Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
Prevalence, Causes, and a Search for Solutions
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 10220128 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Margaret Bull Kovera (0000-0002-2551-8434, John Jay College of Criminal Justice University of New York, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2019 |
| Volume | 75 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 1139-1164 |
| Publication date | 2019-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Social Issues (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-4537 • E-ISSN: 1540-4560 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/josi.12355 |
| OpenAlex | W2984152228 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 73 |
| References cited | 101 |
Racial disparities in the criminal justice system are well documented and widespread. The present review examines racial disparities in three areas of the system: policing, prison populations, and participation on juries. Some, but not all, of these disparities may be the result of implicit racial bias. Even if the disparities are caused by implicit racial bias, given the number of people involved in the decision making that results in these disparities and the difficulty in training people to overcome implicit bias, interventions designed to eliminate disparities by reducing implicit racial bias may fail. Instead, policies designed to constrain the operation of implicit and/or explicit bias or that eliminate (or at a minimum reduce) problematic outcomes for everyone, regardless of race, may be more effective at reducing racial disparities than are interventions designed to eliminate implicit bias
Criminal justice · Criminology · Economic Justice · Health equity · Implicit bias · Political science · Prison · Psychiatry · Psychological intervention · Race (biology · Racial bias · Racism · Sociology · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis · Education Discipline and Inequality · Gender Studies · Law · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Social Psychology
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Standard and simplified judicial instructions on alibis
Recreational Marijuana Laws and Racial Disparities
Exploring racial disparities in sex trafficking special docket court programs
The role of HBCUs in reducing recidivism and health inequities for justice-involved People of Color
Intellectual and Viewpoint Diversity
Addressing Police Brutality of Black Men
Disparities in Youth Arrest Across Racial and Ethnic Subgroups
Educating college students for loss prevention jobs
Theoretical Considerations for Engaging Black Youth and Families in Child-Serving Systems
Nigerian Asuwada theory, mass incarceration, and restorative justice frameworks
Driving While Broke
A Restorative Justice Intervention in United States Prisons
Developmental factors in forensic assessments of children over the minimum age of criminal responsibility
The roles of verbal person-centeredness, race, and sex in evaluations of emotional support messages parole and probation clients receive from agents
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A preliminary investigation of the use of racial/ethnic categories in emergency telephone calls in the United States
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Understanding Police Agencies’ Explanations for Racial and Ethnic Disproportionality in Vehicle Stops
Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Recidivism Risk Among Justice-Involved Youth
Claims of wrongdoing by outgroup members heighten children's ingroup biases
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Whose Job is It Anyway? Criminal-Legal Professionals’ and Community Members’ Perceptions of System Disparities
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Does aggressive policing worsen infant health disparities? Evidence from ‘Stop and Frisk’ in New York City
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Black Americans’ social emotional responses to race-related discriminatory content on social media
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Race in the Criminal Justice System with Respect to Forensic Science Decision Making
Examining the Crossover Interaction of the Race-Crime Congruency Effect
Exposing and dismantling White culture in public administration
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High resting heart rate reduces risk of white-collar criminality
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Machine learning analysis of a national sample of U.S. case law involving mental health evidence
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An Interpersonal Physiological Pathway Framework Linking Racism and Well‐Being in Black American Families
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We are All Green
Predatory fines and fees
Cumulative Disadvantages in the Brazilian Criminal Justice System
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Carjacking and homicide in Minneapolis after the police killing of George Floyd
Institutional Betrayal and Race in the Civil Legal System
Suspect Citizens
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Racial and ethnic disparity in pretrial criminal processing
Criminal Prosecutions
The Impact of Jury Race in Criminal Trials
Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in half among adolescents
Opening Pandora’s Box
Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops From Behind a Veil of Darkness
Racial Disparities in Incarceration Increase Acceptance of Punitive Policies
The discipline gap and African Americans
Racial Bias in Mock Juror Decision-Making
The Influence of Afrocentric Facial Features in Criminal Sentencing
Precinct or prejudice? Understanding racial disparities in New York City’s stop-and-frisk policy
Racial Bias in Bail Decisions
Skin Color and the Criminal Justice System
Wearing body cameras increases assaults against officers and does not reduce police use of force
Demographic Patterns of Cumulative Arrest Prevalence by Ages 18 and 23
A Theory of African American Offending
Looking Deathworthy
Assessing the impact of race on the juvenile waiver decision
In the Supreme Court of the United States
Is the Impact of Cumulative Disadvantage on Sentencing Greater for Black Defendants
Evolution of Sentencing Research
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Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces
Bias in jury selection
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The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot
The Color of Discipline
Beyond Profiling
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What Influences Shooter Bias? The Effects of Suspect Race, Neighborhood, and Clothing on Decisions to Shoot
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Reducing racial inequalities in adulthood arrest by reducing inequalities in school discipline
Race, Drugs, and Policing
Cumulative Disadvantage
The Influence of Early School Punishment and Therapy/Medication on Social Control Experiences During Young Adulthood
Why Is Involvement in Unstructured Socializing Related to Adolescent Delinquency
The New Jim Crow
Is the evidence from racial bias shooting task studies a smoking gun? Results from a meta-analysis
Training away bias
Eliminating automatic racial bias
Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test
Persuasion and Resistance
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Seeing Black
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The police officer's dilemma
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures
Preparing for prison
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops
The Effects of School Context, Structure, and Experiences on African American Males in Middle and High School
Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline
Drug Use, Drug Possession Arrests, and the Question of Race
Tuck in that Shirt!' Race, Class, Gender, and Discipline in an Urban School
Race and Cumulative Discrimination in the Prosecution of Criminal Defendants
The Punishment Gap
The color of juvenile justice
Structural bias in the sentencing of felony defendants
| Unique citing works | 73 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 10,43 |
| Citation span | 2019 - 2026 (8) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 72 |