Harold D Grotevant
Biographic Data
| ID | 95823 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Harold D Grotevant |
| GIVEN NAMES | Harold D |
| FAMILY NAME | Grotevant |
| SIGNATURE | GROTEVANT H D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Minnesota |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5800-1522 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 76 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 756 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 76 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Feelings Toward Adoption and Well-Being Among Adolescent Adoptees
This study explores how adolescents internalize their adoptive identity and its impact on well-being. It examines feelings about adoption among 541 adoptees aged 11–18 from the 2018 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study in Spain. Findings show that younger adolescents (11–12) tend to express positive feelings, while older adolescents (13+) develop more complex, ambivalent perspectives. Three emotional profiles emerged: predominantl…
Unsettled adoptive identity: Understanding relationship challenges in adopted adolescents' identity narratives
Adopted adolescents create identity narratives conceptualizing their connections to their families of adoption and birth. Previous work with a sample of adoptive adolescents identified a sub‐group who reported negative experiences regarding adoption as part of their navigating of adoptive identity processes (the “Unsettled” group). The current study examined interviews with adolescents in the “Unsettled” group to elucidate these negative experien…
Adoptive parent linguistics: Links to adoptees' relationships with their birth mother
There were significant differences in linguistic patterns when adoptive parents discussed adoption generally compared to when they discussed their child's birth family. Specific linguistic variables used by adoptive mothers and fathers were significantly associated with adopted adolescents' perceptions and feelings towards their birth mothers
Developmental paths from parents’ bicultural socialization beliefs to emerging adult depressive symptoms in Chinese American families
Parents' socialization beliefs have implications for the psychological adjustment of their children through their parenting behaviors; however, such pathways have rarely been established among Chinese American families. The present study examined how Chinese American parents' goals for their children to take on bicultural values and behaviors (i.e., bicultural socialization beliefs) influenced their child's level of depressive symptoms in emergin…
Birth family contact from childhood to adulthood: Adjustment and adoption outcomes in adopted young adults
Experiences of contact between adopted persons and birth family members have implications for psychological adjustment of adopted persons. The current study utilizes four contact trajectory groups, spanning from middle childhood to young adulthood and encompassing three aspects of birth family contact in predicting psychological adjustment and adoption-related outcomes in adopted young adults. Data come from a longitudinal study of adoptive famil…
Profiles of Adoptee Adjustment in Young Adulthood
The developmental stage of young adulthood, the period from one's late twenties through thirties, has grown in attention and research focus among general populations. However, little is known about the adjustment of adopted individuals during this phase. The present study sought to expand our understanding of the various patterns of adoptee adjustment in young adulthood. Latent profile analysis was used to identify profiles across eight domains o…
What Do Teachers Know about Adoptive Families, and How Do They Use It to Serve Adopted Children
Little is known about how teachers learn about the adoptive status or background of their students, or how they use this information. This mixed-methods study examined U.S. teachers’ experiences with obtaining and using information about children’s adoptive status and background. Data were gathered via an online survey. Respondents were 207 K-12 teachers, paraprofessionals, and other school professionals. Teachers most often learned a child was a…
Internalizing symptoms and use of mental health services among domestic adoptees
Adoptive Parenting Cognitions in the Era of Open Adoption: Is Shared Fate Theory Still Relevant
Background Shared fate theory states adoptive parents who acknowledge differences between adoptive and nonadoptive parenthood are better able to empathize with their child and promote open communication about adoption. The theory has not been validated in the context of modern adoption practices, such as birth family contact. Method Confirmatory factor analyses examined the validity of the original measure of AOD using a sample of 190 adoptive mo…
Tech‐Mediated and Traditional Communication Modes in Adult Adoptees' Contact With Birth Parents
Family professionals should consider the unique roles traditional and tech-mediated modes of communication may play when supporting adult adoptees in contact with birth relatives
Under the Same Label: Adopted Adolescents' Heterogeneity in Well-Being and Perception of Social Contexts
This study compares a sample of 223 adopted adolescents with a nonadopted reference group representative of the Spanish adolescent population from the 'Spanish Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study.' Variables related to the family context, peers, school context, and emotional well-being are compared. Adoptees are not only analyzed as a group, but also according to the type of adoption (domestic or intercountry) and the birth area…
Ethical Considerations in Adoption Research: Navigating Confidentiality and Privacy Across the Adoption Kinship Network
Adoption research often includes multiple members of the adoption network, each of whom has distinctive perspectives. Participants may include adopted individuals and their siblings as well as adoptive parents, birth parents, and adoption professionals. Due to these multiple informants and the sensitivity of the topics explored in adoption research, researchers encounter several unique ethical concerns when working with populations impacted by ad…
Beyond the Childhood Years: Openness in Adoptive Kinship Networks
Adoption in the service of child protection: An international interdisciplinary perspective
Existing over many centuries, adoption has been challenged in recent years by evidence about practices that do not respond to the principles, ethics and laws under which it should be enacted. Written from a multidisciplinary and international perspective, this article outlines the place of adoption in the child protection system, as well as its core elements of permanence and stability. Recent demographic changes in adoption throughout the world …
Minding the (Information) Gap: What Do Emerging Adult Adoptees Want to Know About Their Birth Parents
The formation of an adoption information gap was examined for a group of 169 emerging adults (M= 25.0 years) who were adopted as infants. Participants completed interviews and questionnaires at adolescence and emerging adulthood (late teens to 20's). The Adoption Curiosity Pathway model guided research questions about formation of an adoption information gap, which exists when there is a difference between what an adopted person knows and what he…
Birth Mothers Now Birth Grandmothers: Intergenerational Relationships in Open Adoptions
Despite growing trends in openness between birth and adoptive families, little is known about what happens when adopted children become parents and birth mothers become birth grandmothers. These new and unique relationships between birth mothers and their grandchildren were examined through intensive case study analyses of in-depth interviews with birth mothers who placed infants for adoption more than 25 years ago (N = 11). Findings revealed enj…
Adoptive identity and adjustment from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A person-centered approach
Adopted persons face special challenges in the development of identity, as aspects of their histories may be unknown, making it difficult to construct a coherent narrative linking past, present, and future. Extensive literature on adjustment outcomes for adopted persons indicates an elevated risk for adjustment problems. In this study, a low-risk sample of adopted youth is involved to examine, longitudinally, connections between adoptive identity…
Participation in the Adoption Mentoring Partnership: Mentors’ Experiences of Ethnic Identity
The Adoption Mentoring Partnership (AMP) matches preadolescent adoptees with adopted college students, prioritizing matches of the same ethnic background. As part of AMP, participants actively discuss issues of ethnicity and adoption with a cohort of mentors over a period of 1 to 3 years in mentor group meetings (MGMs). This study focuses on mentors' perceptions of ethnic identity processes within the context of adoption during their participatio…
New Trends and Directions in Ethnic Identity Among Internationally Transracially Adopted Persons: Summary of Special Issue
The collective findings of the six articles in this special issue highlight the importance of ethnic-racial socialization and ethnic identity among international transracial adoptees (ITRAs). A multidimensional developmental phenomenon, ethnic identity intersects with other identities, notably adoptive identity. Family, peers, community, and host culture are important socialization contexts that engage transracial adoptees in transactional proces…
YOU Were Adopted?!”: Microaggressions Toward Adolescent Adopted Individuals in Same-Race Families
This study delineated a microaggressions typology and corresponding intensity levels that occur to adopted adolescents. The microaggressions framework by Sue et al. was adapted to identify this adoptive microaggression typology. Interviews with 153 (males = 79, females = 74) non-Latino/a White adolescent adopted individuals in same-race families were analyzed. Thematic analysis was used to discover 16 themes: (a) Silence, (b) Overly Intrusive Que…
Birth Mothers' Perspectives on Their Relationship With the Birth Father 12 to 20 Years After Adoption
This study investigates birth mothers' perspectives on their relationships with birth fathers after adoption placement. A total of 125 birth mothers were interviewed 12 to 20 years postplacement about the nature of their relationship with the birth father and their satisfaction with their contact with the birth father both at the time of placement and currently. These interviews were part of a larger longitudinal study of birthparents, adoptive p…
Adoptees’ Contact With Birth Relatives in Emerging Adulthood
While openness in adoption has become more common in the United States, little research has examined contact between birth and adoptive families as adoptees become adults. Using quantitative and qualitative data from 167 emerging adult adoptees, factors characterizing contact (e.g., type, frequency, with whom), satisfaction with contact, and the influences of transitional events and significant relationships were explored. Among these variables, …
Adoptive Identity
The Role of Adoption Communicative Openness in Information Seeking Among Adoptees From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood
Adoption Communicative Openness was examined as a predictor of information seeking from adolescence to emerging adulthood in a group of adoptees who did not have direct contact with birth relatives during adolescence. Changes in information seeking intentions and behaviors between adolescence and emerging adulthood were also examined. Data from 119 infant-placed adoptees and their adoptive mothers were used from Waves 2 (1996-2000) and 3 (2005-20…
Adoptive Mothers: Identity Agents on the Pathway to Adoptive Identity Formation
The concept of identity agents provides a framework to examine adoptive mothers' responsibility to address children's dual connection to their birth and adoptive families. Adoptive mothers' identity agency was assessed using case analysis. Eight extensive interviews with four adoptive mothers were collected at Waves 1 and 2 of a longitudinal study. Adoptees' identity formation was measured at Waves 2 and 3. Adoptees were M = 6, 13, and 23 years o…
Toward a Process Model of Identity Formation
A process model for conceptualizing identity formation that is developmental, contextual, and life-span in scope is proposed. The framework is consistent with an Eriksonian approach to identity but focuses more specifically on the process of identity exploration. The framework consists of four major components: individual characteristics brought to bear on the identity process, contexts of development, the identity process in specific domains (e.…
Adoptive Identity: How Contexts Within and Beyond the Family Shape Developmental Pathways
The focus of this paper is adoptive identity, the sense of who one is as an adopted person. The paper first considers how identity has been shaped by recent social changes, and then explores the meaning of adoptive identity and its developmental course. Three contexts of development are examined: intrapsychic, the family environment, and contexts beyond the family, including relationships with friends, connection to community, and culture. Implic…
Coming to Terms with Adoption: The Construction of Identity from Adolescence into Adulthood
This article focuses on the development of personal identity of adopted individuals from adolescence into adulthood. For adopted persons, identity development involves exploration of alternative futures as well as coming to terms with the facts of one's adoption. Integration of adoption into one's overall sense of identity is discussed, as is evidence about adopted persons' construction of identity from the perspective of first-person accounts, r…
Development of an objective measure to assess ego identity in adolescence: Validation and replication
The Family Adoption Communication (FAC) Model: Identifying Pathways of Adoption-Related Communication
Presented is a theoretical model explaining how family communication about adoption evolves over time. Based on data from a national longitudinal study of the effects of openness in adoption (Grotevant & McRoy, 1998), the Family Adoption Communication (FAC) model describes the dynamic processes inherent in adoption-related communication and uses a contextual perspective that considers the developmental needs of children to explain the discrepanci…
An Exploratory Study about Inaccuracy and Invalidity in Adolescent Self-Report Surveys
Using Add Health data, the authors provide evidence that some adolescents gave inaccurate and/or invalid responses on a self-administered questionnaire. Further analyses show that these adolescents were much more likely to report extreme levels on psychosocial and behavioral outcome variables. A distinction was made between inaccurate responders (e.g., inaccurate/false responses due to carelessness or confusion) and jokesters (e.g., intentional f…
Adoptive identity and adjustment from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A person-centered approach
Adopted persons face special challenges in the development of identity, as aspects of their histories may be unknown, making it difficult to construct a coherent narrative linking past, present, and future. Extensive literature on adjustment outcomes for adopted persons indicates an elevated risk for adjustment problems. In this study, a low-risk sample of adopted youth is involved to examine, longitudinally, connections between adoptive identity…
An extension of Marcia's Identity Status Interview into the interpersonal domain
YOU Were Adopted?!”: Microaggressions Toward Adolescent Adopted Individuals in Same-Race Families
This study delineated a microaggressions typology and corresponding intensity levels that occur to adopted adolescents. The microaggressions framework by Sue et al. was adapted to identify this adoptive microaggression typology. Interviews with 153 (males = 79, females = 74) non-Latino/a White adolescent adopted individuals in same-race families were analyzed. Thematic analysis was used to discover 16 themes: (a) Silence, (b) Overly Intrusive Que…
Sex differences in styles of occupational identity formation in late adolescence
In order to examine sex differences in the development of occupational identity, 41 male and 42 female high school juniors and seniors were administered an interview assessing identity status and questionnaires measuring vocational identity, social desirability, masculinity/femininity, and achievement motivation. On two identity measures, males and females had progressed equal distances toward the achievement of an occupational identity. However,…
Evolution and resolution: Birthmothers' experience of grief and loss at different levels of adoption openness
This article explores birthmothers' experiences of grief and loss over time across the continuum of openness in adoption. Data were collected by structured interview at two points in time: 4-12 years postplacement (169 birthmothers) and 12-20 years postplacement (127 birthmothers). At Wave 1 a majority of the birthmothers were experiencing moderate to high degrees of grief. However, by Wave 2 a similar majority reported feeling some or no feeling…
The Contribution of the Family to the Facilitation of Identity Formation in Early Adolescence
This paper explores the family's role in the facilitation of identity formation in early adolescence. First, studies that focus on the family's style of adapting to the transition from childhood into early adolescence are reviewed. Second, research on the relation between identity formation and family processes in late adolescence is reviewed in order to suggest directions for future research with early adolescents. Finally, three issues warranti…
Many Faces of Openness in Adoption: Perspectives of Adopted Adolescents and Their Parents
Parents and adolescents (mean age, 15.7 years) from 177 adoptive families participating in the second wave of the Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Project were interviewed about their post-adoption contact arrangements. The sample included families with no contact, stopped contact, contact without meetings, and contact with face-to-face meetings between the adolescent and birth mother. Openness arrangements were dynamic, and different openness a…
Gender differences in adolescent interpersonal identity formation
Gender issues in the interface of family experience and adolescents' friendship and dating identity
Adoption in the service of child protection: An international interdisciplinary perspective
Existing over many centuries, adoption has been challenged in recent years by evidence about practices that do not respond to the principles, ethics and laws under which it should be enacted. Written from a multidisciplinary and international perspective, this article outlines the place of adoption in the child protection system, as well as its core elements of permanence and stability. Recent demographic changes in adoption throughout the world …
Family Processes, Identity Development, and Behavioral Outcomes for Adopted Adolescents
Relationship processes of connection, regulation, and autonomy within families are considered with respect to the development of identity in adopted adolescents. Following discussion of the changing nature ofadoptive family relationships in North America and conceptual and methodological issues in the study of identity, it is argued that coherence of identity narratives can serve as a useful window on adolescent development. A research agenda lin…
Openness in Adoption: Research with the Adoption Kinship Network
This paper addresses two sets of issues concerning openness in adoption. First, the current research literature on outcome studies concerning openness in adoption is summarized. Second, issues involved in conducting research on openness are discussed, and methodological recommendations are offered. Examples are then provided from the author's ongoing program of research with adoptive kinship networks, which are defined as including the adopted ch…
Antisocial Behavior of Adoptees and Nonadoptees: Prediction from Early History and Adolescent Relationships
This study examined the contribution of demographic characteristics, early maltreatment, and peer and family relationships during adolescence to the prediction of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior (AASB and NAASB, respectively) during young adulthood; and determined whether adoption status has additional ability to predict ASB, once background, early experience, peer, and family variables were controlled. Data from adolescent and p…
Adolescent Search for Birthparents: Who Moves Forward
The decision to search for birthparents is one that all adopted persons consider. The focus of this study is to describe, for a group of adopted adolescents, who chooses to search and who does not and to explore how search behavior is related to the functioning of the adolescents’adoptive families and adolescents’psychological adjustment. Participants in the study included 93 adolescents whose contact with birthparents ranged from no contact or i…
The Emergence of Psychosocial Engagement in Adopted Adolescents: The Family as Context Over Time
Psychosocial engagement of adopted adolescents was examined as a function of longitudinal patterns of stability and change in parents’ perceptions of the compatibility of the child within the family.Psychosocial engagement involves the adolescent’s active use of his or her inner resources to interact positively with others in family, peer, and community contexts.Participants included 177 adoptive families who were interviewed when the target chil…
Adaptive Behavior in Adopted Children: Predictors from Early Risk, Collaboration in Relationships within the Adoptive Kinship Network, and Openness Arrangements
This study examines potential links between early risk and problematic developmental outcomes in a sample of adopted children during middle childhood (mean age = 7. 8 years). No direct relation was found between prenatal, perinatal, or preplacement risk factors and problematic socioemotional adjustment. When 12 high-risk children and their families were studied more intensively, collaboration in relationships within the adoptive kinship network d…
Contact in Adoption: The Experience of Adoptive Families in the USA
Contact in adoption is a complex issue that adoption professionals frequently negotiate. Today most adoption placements include an initial plan for contact that in many instances changes over time. By understanding contact as an issue that presents itself over the course of an adopted person's lifetime, the complexities it brings to the adoption experience can be seen. Gretchen Miller Wrobel, Harold D Grotevant, Jerica Berge, Tai Mendenhall and R…
Adopted Adolescents' Preoccupation With Adoption: The Impact on Adoptive Family Relationships
This study examines the relationship between the intensity of adopted adolescents' thinking about their adoptions and their adoptive family relationships. Participants included 135 adopted adolescents involved in an ongoing study of openness in adoption. Adolescents who reported high levels of preoccupation with adoption reported greater alienation from their adoptive fathers than did adolescents who reported moderate or low levels of preoccupati…
Identity Processes: Integrating Social Psychological and Developmental Approaches
In this article, the Kerpelman, Pittnan, and Lamke (1997) microprocess perspective on identity development is discussed. Comments focus on the role of individual differences and cultural and historical contexts in the model, and questions are raised about the ways in which the model conceptualizes and handles developmental shifts in identity
Patterns of interest similarity in adoptive and biological families
Twin studies have indicated that genetic differences among individuals also contribute to interest and personality differences among them. In this study, 114 biologically related families and 100 adoptive families were administered the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. The protocols of parents and their adolescent children (total N = 870) were scored on the six scales of Holland's model of interest styles (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, So…
Gender differences in adolescent interpersonal identity formation
An extension of Marcia's Identity Status Interview into the interpersonal domain
Sex differences in styles of occupational identity formation in late adolescence
In order to examine sex differences in the development of occupational identity, 41 male and 42 female high school juniors and seniors were administered an interview assessing identity status and questionnaires measuring vocational identity, social desirability, masculinity/femininity, and achievement motivation. On two identity measures, males and females had progressed equal distances toward the achievement of an occupational identity. However,…
Methodological Challenges of Selectivity in Family Interaction: Assessing Temporal Patterns of Individuation
Catherine R. Cooper, Harold D. Grotevant, Sherri M. Condon, Methodological Challenges of Selectivity in Family Interaction: Assessing Temporal Patterns of Individuation, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Aug., 1982), pp. 749-754
Adolescent Development in the Family
Individuality and connectedness in the family as a context for adolescent identity formation and role-taking skill
Observations of family communication indicate that adolescents who exhibit greater degrees of identity exploration and role-taking skill participate in relationships in which both individuality and connectedness are expressed
The Contribution of the Family to the Facilitation of Identity Formation in Early Adolescence
This paper explores the family's role in the facilitation of identity formation in early adolescence. First, studies that focus on the family's style of adapting to the transition from childhood into early adolescence are reviewed. Second, research on the relation between identity formation and family processes in late adolescence is reviewed in order to suggest directions for future research with early adolescents. Finally, three issues warranti…
Development of an objective measure to assess ego identity in adolescence: Validation and replication
Patterns of Interaction in Family Relationships and the Development of Identity Exploration in Adolescence
Harold D. Grotevant, Catherine R. Cooper, Patterns of Interaction in Family Relationships and the Development of Identity Exploration in Adolescence, Child Development, Vol. 56, No. 2, Family Development and the Child (Apr., 1985), pp. 415-428
Assessment of Identity Development: Current Issues and Future Directions
Over the past 20 years, much empirical work has accumulated to support Erikson's contention that identity formation is a pivotal developmental task of adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the three techniques of identity assessment most commonly in use at the present; to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach; and to make recommendations for future work, drawing from the literature on career exploration. The field i…
Toward a Process Model of Identity Formation
A process model for conceptualizing identity formation that is developmental, contextual, and life-span in scope is proposed. The framework is consistent with an Eriksonian approach to identity but focuses more specifically on the process of identity exploration. The framework consists of four major components: individual characteristics brought to bear on the identity process, contexts of development, the identity process in specific domains (e.…
Gender issues in the interface of family experience and adolescents' friendship and dating identity
Family Assessment: A Guide to Methods and Measures
Gender differences in adolescents' identity development in the domain of sex role concepts
Identity and dating commitment among women and men in college
Patterns of family interaction and adolescent sex role concepts
The Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Project: Implications of Openness in Adoption for Development and Relationship
Grief Resolution of Birthmothers in Confidential, Time-Limited Mediated, Ongoing Mediated, and Fully Disclosed Adoptions
This study examines grief resolution issues for 75 birthmothers who placed infants for adoption four to twelve years ago in confidential, time-limited mediated, ongoing mediated, or fully disclosed adoptions. Interview data from sets of birthmothers and adoptive families were analyzed. Birthmothers in each of the four adoption arrangements exhibited the continuum of grief resolution, from “very poor” to nearly “very good” resolution. However, bir…
Coming to Terms with Adoption: The Construction of Identity from Adolescence into Adulthood
This article focuses on the development of personal identity of adopted individuals from adolescence into adulthood. For adopted persons, identity development involves exploration of alternative futures as well as coming to terms with the facts of one's adoption. Integration of adoption into one's overall sense of identity is discussed, as is evidence about adopted persons' construction of identity from the perspective of first-person accounts, r…
Family Processes, Identity Development, and Behavioral Outcomes for Adopted Adolescents
Relationship processes of connection, regulation, and autonomy within families are considered with respect to the development of identity in adopted adolescents. Following discussion of the changing nature ofadoptive family relationships in North America and conceptual and methodological issues in the study of identity, it is argued that coherence of identity narratives can serve as a useful window on adolescent development. A research agenda lin…
Identity Processes: Integrating Social Psychological and Developmental Approaches
In this article, the Kerpelman, Pittnan, and Lamke (1997) microprocess perspective on identity development is discussed. Comments focus on the role of individual differences and cultural and historical contexts in the model, and questions are raised about the ways in which the model conceptualizes and handles developmental shifts in identity
Changing Agency Practices Toward Openness in Adoption
The impact of openness in adoption on private adoption agencies' practices and services was examined. In 1987-89 and 1993 staff from private agencies participated in structured interviews concerning their current practices regarding openness and the services offered by the agency. Over time, agencies tended to offer a greater range of openness options. Agency personnel reported that client demand, changes in agency philosophy, and competition fro…
The Individuality and Connectedness Q‐sort: A measure for assessing individuality and connectedness in dyadic relationships
A Q‐sort, based on Grotevant and Cooper's (1986) model of individuation, was developed to assess individuality and connectedness in dyadic relationships. A criterion sort for each construct was developed on the basis of ratings from eight experts. The mean intercorrelation among the eight raters was .85 for individuality and .89 for connectedness. This Q‐sort was then used to rate 46 middle‐class Caucasian parents who were previously assessed on …
Adaptive Behavior in Adopted Children: Predictors from Early Risk, Collaboration in Relationships within the Adoptive Kinship Network, and Openness Arrangements
This study examines potential links between early risk and problematic developmental outcomes in a sample of adopted children during middle childhood (mean age = 7. 8 years). No direct relation was found between prenatal, perinatal, or preplacement risk factors and problematic socioemotional adjustment. When 12 high-risk children and their families were studied more intensively, collaboration in relationships within the adoptive kinship network d…
Psychology (69 works) · Social Psychology (55 works) · Child Welfare and Adoption (49 works) · Developmental psychology (49 works) · Social Psychology (44 works) · Identity, Memory, and Therapy (26 works) · Sociology (24 works) · Family Dynamics and Relationships (19 works) · Identity (music (19 works) · Family Support in Illness (18 works)