Sharon Shavitt
Biographic Data
| ID | 91864 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sharon Shavitt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sharon |
| FAMILY NAME | Shavitt |
| SIGNATURE | SHAVITT S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6052-3397 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 340 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 19 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 6 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Top Rated or Best Seller? Cultural Differences in Responses to Attitudinal versus Behavioral Consensus Cues
Marketers commonly use consensus cues about others’ behavioral choices (“best seller”) or their attitudes (“top rated”) when labeling products. This article suggests that the effectiveness of these types of cues may differ across cultures in ways that carry implications for marketing practice. Prior research shows that in contexts that give rise to an interdependent cultural self-construal, choices are often responsive to social expectations rath…
In what ways do accessible attitudes ease decision making? Examining the reproducibility of accessibility effects across cultural contexts
Making attitudes more accessible via rehearsal has been shown to ease decision making by speeding the act of choosing and increasing the correspondence between one's attitudes and choices (e.g., Fazio, 1995; Fazio et al., 1992; Fazio & Williams, 1986). These effects are central to decades of attitude research and are citation classics in social psychology. We report 25 studies ( N = 6,162), conducted in a diverse and culturally inclusive set of s…
Attitudes and Attitude Change
This review covers research on attitudes and attitude change published between 2010 and 2017. We characterize this period as one of significant progress toward an understanding of how attitudes form and change in three critical contexts. The first context is the person, as attitudes change in connection to values, general goals, language, emotions, and human development. The second context is social relationships, which link attitude change to th…
When Moderation Fosters Persuasion: The Persuasive Power of Deviatory Reviews
When people seek to persuade others to purchase a particular product or service, they often give an extremely favorable review of it as a means of doing so. Despite the intuitive appeal of this strategy, the current research demonstrates that a moderately positive review is sometimes more persuasive. In particular, when the perceived default evaluation in a given context is extremely positive, moderately positive reviews that deviate from that de…
Coke vs. Pepsi: Brand Compatibility, Relationship Power, and Life Satisfaction
Individuals often evaluate, purchase, and consume brands in the presence of others, including close others. Yet relatively little is known about the role brand preferences play in relationships. In the present research, the authors explore how the novel concept of brand compatibility, defined as the extent to which individuals have similar brand preferences (e.g., both partners prefer the same brand of soda), influences life satisfaction. The aut…
Culture, Relationship Norms, and Dual Entitlement
According to the dual entitlement principle, consumers find it fair for firms to price asymmetrically to cost changes-that is, for firms to increase prices when costs increase but maintain prices when costs decrease. However, a meta-analysis reveals asymmetric pricing is less prevalent in collectivistic (vs. individualistic) countries (study 1). We propose a fairness-based explanation, demonstrating that interdependent consumers in collectivistic…
The Fresh Start Mindset: Transforming Consumers' Lives
This article introduces the fresh start mindset, defined as a belief that people can make a new start, get a new beginning, and chart a new course in life, regardless of their past or present circumstances. With historical roots in American culture and neoliberalism, and with contemporary links to liquid modernity and global consumer culture, this mindset structures reasoning, experience, and everyday language, and guides behavior across self- an…
When Public Recognition for Charitable Giving Backfires: The Role of Independent Self-Construal
This research examines the effectiveness of public recognition in encouraging charitable giving, demonstrating that public recognition can sometimes decrease donations. While previous work has largely shown that making donations visible to others can motivate donors, the present research shows that the effectiveness of public recognition depends on whether potential donors are under an independent (i.e., separate from others) or interdependent (i…
Cultivating Optimism: How to Frame Your Future during a Health Challenge
Research shows that optimism can positively impact health, but when and why people feel optimistic when confronting health challenges is less clear. Findings from six studies show that the frames people adopt when thinking about health challenges influence their optimism about overcoming those challenges, and that their culture moderates this effect. In cultures where the independent self is highly accessible, individuals adopting an initiator fr…
Culture Moderates the Relation Between Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Mental and Physical Health
Cultural differences in the relations between perceived stress and mental and physical health, and the role of social support in buffering these relations, are examined in a survey of multiple U.S. cultural/ethnic groups. Findings from a health survey of N = 603 adults comprising approximately equal numbers of non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans, Korean Americans, and African Americans show that perceived stress is negatively correlated with o…
Response Heaping in Interviewer-Administered Surveys: Is It Really a Form of Satisficing
Response heaping (also referred to as rounding or digit preference) occurs when respondents show a preference for rounded numbers (often those divisible by five or 10). Conventional wisdom is that this is the result of taking cognitive shortcuts to make question answering easier, and as such, that it may be a form of survey satisficing. In four studies, we test this conventional wisdom for the first time by exploring whether response heaping occu…
You Get What You Pay For? Self-Construal Influences Price-Quality Judgments
How does cultural self-construal influence consumers' tendency to use price to judge quality? Seven experiments designed to address this question revealed that people with a more interdependent (vs. independent) cultural self-construal-operationalized by ethnicity, nationality, measured self-construal, or manipulated salient self-construal-have a greater tendency to use price information to judge quality. This difference arises because interdepen…
The impact of power on information processing depends on cultural orientation
Culture and concepts of power
Five studies indicate that conceptualizations of power are important elements of culture and serve culturally relevant goals. These studies provide converging evidence that cultures nurture different views of what is desirable and meaningful to do with power. Vertical individualism is associated with a conceptualization of power in personalized terms (i.e., power is for advancing one's personal status and prestige), whereas horizontal collectivis…
The “me” I claim to be: Cultural self-construal elicits self-presentational goal pursuit
In 12 studies, respondents with an independent (vs. interdependent) self-construal showed an increased tendency and readiness to present themselves as skillful and capable and a decreased tendency and readiness to present themselves as socially sensitive and appropriate. This emerged in the form of differential scores on direct measures of self-presentation-self-deceptive enhancement and impression management (Study 1), differential social sensit…
What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding
Research suggests that collectivists are more likely to engage in deception and socially desirable responding to maintain good relationships with others. In contrast, individualists are portrayed as candid and sincere because individualism encourages people to "be yourself." The authors propose that people with both types of cultural orientations or backgrounds engage in desirable responding, albeit in distinct ways. In Study 1, respondents from …
The Relation Between Culture and Response Styles: Evidence From 19 Countries
The authors investigated at the country level the effects of four cultural orientations identified and studied by Hofstede on two commonly recognized response biases: extreme response style and acquiescent responding. Data are presented from approximately 18,000 survey questionnaires completed by employees in 19 nations on five continents (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal, Turkey, the …
Anticipating Discussion about a Product: Rehearsing What to Say Can Affect Your Judgments
This research examines one aspect of the common but relatively understudied consumer behavior context of group interaction. We argue and demonstrate that the mere anticipation of group discussion can influence people's product attitudes. This occurs because anticipating discussion shifts people's focus toward the criteria dominating what they are mentally rehearsing to discuss. Such a shift is important because people commonly refer primarily to …
Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values: A Multimethod Examination of Denmark and the United States
The horizontal and vertical distinction within individualism and collectivism was used as a theoretical framework to predict differences in achievement values across two national cultures: Denmark and the United States. As expected, across multiple methods and informant groups, the United States was found to be more vertically oriented than Denmark and Denmark more horizontally oriented than the United States. These differences in cultural orient…
Persuasion and Culture: Advertising Appeals in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies
Salience, set size, and illusory correlation: Making moderate assumptions about extreme targets
Salient persons and objects are often evaluated more extremely than other targets. Our study integrated research on illusory correlation, set size, and salience and explored when and why these salience effects occur. The results indicate that the tendency to evaluate salient targets more extremely is attenuated when the number of targets present in the judgmental context is low or when considerable time is available to process the relevant eviden…
Image, issues, and ideology: The processing of information about political candidates
Ss watched a videotaped nonpolitical speech by a male political candidate that conveyed either a favorable or an unfavorable image. Then they heard an excerpt of a radio program in which the candidate was described as holding either conservative positions or liberal positions on a series of specific issues. The impact of the candidate's speech on evaluations of him decreased over time. However, Ss used the speech as a basis for judgment only when…
The role of attitude objects in attitude functions
Illusory correlation in the perception of performance by self or a salient other
Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information
The role of visual stimuli in the organization and recall of social information was investigated in a study that presented photographs of stimulus persons along with verbal trait descriptors. Paired with four trait descriptors of each stimulus person, subjects saw either no picture, one trait-unrelated picture, four trait-unrelated pictures, or four trait-related pictures. These conditions permitted a test of several competing explanations for th…
The role of attitude objects in attitude functions
The Relation Between Culture and Response Styles: Evidence From 19 Countries
The authors investigated at the country level the effects of four cultural orientations identified and studied by Hofstede on two commonly recognized response biases: extreme response style and acquiescent responding. Data are presented from approximately 18,000 survey questionnaires completed by employees in 19 nations on five continents (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal, Turkey, the …
Persuasion and Culture: Advertising Appeals in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies
What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding
Research suggests that collectivists are more likely to engage in deception and socially desirable responding to maintain good relationships with others. In contrast, individualists are portrayed as candid and sincere because individualism encourages people to "be yourself." The authors propose that people with both types of cultural orientations or backgrounds engage in desirable responding, albeit in distinct ways. In Study 1, respondents from …
Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values: A Multimethod Examination of Denmark and the United States
The horizontal and vertical distinction within individualism and collectivism was used as a theoretical framework to predict differences in achievement values across two national cultures: Denmark and the United States. As expected, across multiple methods and informant groups, the United States was found to be more vertically oriented than Denmark and Denmark more horizontally oriented than the United States. These differences in cultural orient…
Culture and concepts of power
Five studies indicate that conceptualizations of power are important elements of culture and serve culturally relevant goals. These studies provide converging evidence that cultures nurture different views of what is desirable and meaningful to do with power. Vertical individualism is associated with a conceptualization of power in personalized terms (i.e., power is for advancing one's personal status and prestige), whereas horizontal collectivis…
The Fresh Start Mindset: Transforming Consumers' Lives
This article introduces the fresh start mindset, defined as a belief that people can make a new start, get a new beginning, and chart a new course in life, regardless of their past or present circumstances. With historical roots in American culture and neoliberalism, and with contemporary links to liquid modernity and global consumer culture, this mindset structures reasoning, experience, and everyday language, and guides behavior across self- an…
Culture Moderates the Relation Between Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Mental and Physical Health
Cultural differences in the relations between perceived stress and mental and physical health, and the role of social support in buffering these relations, are examined in a survey of multiple U.S. cultural/ethnic groups. Findings from a health survey of N = 603 adults comprising approximately equal numbers of non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans, Korean Americans, and African Americans show that perceived stress is negatively correlated with o…
You Get What You Pay For? Self-Construal Influences Price-Quality Judgments
How does cultural self-construal influence consumers' tendency to use price to judge quality? Seven experiments designed to address this question revealed that people with a more interdependent (vs. independent) cultural self-construal-operationalized by ethnicity, nationality, measured self-construal, or manipulated salient self-construal-have a greater tendency to use price information to judge quality. This difference arises because interdepen…
Response Heaping in Interviewer-Administered Surveys: Is It Really a Form of Satisficing
Response heaping (also referred to as rounding or digit preference) occurs when respondents show a preference for rounded numbers (often those divisible by five or 10). Conventional wisdom is that this is the result of taking cognitive shortcuts to make question answering easier, and as such, that it may be a form of survey satisficing. In four studies, we test this conventional wisdom for the first time by exploring whether response heaping occu…
The “me” I claim to be: Cultural self-construal elicits self-presentational goal pursuit
In 12 studies, respondents with an independent (vs. interdependent) self-construal showed an increased tendency and readiness to present themselves as skillful and capable and a decreased tendency and readiness to present themselves as socially sensitive and appropriate. This emerged in the form of differential scores on direct measures of self-presentation-self-deceptive enhancement and impression management (Study 1), differential social sensit…
Culture, Relationship Norms, and Dual Entitlement
According to the dual entitlement principle, consumers find it fair for firms to price asymmetrically to cost changes-that is, for firms to increase prices when costs increase but maintain prices when costs decrease. However, a meta-analysis reveals asymmetric pricing is less prevalent in collectivistic (vs. individualistic) countries (study 1). We propose a fairness-based explanation, demonstrating that interdependent consumers in collectivistic…
Cultivating Optimism: How to Frame Your Future during a Health Challenge
Research shows that optimism can positively impact health, but when and why people feel optimistic when confronting health challenges is less clear. Findings from six studies show that the frames people adopt when thinking about health challenges influence their optimism about overcoming those challenges, and that their culture moderates this effect. In cultures where the independent self is highly accessible, individuals adopting an initiator fr…
The impact of power on information processing depends on cultural orientation
Salience, set size, and illusory correlation: Making moderate assumptions about extreme targets
Salient persons and objects are often evaluated more extremely than other targets. Our study integrated research on illusory correlation, set size, and salience and explored when and why these salience effects occur. The results indicate that the tendency to evaluate salient targets more extremely is attenuated when the number of targets present in the judgmental context is low or when considerable time is available to process the relevant eviden…
Image, issues, and ideology: The processing of information about political candidates
Ss watched a videotaped nonpolitical speech by a male political candidate that conveyed either a favorable or an unfavorable image. Then they heard an excerpt of a radio program in which the candidate was described as holding either conservative positions or liberal positions on a series of specific issues. The impact of the candidate's speech on evaluations of him decreased over time. However, Ss used the speech as a basis for judgment only when…
Coke vs. Pepsi: Brand Compatibility, Relationship Power, and Life Satisfaction
Individuals often evaluate, purchase, and consume brands in the presence of others, including close others. Yet relatively little is known about the role brand preferences play in relationships. In the present research, the authors explore how the novel concept of brand compatibility, defined as the extent to which individuals have similar brand preferences (e.g., both partners prefer the same brand of soda), influences life satisfaction. The aut…
When Public Recognition for Charitable Giving Backfires: The Role of Independent Self-Construal
This research examines the effectiveness of public recognition in encouraging charitable giving, demonstrating that public recognition can sometimes decrease donations. While previous work has largely shown that making donations visible to others can motivate donors, the present research shows that the effectiveness of public recognition depends on whether potential donors are under an independent (i.e., separate from others) or interdependent (i…
When Moderation Fosters Persuasion: The Persuasive Power of Deviatory Reviews
When people seek to persuade others to purchase a particular product or service, they often give an extremely favorable review of it as a means of doing so. Despite the intuitive appeal of this strategy, the current research demonstrates that a moderately positive review is sometimes more persuasive. In particular, when the perceived default evaluation in a given context is extremely positive, moderately positive reviews that deviate from that de…
Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information
The role of visual stimuli in the organization and recall of social information was investigated in a study that presented photographs of stimulus persons along with verbal trait descriptors. Paired with four trait descriptors of each stimulus person, subjects saw either no picture, one trait-unrelated picture, four trait-unrelated pictures, or four trait-related pictures. These conditions permitted a test of several competing explanations for th…
In what ways do accessible attitudes ease decision making? Examining the reproducibility of accessibility effects across cultural contexts
Making attitudes more accessible via rehearsal has been shown to ease decision making by speeding the act of choosing and increasing the correspondence between one's attitudes and choices (e.g., Fazio, 1995; Fazio et al., 1992; Fazio & Williams, 1986). These effects are central to decades of attitude research and are citation classics in social psychology. We report 25 studies ( N = 6,162), conducted in a diverse and culturally inclusive set of s…
Illusory correlation in the perception of performance by self or a salient other
Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information
The role of visual stimuli in the organization and recall of social information was investigated in a study that presented photographs of stimulus persons along with verbal trait descriptors. Paired with four trait descriptors of each stimulus person, subjects saw either no picture, one trait-unrelated picture, four trait-unrelated pictures, or four trait-related pictures. These conditions permitted a test of several competing explanations for th…
Illusory correlation in the perception of performance by self or a salient other
The role of attitude objects in attitude functions
Image, issues, and ideology: The processing of information about political candidates
Ss watched a videotaped nonpolitical speech by a male political candidate that conveyed either a favorable or an unfavorable image. Then they heard an excerpt of a radio program in which the candidate was described as holding either conservative positions or liberal positions on a series of specific issues. The impact of the candidate's speech on evaluations of him decreased over time. However, Ss used the speech as a basis for judgment only when…
Persuasion and Culture: Advertising Appeals in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies
Salience, set size, and illusory correlation: Making moderate assumptions about extreme targets
Salient persons and objects are often evaluated more extremely than other targets. Our study integrated research on illusory correlation, set size, and salience and explored when and why these salience effects occur. The results indicate that the tendency to evaluate salient targets more extremely is attenuated when the number of targets present in the judgmental context is low or when considerable time is available to process the relevant eviden…
Anticipating Discussion about a Product: Rehearsing What to Say Can Affect Your Judgments
This research examines one aspect of the common but relatively understudied consumer behavior context of group interaction. We argue and demonstrate that the mere anticipation of group discussion can influence people's product attitudes. This occurs because anticipating discussion shifts people's focus toward the criteria dominating what they are mentally rehearsing to discuss. Such a shift is important because people commonly refer primarily to …
Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values: A Multimethod Examination of Denmark and the United States
The horizontal and vertical distinction within individualism and collectivism was used as a theoretical framework to predict differences in achievement values across two national cultures: Denmark and the United States. As expected, across multiple methods and informant groups, the United States was found to be more vertically oriented than Denmark and Denmark more horizontally oriented than the United States. These differences in cultural orient…
The Relation Between Culture and Response Styles: Evidence From 19 Countries
The authors investigated at the country level the effects of four cultural orientations identified and studied by Hofstede on two commonly recognized response biases: extreme response style and acquiescent responding. Data are presented from approximately 18,000 survey questionnaires completed by employees in 19 nations on five continents (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal, Turkey, the …
What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding
Research suggests that collectivists are more likely to engage in deception and socially desirable responding to maintain good relationships with others. In contrast, individualists are portrayed as candid and sincere because individualism encourages people to "be yourself." The authors propose that people with both types of cultural orientations or backgrounds engage in desirable responding, albeit in distinct ways. In Study 1, respondents from …
The “me” I claim to be: Cultural self-construal elicits self-presentational goal pursuit
In 12 studies, respondents with an independent (vs. interdependent) self-construal showed an increased tendency and readiness to present themselves as skillful and capable and a decreased tendency and readiness to present themselves as socially sensitive and appropriate. This emerged in the form of differential scores on direct measures of self-presentation-self-deceptive enhancement and impression management (Study 1), differential social sensit…
Culture and concepts of power
Five studies indicate that conceptualizations of power are important elements of culture and serve culturally relevant goals. These studies provide converging evidence that cultures nurture different views of what is desirable and meaningful to do with power. Vertical individualism is associated with a conceptualization of power in personalized terms (i.e., power is for advancing one's personal status and prestige), whereas horizontal collectivis…
The impact of power on information processing depends on cultural orientation
You Get What You Pay For? Self-Construal Influences Price-Quality Judgments
How does cultural self-construal influence consumers' tendency to use price to judge quality? Seven experiments designed to address this question revealed that people with a more interdependent (vs. independent) cultural self-construal-operationalized by ethnicity, nationality, measured self-construal, or manipulated salient self-construal-have a greater tendency to use price information to judge quality. This difference arises because interdepen…
Response Heaping in Interviewer-Administered Surveys: Is It Really a Form of Satisficing
Response heaping (also referred to as rounding or digit preference) occurs when respondents show a preference for rounded numbers (often those divisible by five or 10). Conventional wisdom is that this is the result of taking cognitive shortcuts to make question answering easier, and as such, that it may be a form of survey satisficing. In four studies, we test this conventional wisdom for the first time by exploring whether response heaping occu…
Culture Moderates the Relation Between Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Mental and Physical Health
Cultural differences in the relations between perceived stress and mental and physical health, and the role of social support in buffering these relations, are examined in a survey of multiple U.S. cultural/ethnic groups. Findings from a health survey of N = 603 adults comprising approximately equal numbers of non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans, Korean Americans, and African Americans show that perceived stress is negatively correlated with o…
Cultivating Optimism: How to Frame Your Future during a Health Challenge
Research shows that optimism can positively impact health, but when and why people feel optimistic when confronting health challenges is less clear. Findings from six studies show that the frames people adopt when thinking about health challenges influence their optimism about overcoming those challenges, and that their culture moderates this effect. In cultures where the independent self is highly accessible, individuals adopting an initiator fr…
Attitudes and Attitude Change
This review covers research on attitudes and attitude change published between 2010 and 2017. We characterize this period as one of significant progress toward an understanding of how attitudes form and change in three critical contexts. The first context is the person, as attitudes change in connection to values, general goals, language, emotions, and human development. The second context is social relationships, which link attitude change to th…
When Moderation Fosters Persuasion: The Persuasive Power of Deviatory Reviews
When people seek to persuade others to purchase a particular product or service, they often give an extremely favorable review of it as a means of doing so. Despite the intuitive appeal of this strategy, the current research demonstrates that a moderately positive review is sometimes more persuasive. In particular, when the perceived default evaluation in a given context is extremely positive, moderately positive reviews that deviate from that de…
Coke vs. Pepsi: Brand Compatibility, Relationship Power, and Life Satisfaction
Individuals often evaluate, purchase, and consume brands in the presence of others, including close others. Yet relatively little is known about the role brand preferences play in relationships. In the present research, the authors explore how the novel concept of brand compatibility, defined as the extent to which individuals have similar brand preferences (e.g., both partners prefer the same brand of soda), influences life satisfaction. The aut…
Culture, Relationship Norms, and Dual Entitlement
According to the dual entitlement principle, consumers find it fair for firms to price asymmetrically to cost changes-that is, for firms to increase prices when costs increase but maintain prices when costs decrease. However, a meta-analysis reveals asymmetric pricing is less prevalent in collectivistic (vs. individualistic) countries (study 1). We propose a fairness-based explanation, demonstrating that interdependent consumers in collectivistic…
The Fresh Start Mindset: Transforming Consumers' Lives
This article introduces the fresh start mindset, defined as a belief that people can make a new start, get a new beginning, and chart a new course in life, regardless of their past or present circumstances. With historical roots in American culture and neoliberalism, and with contemporary links to liquid modernity and global consumer culture, this mindset structures reasoning, experience, and everyday language, and guides behavior across self- an…
When Public Recognition for Charitable Giving Backfires: The Role of Independent Self-Construal
This research examines the effectiveness of public recognition in encouraging charitable giving, demonstrating that public recognition can sometimes decrease donations. While previous work has largely shown that making donations visible to others can motivate donors, the present research shows that the effectiveness of public recognition depends on whether potential donors are under an independent (i.e., separate from others) or interdependent (i…
In what ways do accessible attitudes ease decision making? Examining the reproducibility of accessibility effects across cultural contexts
Making attitudes more accessible via rehearsal has been shown to ease decision making by speeding the act of choosing and increasing the correspondence between one's attitudes and choices (e.g., Fazio, 1995; Fazio et al., 1992; Fazio & Williams, 1986). These effects are central to decades of attitude research and are citation classics in social psychology. We report 25 studies ( N = 6,162), conducted in a diverse and culturally inclusive set of s…
Top Rated or Best Seller? Cultural Differences in Responses to Attitudinal versus Behavioral Consensus Cues
Marketers commonly use consensus cues about others’ behavioral choices (“best seller”) or their attitudes (“top rated”) when labeling products. This article suggests that the effectiveness of these types of cues may differ across cultures in ways that carry implications for marketing practice. Prior research shows that in contexts that give rise to an interdependent cultural self-construal, choices are often responsive to social expectations rath…
Psychology (24 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (15 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Collectivism (8 works) · Political science (8 works) · Sociology (8 works) · Cognitive psychology (7 works) · Individualism (7 works)