Inequality in participation in shadow education in mathematics in Europe

An intersectional perspective

Bibliographic Data

ID21725713
Authorsİrem Karaçay (0000-0002-3817-9566, University of Mannheim, corresponding author), Audrey Bousselin (0000-0001-6612-539X, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research LISER, Luxembourg), Robin Benz (0000-0002-3930-0217, University of Bern), Merike Darmody (0000-0003-3264-8031, Economic and Social Research Institute ESRI, Ireland), Emer Smyth (0000-0002-7077-2220, Economic and Social Research Institute ESRI, Ireland)
Year2025
Volume24
Issue4
Pages430-449
Publication date2025-07-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueEuropean Journal of Educational Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1474-9041 • E-ISSN: 2165-8714
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/14749041241285494
OpenAlexW4403215636
LanguageEN
Citations received3
References cited75

There is a growing body of research on participation in shadow education (SE), reflecting the global growth of this sector. However, less is known about the topic from an intersectional perspective. Drawing on TIMSS 2019 and PISA 2012 data for European countries, this paper explores the way in which social background, gender and migration background interact to shape participation in mathematics SE. Our findings show that across European Economic Area (EEA) countries, migrant females from socioeconomically disadvantaged families have the highest probability of participating in SE at the primary school level, while native males from socioeconomically advantaged families have the lowest probability of doing so. At the secondary school level, regardless of their socioeconomic background, migrant female students have the highest likelihood of participating in SE compared to other groups. Our research reveals that contrary to common understanding, participation in SE is not solely determined by high socioeconomic status, especially for specific demographics like migrant girls, indicating the need for future studies to delve deeper into the various factors influencing such involvement beyond just financial means

Demographic economics · Demographics · Disadvantaged · Economic growth · Economics · Inequality · Intersectionality · Political science · Population · Social class · Social inequality · Socioeconomic status · Sociology · Demography · Gender Studies · Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities · Psychology

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