Ronald Fischer
Biographic Data
| ID | 93646 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ronald Fischer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ronald |
| FAMILY NAME | Fischer |
| SIGNATURE | FISCHER R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Victoria University of Wellington |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3055-3955 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 104 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 840 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 104 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Seneca Meets the Buddha: The Relationship Between Buddhist and Stoic Mindfulness
Investigating Mediumship/Possession-Relevant Experiences: Contributions from a Feature-Based, Subject-Dependent Approach to Definition and Measurement
Non-ordinary experiences such as hearing voices, losing control over one's body or mediumship/possession, are observed across cultures. However, there is a notable lack of instruments specifically designed to measure these experiences from a subject-centered, culturally sensitive perspective, with existing measures offering limited coverage ofexperiences that may be particularly salient for religious groups cultivating mediumship/possession pract…
Cultural Tightness-Looseness and Individual Differences in Non-Normativeness Predict Stigmatization of Out-Groups: A Multilevel Cross-Cultural Study
Although a large body of research has focused on the determinants of stigma, multilevel approaches that can identify both micro- and macro-level influences are rarely employed. We adopted a multilevel perspective with data from 174,325 participants from 80 countries in two waves—Wave 5 (Study 1) and Wave 6 (Study 2) of the World Values Survey. We examined how country-level normative tightness-looseness and individual-level non-normativeness relat…
Navigating Friendship Formation in the Digital Era: The Role of Value Congruence in Emerging Adulthood
Forming novel friendships is an important aspect of emerging adulthood, yet little is known about how emerging adults identify potential friends in contexts where behavioral information is limited. We propose that emerging adults use value congruence to guide friendship formation when observable behavioral cues are constrained. Using an experimental approach across two studies, we investigated whether friendship interest in an unfamiliar individu…
Presence Experiences After Loss: Prevalence and Relational Meaning in a Diverse Urban Sample
Presence experiences-the sense that a significant person who has died is nearby or perceptible-are common after bereavement but remain underexamined in grief research. This study investigated their prevalence, interpersonal predictors, and interpretation in a diverse urban sample of adults bereaved in the past 24 months ( N = 239), using structured interviews and thematic analysis of open-ended responses. Over two-thirds of participants reported …
Values in politics: Exploring alignment between value salience in political texts, value importance in representative population samples, and political engagement
Values are central to human behavior and politics; however, we do not know much about which values are expressed in political texts and how these values align with those that are important to the larger population and those that relate to political engagement. We report the largest human‐based annotation of value expression in political texts to date (2678 political texts across 9 languages, coded by 66 experts in values research). We found that …
Wellbeing Dynamics Across Cultures During the Pandemic: A Five‐Country Exploration
Wellbeing levels have been a global concern during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but there is a lack of attention to invariance questions that allow a robust examination of wellbeing dynamics across cultures. Questions of temporal stability that are crucial for examining the impact of the pandemic on wellbeing have received even less attention. Some studies suggested that measures may not be stable after the onset of the pandemic. We examine invariance …
Semantic meaning means a lot: Exploring the role of semantics in the development of a Big Five taxonomy
Measurement Invariance of Human Values Across Time and Countries—An Analysis Using 11 Rounds of the European Social Survey
Values have become central to the study of social and psychological processes across cultures and across time. To date, there has been no conclusive analysis of the cross‐cultural and cross‐temporal comparability of values in Europe. We conduct invariance tests of the Portrait Values Questionnaire collected as part of the European Social Survey (ESS, k = 261 samples, N = 374,565) from 2002 to 2024. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found tha…
Why We Need to Rethink Measurement Invariance: The Role of Measurement Invariance for Cross-Cultural Research
Claims about human behavior have been hampered by limited availability of comparable data across cultures. Invariance testing has been proposed to address questions about the comparability of data, yet statistical methods have been challenged on various grounds across psychology and related fields. We highlight how current debates confuse distinct issues and fail to consider the role of data within science. We aim to overcome the impasse by a) su…
What Predicts Intentions and Behavior? A Cultural Exploration of Attitude, Belief, and Norm Effects Across 55 Countries
We report a series of meta-meta-analyses examining cultural variability in the Theory of Planned Behavior involving data from 956 studies across 54 countries ( N = 151,177 to 245,694). Using multi-level analyses, we identified substantive variability within-country for all effects (variability at level 2 in 5 out of 6 analyses >70%). Cross-cultural variability was sizable, ranging from 5.5% for the attitude-intention association to 57.8% for the …
Effects of synchronous chanting and identity fusion on perceived ingroup formidability, outgroup threat, and parochial altruism among soccer fans
Nonordinary Experiences, Well-being and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research
Emotional contagion in a collective ritual
Collective gatherings are often associated with the alignment of psychophysiological states between members of a crowd. While the process of emotional contagion has been studied extensively in dyads as well as at the population level, our understanding of its operation and dynamics as they unfold in real time in real‐world group contexts remains limited. Employing a naturalistic design, we investigated emotional contagion in a public religious ri…
Mapping the minds of spectators during an extreme ritual: A network perspective
We study the mental maps of spectators using psychological network models during a large naturally occurring extreme ritual. Our aim was to identify the psychometric network structure of psychological reactions to an extreme ritual, and to investigate the core features of ritual cognition among its spectators. Participants who observed the Nine Emperor God (or Vegetarian) Festival (N = 1041 Taoist-Buddhists) completed measures of social, affectiv…
Dancing devil’s advocates – the next challenges for testing cooperative signaling and collective ritual research
Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author
Unpackaging religion—the journey continues
Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)
Moral Expansiveness Around the World: The Role of Societal Factors Across 36 Countries
What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our ‘moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multi-national exploration of moral expansiveness—that is, the size of people’s moral circles across countries. We found …
A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being
The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-…
Missing Cultural Lens in the Cognitive Science of Religion
White’s recent book An Introduction to the Cognitive Science of Religion provides a state-of-the-art review of the field, geared toward students and readers interested in learning more about the cognitive underpinnings of religion. This commentary focuses on the missing cultural lens in the Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) in general, as evidenced by White’s summary of relevant theories and methods. I reflect on the grounding of the field in a…
Misunderstood Stoicism: The negative Association Between Stoic Ideology and well-Being
Ancient philosophy proposed a wide range of possible approaches to life which may enhance well-being. Stoic philosophy has influenced various therapeutic traditions. Individuals today may adopt an approach to life representing a naive Stoic Ideology, which nevertheless reflects a misinterpretation of stoic philosophy. How do these interpretations affect well-being and meaning in life? We examine the differential effects of Stoic Ideology on eudai…
Family still matters: Human social motivation across 42 countries during a global pandemic
Cultural Syndromes in a Changing World: A Longitudinal Investigation of Brazilian Jeitinho Social Problem-Solving Strategies
We report a longitudinal study of Jeitinho brasileiro (salient cultural characteristic of Brazil) during a period of significant political instability. Previous historical and anthropological sources have pointed to the importance of political instability for cultural changes in behaviors such as jeitinho. We are the first to examine possible individual-level dynamics over time, reporting a 3-year longitudinal study ( N = 205) of two dimensions t…
Place Attachment and Disaster Preparedness: Examining the Role of Place Scale and Preparedness Type
Research shows that place attachment is associated with disaster preparedness. In two studies we examined (1) participants’ place attachment at different spatial scales, (2) participants’ preparedness (intentions and behaviors), and (3) place attachment as a mediator of previously identified demographic predictors of preparedness. Our findings show that place attachment is associated with both preparedness intentions and behavior. When controllin…
Changes in Personal Values in Pandemic Times
The COVID-19 pandemic has had immense impact on people’s lives, potentially leading individuals to reevaluate what they prioritize in life (i.e., their values). We report longitudinal data from Australians 3 years prior to the pandemic, at pandemic onset (April 2020, N = 2,321), and in November–December 2020 ( n = 1,442). While all higher order values were stable prior to the pandemic, conservation values, emphasizing order and stability, became …
Refining the theory of basic individual values
We propose a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992). The refined theory more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original theory that research has largely ignored: Values form a circular motivational continuum. The theory defines and orders 19 values on the continuum based on their compatible and conflicting motivat…
Whence Differences in Value Priorities: Individual, Cultural, or Artifactual Sources
To what extent do value priorities vary across countries and to what extent do individuals within countries share values? We address these questions using three sets of data that each measure values differently: the Schwartz Value Survey for student and teacher samples in 67 countries ( N = 41,968), the Portrait Values Questionnaire for representative samples from 19 European countries ( N = 42,359), and the World Value Survey for representative …
Standardization to Account for Cross-Cultural Response Bias: A Classification of Score Adjustment Procedures and Review of Research in JCCP
The article reviews standardization methods commonly employed to adjust for response bias in cross-cultural research. First, different standardization procedures are reviewed and a classification scheme is provided. Standardization procedures are classified according to the statistical information used (means, standard deviation) and the source of this information (individual, group, or culture). Second, empirical research in JCCP between 1970 an…
Beyond Culture Learning Theory: What Can Personality Tell Us About Cultural Competence
The meta-analytic study examined correlates of cultural competence as assessed by the Sociocultural Adaptation Scale. A total of 17 variables were analyzed from 66 independent studies ( N = 10,672). In line with culture learning theory, situational factors such as length of residence ( r = .16), cultural knowledge ( r = .34), previous cross-cultural experience ( r = .17), cultural distance ( r = −.33), language proficiency ( r = .35), and contact…
Are Individual-Level and Country-Level Value Structures Different? Testing Hofstede's Legacy With the Schwartz Value Survey
Hofstede identified four value dimensions at the country level but did not find matching dimensions at the individual level. Schwartz discriminated different sets of value constructs at individual and country-levels, based on separate analyses per level. In this article, the authors directly examine the degree of similarity or isomorphism between the structure of values in individual- and country-level analyses, using multidimensional scaling fol…
Individualism-collectivism as Descriptive Norms: Development of a Subjective Norm Approach to Culture Measurement
The development and validation of a new instrument for measuring the descriptive norms related to individualism-collectivism (IC) is presented. IC is conceptualized as a group- specific unidimensional cultural construct with four defining attributes (Triandis, 1995). Three studies are reported showing the dimensionality and validities at individual and cultural levels across samples from 11 cultures. The new instrument has good statistical proper…
Where Is Culture in Cross Cultural Research: An Outline of a Multilevel Research Process for Measuring Culture as a Shared Meaning System
Culture is often seen as a shared meaning system. This definition has important implications for cross cultural management research. This article outlines a multilevel research process model that identifies a number of crucial steps to be aware of, if culture is being treated as a shared construct. The model integrates recent advances on composition models in organizational research and equivalence and multilevel frameworks in cross cultural psyc…
To be in synchrony or not? A meta-analysis of synchrony's effects on behavior, perception, cognition and affect
Cultural and Institutional Determinants of Social Dominance Orientation: A Cross‐Cultural Meta‐Analysis of 27 Societies
We investigate macrocontextual antecedents of national levels of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). The majority of previous research, in contrast, has tended to focus on individual‐level correlates of SDO. We extend research on Social Dominance Theory by modelling national‐level differences in institutional discrimination, macroeconomic development, and value ideologies as broad situational factors affecting SDO mean levels in previous studies.…
How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude–value linkages
This article examines how and when personal values relate to social attitudes. Considering values as motivational orientations, we propose an attitude-value taxonomy based on Moral Foundation Theory (Haidt & Joseph, 2007) and Schwartz's (1992) basic human values theory allowing predictions of (a) how social attitudes are related to personal values, and (b) when macro-contextual factors have an impact on attitude-value links. In a meta-analysis ba…
How Do Rituals Affect Cooperation: An Experimental Field Study Comparing Nine Ritual Types
Unraveling the Mystery of Brazilian Jeitinho: A Cultural Exploration of Social Norms
Two studies explore the structure and psychological makeup of jeitinho, a Brazilian indigenous construct associated with problem-solving strategies in strong hierarchies. Study 1 used a scenario approach with nonstudent participants and demonstrated that jeitinho can be described by a three-dimensional structure: corruption, creativity, and social norm breaking. Study 2 used individual and social norm scenarios in nonstudent samples and demonstra…
The Structure of Human Values at the Culture Level: A Meta-Analytical Replication of Schwartz's Value Orientations Using the Rokeach Value Survey
We conducted a meta-analysis using the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) to replicate Schwartz's value structure at the culture level. In Study 1, data on value priorities from 37 different cultural groups were analyzed. Using a configurational verification approach, the structure of conflicting value types as predicted by Schwartz was replicated. Significant correlations with Schwartz's two-dimensional configuration of the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) c…
Reward Allocation and Culture: A Meta-Analysis
A meta-analysis is reported of those cross-cultural reward allocation studies in which the allocator was not a recipient of the allocation. Results from 25 studies in 14 different cultures were included. Previous narrative reviews of the literature have used individualism-collectivism as an explanatory framework. However, it was found that Schwartz's hierarchy and Hofstede's power distance dimensions account best for cross-cultural differences in…
Do cultural values predict individuals' moral attitudes? A cross‐cultural multilevel approach
This study examined whether cultural values predict individuals' moral attitudes. The main objective was to shed light on the moral universalism and relativism debate by showing that the answer depends on the moral issues studied. Using items from the Morally Debatable Behaviours Scale (MDBS) fielded in the World Value Survey (WVS), we found that moral issues can be differentiated cross‐culturally into attitudes towards (1) dishonest–illegal and …
What is more important for national well-being: Money or autonomy? A meta-analysis of well-being, burnout, and anxiety across 63 societies
Cross-cultural training effects on cultural essentialism beliefs and cultural intelligence
Values and Organizational Justice: Performance- and Seniority-Based Allocation Criteria in the United Kingdom and Germany
Reactions of full-time employees to reward-allocation decisions by managers that were based either on work performance or on seniority were surveyed in former East Germany and in the United Kingdom. Schwartz's model of universal human values is predicted to moderate the perceived justice of these reward-allocation principles. It was found that self-enhancement versus self-transcendence is a more powerful moderator of justice perceptions compared …
Are cultural values the same as the values of individuals? An examination of similarities in personal, social and cultural value structures
Value dimensions are used widely to make distinctions between countries and also serve to explain behaviour of individuals within countries. There is a paradox: leading researchers (Hofstede, 1980; Schwartz, 1994) have been adamant that country-level value structures differ from those at individual level. A recent analysis has suggested that dimensional structures at the two levels show substantial overlap. The current multi-level study extends p…
Organizational Behaviour across Cultures: Theoretical and Methodological Issues for Developing Multi-level Frameworks Involving Culture
The present article has two objectives. First, general issues for developing and testing cross cultural multi-level models such as variable identification, measurement, sampling and data analysis are discussed. A second aim is to illustrate some of these issues by developing a multi-level framework incorporating variables at an individual, organizational and national level. The goal is to explain cross cultural differences in extra-role behaviour…
Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism: Personhood Beliefs Across 37 National Groups
Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), sh…
Addressing Methodological Challenges in Culture-Comparative Research
We address methodological challenges in cross-cultural and cultural psychology. First, we describe weaknesses in (quasi-)experimental designs, noting that cross-cultural designs typically do not allow any conclusive evidence of causality. Second, we argue that loose adherence to methodological principles of psychology and a focus on differences, while neglecting similarities, is distorting the literature. We highlight the importance of effect siz…
Does Social Context Affect Value Structures? Testing the Within-Country Stability of Value Structures With a Functional Theory of Values
Previous research showed that the stability of value structures across cultures is influenced by both sample fluctuations and social context. This study tests the within-country stability of value structures in a large sample of physicians ( N = 13,414) across all states in Brazil. The authors use a new value instrument that differentiates values according to their theoretical functions (type of orientation: personal versus social; type of motiva…
Value Isomorphism in the European Social Survey: Exploration of Meaning Shifts in Values Across Levels
The similarity of value structures at an individual and country level has long been debated. Previous research has shown a less than perfect match but has not been able to explain why any meaning shift might occur. In this study, the 21 Portrait Value Survey items included in the European Social Survey were analyzed. Data from representative samples from countries included in the 2002, 2004, and 2006 waves were analyzed using multidimensional sca…
Your Sexism Predicts My Sexism: Perceptions of Men’s (but not Women’s) Sexism Affects One’s Own Sexism Over Time
Introducing TA in the Public School System
TA concepts were successfully introduced into third and sixth grade classrooms to improve communications between students. New ways to handle conflicts with self, others and the situation can contribute to a preventative approach to community mental health
Income Distribution in the Dynamic Two-factor Trade Model
The issue of the effects of trade on personal income distribution has remained largely unexamined. This paper describes an overlapping generations 2 x 2 model with a bequest motive and heterogeneous agents in order to examine the problem. In this dynamic setting, trade leads to both short-run and long-run reductions (increases) in inequality in labor (capital)-abundant countries if the investment good is capital-intensive. If the consumption good…
The evolution of inequality after trade liberalization
Reward Allocation and Culture: A Meta-Analysis
A meta-analysis is reported of those cross-cultural reward allocation studies in which the allocator was not a recipient of the allocation. Results from 25 studies in 14 different cultures were included. Previous narrative reviews of the literature have used individualism-collectivism as an explanatory framework. However, it was found that Schwartz's hierarchy and Hofstede's power distance dimensions account best for cross-cultural differences in…
Organizational reward allocation: A comparison of British and German organizations
Standardization to Account for Cross-Cultural Response Bias: A Classification of Score Adjustment Procedures and Review of Research in JCCP
The article reviews standardization methods commonly employed to adjust for response bias in cross-cultural research. First, different standardization procedures are reviewed and a classification scheme is provided. Standardization procedures are classified according to the statistical information used (means, standard deviation) and the source of this information (individual, group, or culture). Second, empirical research in JCCP between 1970 an…
Values and Organizational Justice: Performance- and Seniority-Based Allocation Criteria in the United Kingdom and Germany
Reactions of full-time employees to reward-allocation decisions by managers that were based either on work performance or on seniority were surveyed in former East Germany and in the United Kingdom. Schwartz's model of universal human values is predicted to moderate the perceived justice of these reward-allocation principles. It was found that self-enhancement versus self-transcendence is a more powerful moderator of justice perceptions compared …
National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures
Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a “kernel of truth,” or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-r…
Reliability and Validity of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) Self-Report Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment
Three studies examine the psychometric properties (i.e., the test-retest reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity) of Fraley, Waller, and Brennan’s Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) self-report measure of romantic attachment anxiety (model of self) and avoidance (model of others). Longitudinal analyses suggest that the ECR-R provided highly stable indicators of latent attachment during a 3-week period (85% shared varian…
Organizational Behaviour across Cultures: Theoretical and Methodological Issues for Developing Multi-level Frameworks Involving Culture
The present article has two objectives. First, general issues for developing and testing cross cultural multi-level models such as variable identification, measurement, sampling and data analysis are discussed. A second aim is to illustrate some of these issues by developing a multi-level framework incorporating variables at an individual, organizational and national level. The goal is to explain cross cultural differences in extra-role behaviour…
Highway franchising and real estate values
Congruence and Functions of Personal and Cultural Values: Do My Values Reflect My Culture’s Values?
Two studies are described examining the correlation between self- and culture-referenced values at a culture level (Study 1) and correlation between self- and culture-referenced values and self-reported behavior at an individual level (Study 2). It is found that values related to individual-group relationships (embeddedness) and expression and experience of affective feelings and emotions (affective autonomy) are significantly correlated at a cul…
Does competition in privatized social services work? The Chilean Experience
Tearing down the ‘Wall in the head’? Culture contact between Germans
How Do Organizations Allocate Rewards? The Predictive Validity of National Values, Economic and Organizational Factors Across Six Nations
Differences in the reported use of reward allocation principles based on equity, equality, and need in work organizations in Germany, United Kingdom, New Zealand, the United States, and Brazil are investigated. Organization-level and nation-level predictors are used to explain reported differences. Organizational, macroeconomic, and Schwartz's nation-level value indices are all found to be significant predictors. Reliance on equity is predicted b…
Your Sexism Predicts My Sexism: Perceptions of Men’s (but not Women’s) Sexism Affects One’s Own Sexism Over Time
The Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of Scores on a Self-Report Measure of Cultural Intelligence
The article reports the results of three studies designed to extend the psychometric analyses of cultural intelligence (CQ) and to examine its utility in the prediction of cross-cultural adaptation. The first study supported the proposed four-factor (Cognitive, Meta-cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral) structure of CQ in a large sample of international students ( N = 346). The second study ( N = 118) revealed a strong correlation (r = .82) be…
Where Is Culture in Cross Cultural Research: An Outline of a Multilevel Research Process for Measuring Culture as a Shared Meaning System
Culture is often seen as a shared meaning system. This definition has important implications for cross cultural management research. This article outlines a multilevel research process model that identifies a number of crucial steps to be aware of, if culture is being treated as a shared construct. The model integrates recent advances on composition models in organizational research and equivalence and multilevel frameworks in cross cultural psyc…
Are societal values linked to global peace and conflict
This study examines the link between societal level values measured in student and teacher samples and the Global Peace Index (GPI). Consistent with predictions, strong and consistent correlations between harmony, hierarchy (negative), and intellectual autonomy were observed. Overall, an integrated set of values was systematically related to GPI. Effects remain strong and stable even when controlling for economic, societal, and political developm…
Individualism-collectivism as Descriptive Norms: Development of a Subjective Norm Approach to Culture Measurement
The development and validation of a new instrument for measuring the descriptive norms related to individualism-collectivism (IC) is presented. IC is conceptualized as a group- specific unidimensional cultural construct with four defining attributes (Triandis, 1995). Three studies are reported showing the dimensionality and validities at individual and cultural levels across samples from 11 cultures. The new instrument has good statistical proper…
Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research.
Researchers often compare groups of individuals on psychological variables. When comparing groups an assumption is made that the instrument measures the same psychological construct in all groups. If this assumption holds, the comparisons are valid and differences/similarities between groups can be meaningfully interpreted. If this assumption does not hold, comparisons and interpretations are not fully meaningful. The establishment of measurement…
Is Transformational Leadership Universal? A Meta-Analytical Investigation of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Means Across Cultures
The authors investigated the effects of cultural values on reported levels of transformational leadership. The authors used dimensions of cultural variability developed by Schwartz and Hofstede to predict that higher cultural mastery and higher egalitarianism would be associated with greater transformational leadership. Hypotheses were tested using mixed-effects meta-analysis of articles published between 1985 and 2006 using the Multifactor Leade…
Are Individual-Level and Country-Level Value Structures Different? Testing Hofstede's Legacy With the Schwartz Value Survey
Hofstede identified four value dimensions at the country level but did not find matching dimensions at the individual level. Schwartz discriminated different sets of value constructs at individual and country-levels, based on separate analyses per level. In this article, the authors directly examine the degree of similarity or isomorphism between the structure of values in individual- and country-level analyses, using multidimensional scaling fol…
Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study
The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories.
Cross-cultural training effects on cultural essentialism beliefs and cultural intelligence
Psychology (80 works) · Social Psychology (72 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (61 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (44 works) · Sociology (41 works) · Social Psychology (40 works) · Political science (32 works) · Computer Science (22 works) · Epistemology (20 works) · Mathematics (20 works)