Mapping Toeic® LinkTM Scores to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

This study maps TOEIC® LinkTM assessment scores to levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages based on the judgments of a panel of experts. The Bookmark method was used to map the TOEIC Link assessments containing multiple-choice items (listening and reading), whereas the Expected Task Score method was used to map the assessments containing constructed-response items (speaking and writing). The panelists reported high levels of agreement, comfort with the panelist-recommended cut scores, and satisfaction with the standard setting process. A few small poststudy adjustments were made in the interest of congruence among ETS English proficiency assessments with common items or overlapping task types. Suggested citation: Hille, K., Schmidgall, J., Oh, S., & Ohta, R. (2026). Mapping TOEIC® LinkTM scores to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Research memorandum No. RM-26-04). ETS. https://doi.org/10.64634/4amdns26

Comparability · Item response theory · Language proficiency · Memorandum · Standardized test · Task Analysis · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Psychometric Methodologies and Testing · Second Language Learning and Teaching