. Social science research has undoubtedly contributed to the diminishing suppo…
From Retribution to Public Safety: Disruptive Innovation of American Criminal Justice
Media use and climate change concern
Public support for harsh criminal justice policy and its moral and ideological tides
From the late 1970s on, penal populism, or the tendency for the public to support harsh criminal justice policies, has been recognized as a driving force of socially and economically costly punitive trends in the Western world. This support has traditionally been attributed to political leanings and related ideological systems. A competing view is that policy preferences reflect deep-seated individualizing and binding moral systems. However, each…
The great divide: Understanding the role of media and other drivers of the partisan divide in public concern over climate change in the USA, 2001–2014
Elite cues, media coverage, and public concern: An Integrated Path Analysis of Public Opinion on Climate Change, 2001–2013
To analyze the factors affecting US public concern about the threat of climate change between January 2002 and December 2013, data from 74 separate surveys are used to construct quarterly measures of public concern over global climate change. Five factors should account for changes in levels of concern: extreme weather events, public access to accurate scientific information, media coverage, elite cues, and movement/countermovement advocacy. Stru…
Foundation Funding of the Environmental Movement
We address the long-standing debate between elite theorists and pluralists about the priorities and scale of foundation funding for social movements by examining systematic data on foundation grants to environmental movement organizations (EMOs) between 1961 and 2000. By combining these data with a comprehensive inventory of EMOs that operated in this period, we show that foundation giving favored conservative mainstream environmental discourses,…
Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops: Do Social Factors Determine How Aggressively Local Police Respond to Unauthorized Immigrants
The devolution of immigration law has increased local police involvement in the enforcement of federal immigration law. But only some departments have responded by implementing policies that restrict their officers' involvement in order to protect residents from overzealous policing. We test theories of economic and ethnic threat to explore the structural characteristics of cities that explain this variation. Multiple regression results show that…
Legislative responses to wrongful conviction: Do partisan principals and advocacy efforts influence state-level criminal justice policy
The Use of Incarceration in Canada: A Test of Political and Social Threat Explanations on the Variation in Prison Admissions across Canadian Provinces, 2001–2010
Recent scholarship has indicated that political and ethnic threat theories—which maintain that the use of prison is not only determined by the extent of crime in society but also by various features related to power, ideology, and access to resources—provide powerful accounts as to why the use of punishment varies within and between societies. However, no study to date has tested these theories within Canada, a country in which such theories are …
The "Cougar" Phenomenon: An Examination of the Factors That Influence Age-Hypogamous Sexual Relationships Among Middle-Aged Women
Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, the authors considered the prevalence of the "cougar" phenomenon and the characteristics of middle-aged women who reported having sexual relationships with younger men in the past 12 months. They found that roughly 13% of sexually active women between ages 35 and 44 had slept with a man who was at least 5 years younger. Contrary to conventional assumptions, the results show that women with low…
The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010
Journal Article The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010 Get access Jason T. Carmichael, Jason T. Carmichael Direct correspondence to: Jason T. Carmichael, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7. E-mail: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Stephan…
Building Environmentalism: The Founding of Environmental Movement Organizations in the United States, 1900-2000
Between the 19th and the mid-20th century, the environmental movement transformed American culture, forcing a rethinking of the “Manifest Destiny” ideology that had long dominated political thinking toward an understanding of the need to protect and restore the balance between humans and nature. In 1900, there were only a few environmental movement organizations (EMOs), but by 2000, there were over 6,000 national and regional EMOs and over 20,000…
Punishing Juvenile Offenders as Adults: An Analysis of the Social and Political Determinants of Juvenile Prison Admissions across the United States
Although the punishment of juvenile offenders has increasingly become an issue of major concern to the public, few studies test the government's coercive response to offending by this particular group. This article addresses the issue by examining the variation in the willingness of courts in the United States to adjudicate juvenile offenders in the adult criminal courts and sentence them to adult correctional facilities. I use pooled time-series…
Sentencing disparities for juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons: An individual and contextual analysis
Measuring Social Movement Organization Populations: A Comprehensive Census of U.S. Environmental Movement Organizations
Population-level analyses of SMOs typically have relied on a single source for data, most commonly the Encyclopedia of Associations (EoA). However, the validity of this procedure has been drawn into question by recent organizational studies. To examine the impact of using different sources to estimate SMO populations, we compile a comprehensive population dataset of national and regional U.S. environmental movement organizations (or EMOs) over a …
Who Survives on Death Row? An Individual and Contextual Analysis
What are the relationships between death row offender attributes, social arrangements, and executions? Partly because public officials control executions, theorists view this sanction as intrinsically political. Although the literature has focused on offender attributes that lead to death sentences, the post-sentencing stage is at least as important. States differ sharply in their willingness to execute and less than 10 percent of those given a d…
Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat, and Death Sentences
Capital punishment is the most severe punishment, yet little is known about the social conditions that lead to death sentences. Racial threat explanations imply that this sanction will be imposed more often in jurisdictions with larger minority populations, but some scholars suggest that a tradition of vigilante violence leads to increased death sentences. This study tests the combined explanatory power of both accounts by assessing statistical i…
The determinants of jail use across large US cities: An Assessment of Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Threat Explanations
Ideology, Social Threat, and the Death Sentence: Capital Sentences across Time and Space
Capital punishment is the most severe criminal penalty, yet we know little about the factors that produce jurisdictional differences in the use of the death sentence. Political explanations emphasize conservative values and the strength of more conservative political parties. Threat accounts suggest that this sentence will be more likely in jurisdictions with larger minority populations. After controlling for many explanations using two-equation …
The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis
Despite the interest in the death penalty, no statistical studies have isolated the social and political forces that account for the legality of this punishment. Racial or ethnic threat theories suggest that the death penalty will more likely be legal in jurisdictions with relatively large black or Hispanic populations. Economic threat explanations suggest that this punishment will be present in unequal areas. Jurisdictions with a more conservati…
Subordination and Violence against State Control Agents: Testing Political Explanations for Lethal Assaults against the Police
This study examines the relationships between economic and political subordination and the use of lethal force against state officials charged with controlling the underclass. More specifically it uses count estimators to assess the factors that lead to felonious killings of police officers in the largest U.S. cities. Economic and racial inequality and the presence of a black mayor are used to assess economic and political subordination. Threat e…
The Politics of Punishment across Time and Space: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Imprisonment Rates
Journal Article The Politics of Punishment across Time and Space: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Imprisonment Rates Get access David Jacobs, David Jacobs Ohio State University Direct correspondence about this manuscript to David Jacobs, Department of Sociology, 300 Bricker, 190 N. Oval Mall, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. E-mail [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jason T. C…
The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis
Despite the interest in the death penalty, no statistical studies have isolated the social and political forces that account for the legality of this punishment. Racial or ethnic threat theories suggest that the death penalty will more likely be legal in jurisdictions with relatively large black or Hispanic populations. Economic threat explanations suggest that this punishment will be present in unequal areas. Jurisdictions with a more conservati…
Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat, and Death Sentences
Capital punishment is the most severe punishment, yet little is known about the social conditions that lead to death sentences. Racial threat explanations imply that this sanction will be imposed more often in jurisdictions with larger minority populations, but some scholars suggest that a tradition of vigilante violence leads to increased death sentences. This study tests the combined explanatory power of both accounts by assessing statistical i…
The Politics of Punishment across Time and Space: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Imprisonment Rates
Journal Article The Politics of Punishment across Time and Space: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Imprisonment Rates Get access David Jacobs, David Jacobs Ohio State University Direct correspondence about this manuscript to David Jacobs, Department of Sociology, 300 Bricker, 190 N. Oval Mall, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. E-mail [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jason T. C…
Elite cues, media coverage, and public concern: An Integrated Path Analysis of Public Opinion on Climate Change, 2001–2013
To analyze the factors affecting US public concern about the threat of climate change between January 2002 and December 2013, data from 74 separate surveys are used to construct quarterly measures of public concern over global climate change. Five factors should account for changes in levels of concern: extreme weather events, public access to accurate scientific information, media coverage, elite cues, and movement/countermovement advocacy. Stru…
Measuring Social Movement Organization Populations: A Comprehensive Census of U.S. Environmental Movement Organizations
Population-level analyses of SMOs typically have relied on a single source for data, most commonly the Encyclopedia of Associations (EoA). However, the validity of this procedure has been drawn into question by recent organizational studies. To examine the impact of using different sources to estimate SMO populations, we compile a comprehensive population dataset of national and regional U.S. environmental movement organizations (or EMOs) over a …
The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010
Journal Article The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010 Get access Jason T. Carmichael, Jason T. Carmichael Direct correspondence to: Jason T. Carmichael, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7. E-mail: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Stephan…
Ideology, Social Threat, and the Death Sentence: Capital Sentences across Time and Space
Capital punishment is the most severe criminal penalty, yet we know little about the factors that produce jurisdictional differences in the use of the death sentence. Political explanations emphasize conservative values and the strength of more conservative political parties. Threat accounts suggest that this sentence will be more likely in jurisdictions with larger minority populations. After controlling for many explanations using two-equation …
Who Survives on Death Row? An Individual and Contextual Analysis
What are the relationships between death row offender attributes, social arrangements, and executions? Partly because public officials control executions, theorists view this sanction as intrinsically political. Although the literature has focused on offender attributes that lead to death sentences, the post-sentencing stage is at least as important. States differ sharply in their willingness to execute and less than 10 percent of those given a d…
The determinants of jail use across large US cities: An Assessment of Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Threat Explanations
Building Environmentalism: The Founding of Environmental Movement Organizations in the United States, 1900-2000
Between the 19th and the mid-20th century, the environmental movement transformed American culture, forcing a rethinking of the “Manifest Destiny” ideology that had long dominated political thinking toward an understanding of the need to protect and restore the balance between humans and nature. In 1900, there were only a few environmental movement organizations (EMOs), but by 2000, there were over 6,000 national and regional EMOs and over 20,000…
The "Cougar" Phenomenon: An Examination of the Factors That Influence Age-Hypogamous Sexual Relationships Among Middle-Aged Women
Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, the authors considered the prevalence of the "cougar" phenomenon and the characteristics of middle-aged women who reported having sexual relationships with younger men in the past 12 months. They found that roughly 13% of sexually active women between ages 35 and 44 had slept with a man who was at least 5 years younger. Contrary to conventional assumptions, the results show that women with low…
Foundation Funding of the Environmental Movement
We address the long-standing debate between elite theorists and pluralists about the priorities and scale of foundation funding for social movements by examining systematic data on foundation grants to environmental movement organizations (EMOs) between 1961 and 2000. By combining these data with a comprehensive inventory of EMOs that operated in this period, we show that foundation giving favored conservative mainstream environmental discourses,…
Subordination and Violence against State Control Agents: Testing Political Explanations for Lethal Assaults against the Police
This study examines the relationships between economic and political subordination and the use of lethal force against state officials charged with controlling the underclass. More specifically it uses count estimators to assess the factors that lead to felonious killings of police officers in the largest U.S. cities. Economic and racial inequality and the presence of a black mayor are used to assess economic and political subordination. Threat e…
Sentencing disparities for juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons: An individual and contextual analysis
Public support for harsh criminal justice policy and its moral and ideological tides
From the late 1970s on, penal populism, or the tendency for the public to support harsh criminal justice policies, has been recognized as a driving force of socially and economically costly punitive trends in the Western world. This support has traditionally been attributed to political leanings and related ideological systems. A competing view is that policy preferences reflect deep-seated individualizing and binding moral systems. However, each…
Media use and climate change concern
Legislative responses to wrongful conviction: Do partisan principals and advocacy efforts influence state-level criminal justice policy
The Use of Incarceration in Canada: A Test of Political and Social Threat Explanations on the Variation in Prison Admissions across Canadian Provinces, 2001–2010
Recent scholarship has indicated that political and ethnic threat theories—which maintain that the use of prison is not only determined by the extent of crime in society but also by various features related to power, ideology, and access to resources—provide powerful accounts as to why the use of punishment varies within and between societies. However, no study to date has tested these theories within Canada, a country in which such theories are …
Punishing Juvenile Offenders as Adults: An Analysis of the Social and Political Determinants of Juvenile Prison Admissions across the United States
Although the punishment of juvenile offenders has increasingly become an issue of major concern to the public, few studies test the government's coercive response to offending by this particular group. This article addresses the issue by examining the variation in the willingness of courts in the United States to adjudicate juvenile offenders in the adult criminal courts and sentence them to adult correctional facilities. I use pooled time-series…
Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops: Do Social Factors Determine How Aggressively Local Police Respond to Unauthorized Immigrants
The devolution of immigration law has increased local police involvement in the enforcement of federal immigration law. But only some departments have responded by implementing policies that restrict their officers' involvement in order to protect residents from overzealous policing. We test theories of economic and ethnic threat to explore the structural characteristics of cities that explain this variation. Multiple regression results show that…
The Politics of Punishment across Time and Space: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Imprisonment Rates
Journal Article The Politics of Punishment across Time and Space: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Imprisonment Rates Get access David Jacobs, David Jacobs Ohio State University Direct correspondence about this manuscript to David Jacobs, Department of Sociology, 300 Bricker, 190 N. Oval Mall, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. E-mail [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jason T. C…
The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis
Despite the interest in the death penalty, no statistical studies have isolated the social and political forces that account for the legality of this punishment. Racial or ethnic threat theories suggest that the death penalty will more likely be legal in jurisdictions with relatively large black or Hispanic populations. Economic threat explanations suggest that this punishment will be present in unequal areas. Jurisdictions with a more conservati…
Subordination and Violence against State Control Agents: Testing Political Explanations for Lethal Assaults against the Police
This study examines the relationships between economic and political subordination and the use of lethal force against state officials charged with controlling the underclass. More specifically it uses count estimators to assess the factors that lead to felonious killings of police officers in the largest U.S. cities. Economic and racial inequality and the presence of a black mayor are used to assess economic and political subordination. Threat e…
Ideology, Social Threat, and the Death Sentence: Capital Sentences across Time and Space
Capital punishment is the most severe criminal penalty, yet we know little about the factors that produce jurisdictional differences in the use of the death sentence. Political explanations emphasize conservative values and the strength of more conservative political parties. Threat accounts suggest that this sentence will be more likely in jurisdictions with larger minority populations. After controlling for many explanations using two-equation …
Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat, and Death Sentences
Capital punishment is the most severe punishment, yet little is known about the social conditions that lead to death sentences. Racial threat explanations imply that this sanction will be imposed more often in jurisdictions with larger minority populations, but some scholars suggest that a tradition of vigilante violence leads to increased death sentences. This study tests the combined explanatory power of both accounts by assessing statistical i…
The determinants of jail use across large US cities: An Assessment of Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Threat Explanations
Measuring Social Movement Organization Populations: A Comprehensive Census of U.S. Environmental Movement Organizations
Population-level analyses of SMOs typically have relied on a single source for data, most commonly the Encyclopedia of Associations (EoA). However, the validity of this procedure has been drawn into question by recent organizational studies. To examine the impact of using different sources to estimate SMO populations, we compile a comprehensive population dataset of national and regional U.S. environmental movement organizations (or EMOs) over a …
Who Survives on Death Row? An Individual and Contextual Analysis
What are the relationships between death row offender attributes, social arrangements, and executions? Partly because public officials control executions, theorists view this sanction as intrinsically political. Although the literature has focused on offender attributes that lead to death sentences, the post-sentencing stage is at least as important. States differ sharply in their willingness to execute and less than 10 percent of those given a d…
Sentencing disparities for juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons: An individual and contextual analysis
Punishing Juvenile Offenders as Adults: An Analysis of the Social and Political Determinants of Juvenile Prison Admissions across the United States
Although the punishment of juvenile offenders has increasingly become an issue of major concern to the public, few studies test the government's coercive response to offending by this particular group. This article addresses the issue by examining the variation in the willingness of courts in the United States to adjudicate juvenile offenders in the adult criminal courts and sentence them to adult correctional facilities. I use pooled time-series…
Building Environmentalism: The Founding of Environmental Movement Organizations in the United States, 1900-2000
Between the 19th and the mid-20th century, the environmental movement transformed American culture, forcing a rethinking of the “Manifest Destiny” ideology that had long dominated political thinking toward an understanding of the need to protect and restore the balance between humans and nature. In 1900, there were only a few environmental movement organizations (EMOs), but by 2000, there were over 6,000 national and regional EMOs and over 20,000…
The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010
Journal Article The Persistent Significance of Racial and Economic Inequality on the Size of Municipal Police Forces in the United States, 1980–2010 Get access Jason T. Carmichael, Jason T. Carmichael Direct correspondence to: Jason T. Carmichael, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7. E-mail: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Stephan…
Legislative responses to wrongful conviction: Do partisan principals and advocacy efforts influence state-level criminal justice policy
The Use of Incarceration in Canada: A Test of Political and Social Threat Explanations on the Variation in Prison Admissions across Canadian Provinces, 2001–2010
Recent scholarship has indicated that political and ethnic threat theories—which maintain that the use of prison is not only determined by the extent of crime in society but also by various features related to power, ideology, and access to resources—provide powerful accounts as to why the use of punishment varies within and between societies. However, no study to date has tested these theories within Canada, a country in which such theories are …
The "Cougar" Phenomenon: An Examination of the Factors That Influence Age-Hypogamous Sexual Relationships Among Middle-Aged Women
Using data from the National Survey of Family Growth, the authors considered the prevalence of the "cougar" phenomenon and the characteristics of middle-aged women who reported having sexual relationships with younger men in the past 12 months. They found that roughly 13% of sexually active women between ages 35 and 44 had slept with a man who was at least 5 years younger. Contrary to conventional assumptions, the results show that women with low…
The great divide: Understanding the role of media and other drivers of the partisan divide in public concern over climate change in the USA, 2001–2014
Elite cues, media coverage, and public concern: An Integrated Path Analysis of Public Opinion on Climate Change, 2001–2013
To analyze the factors affecting US public concern about the threat of climate change between January 2002 and December 2013, data from 74 separate surveys are used to construct quarterly measures of public concern over global climate change. Five factors should account for changes in levels of concern: extreme weather events, public access to accurate scientific information, media coverage, elite cues, and movement/countermovement advocacy. Stru…
Foundation Funding of the Environmental Movement
We address the long-standing debate between elite theorists and pluralists about the priorities and scale of foundation funding for social movements by examining systematic data on foundation grants to environmental movement organizations (EMOs) between 1961 and 2000. By combining these data with a comprehensive inventory of EMOs that operated in this period, we show that foundation giving favored conservative mainstream environmental discourses,…
Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops: Do Social Factors Determine How Aggressively Local Police Respond to Unauthorized Immigrants
The devolution of immigration law has increased local police involvement in the enforcement of federal immigration law. But only some departments have responded by implementing policies that restrict their officers' involvement in order to protect residents from overzealous policing. We test theories of economic and ethnic threat to explore the structural characteristics of cities that explain this variation. Multiple regression results show that…
Media use and climate change concern
Public support for harsh criminal justice policy and its moral and ideological tides
From the late 1970s on, penal populism, or the tendency for the public to support harsh criminal justice policies, has been recognized as a driving force of socially and economically costly punitive trends in the Western world. This support has traditionally been attributed to political leanings and related ideological systems. A competing view is that policy preferences reflect deep-seated individualizing and binding moral systems. However, each…
From Retribution to Public Safety: Disruptive Innovation of American Criminal Justice
Death Row
Sociologists have explored the availability and use of the death penalty both in the United States and around the world. The historical trend has been a movement away from the use of this sanction. Today, two thirds of the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty. Furthermore, the United States is the only western democracy that still employs the sanction. Social science research has undoubtedly contributed to the diminishing suppo…
Establishing the validity of a Volunteered Geographic Information mapping approach for measuring the spatial and social distribution of police stop experiences in a large urban area
Police-recorded stops and stop experiences reveal a similar social distribution. • Stop experiences are spatially correlated with police-recorded stops. • Stop experiences are spatially correlated with crime, and social deprivation. • Participatory mapping is a valid approach to measure police stop experiences
Political science (21 works) · Law (19 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (15 works) · Criminology (15 works) · Politics (14 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (12 works) · Psychology (12 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Law (9 works)