River Float Trip Encounter Norms
Questioning the Use of the Social Norms Concept
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 10138282 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Joseph W Roggenbuck (Department of Forestry Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, corresponding author), D Williams (0000-0002-9774-2910, Virginia Tech), Daniel R Williams (Department of Forestry Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University), Steven P Bange (Department of Forestry Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University), Denis J Dean (Department of Forestry Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University) |
| Year | 1991 |
| Volume | 23 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 133-153 |
| Publication date | 1991-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Leisure Research (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-2216 • E-ISSN: 2159-6417 |
| Publisher | Taylor & Francis (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/00222216.1991.11969848 |
| OpenAlex | W313393936 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 43 |
| References cited | 21 |
Recreationists' norms about acceptable use levels and impacts can help managers make appropriate and defensible decisions. To be useful, a large percentage of recreationists must have norms and there must be shared agreement or consensus among the norms. Contrary to the stated or implied findings of recent published research, fewer than half of the New River whitewater rafters in our study had norms about appropriate encounter levels for most types of experiences. Many said encounters made no difference, or said they made a difference but couldn't give a number. For those who had norms, consensus was not strong. While a few differences in extent of norm agreement were found between such subgroups as commercial versus private boaters, subgroup agreement seldom appeared to exceed that of the population as a whole. Our findings suggest a need for greater clarity in definition, measurement and reports of recreation norms, recognition of theoretical developments on the meaning of norms, and greater precision in the specification, measurement, and managerial implications of social versus personal norms
CLARITY · Meaning (existential · Norm (philosophy · Political science · Population · Recreation · Sociology · Demography · Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research · Economic and Environmental Valuation · Law · Psychology · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management · Social Psychology
Integrating aircraft tracking, acoustic data, and surveys to evaluate park aircraft noise
Crowding, coping and place attachment in nature
River Magic
The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation
Crowding Norms
Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation
Respondent Self-Assessment of Research on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation
More Visitors, Less Crowding
Writing Leisure
Legitimacy and the Use of Natural Resources in Kruger National Park, South Africa
Standards of Quality for Parks and Protected Areas
Capacity norms on bear viewing platforms
Extending the Encounter–Norm–Crowding Generalization to Angler Evaluations of Other Social and Resource Indicators
Using visual-based social norm methods to understand distance-related human–wildlife interactions
Kapati Island, a natural area in demand
Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management
Crowding at an arts festival
Examining crowding among winter recreationists in Rocky Mountain National Park
Paddle canoeists’ encounter norms in Minnesota's boundary waters canoe area wilderness
Photograph Presentation Order and Range Effects in Visual-Based Outdoor Recreation Research
Social regularities in outdoor recreation
Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior
Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms
Response Format Effects in Encounter Norm Questions
The Relationship Between Visitor-Based Standards of Quality and Existing Conditions in Parks and Outdoor Recreation
Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation
Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms
Developing Standards for Trail Conditions Using Image Capture Technology
Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation
Norm Crystallization
Use encounter standards and curves for achieved privacy in wilderness
Norms, standards, and natural resources
Norm accessibility
Is “Acceptable” Really Acceptable? Comparing Two Scales for Measuring Normative Evaluations in Outdoor Recreation
Country of origin, encounter norms, and crowding in a frontcountry setting
When Do Normative Standards Matter Most? Understanding the Role of Norm Strength at Multiple National Park Settings
Institutional Norms and Evaluative Standards for Parks and Recreation Resources Research, Planning, and Management
Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites
Crowding norms at frontcountry sites
Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay national park
The Effect of Norm-Encounter Compatability On Crowding Perceptions, Experience and Behavior in River Recreation Settings
A Crowding-based Model of Social Carrying Capacity
Use of Visual Research Methods to Measure Standards of Quality for Parks and Outdoor Recreation
Current studies in social psychology
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
The Limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning /
Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings
Recreation Specialization and Norms of Depreciative Behavior Among Canoeists
The Effect of Recreation Goals on Conflict Perception
Types of Norms for Recreation Impacts
User Standards for Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites
Conflict in Outdoor Recreation
Backcountry Encounter Norms
Encounter Norms in Backcountry Settings
Measuring Social Norms
A Conceptual and Measurement Model for Norms and Roles
The Seriousness of Crimes
Suggestions for the Measurement of Consensus
Varieties of Normative Consensus
Interpreting Modal Frequencies To Measure Social Norms
Recent Developments in Role Theory
Social Consensus on Norms of Justice
| Unique citing works | 43 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 1,23 |
| Citation span | 1991 - 2025 (35) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 43 |