Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Sage Encyclopedia Of Communication Research Methods

Bibliographic Data

ID23253435
AuthorsMichael J Allen (0000-0001-8504-7171), Mike Allen (0000-0002-0893-9106, corresponding author)
Year2017
Pages2013
Publication date2017-01-01
Open AccessNo
TypeBOOK
VenueThe Sage Encyclopedia Of Communication Research Methods (SOURCE_BOOK)
PublisherSAGE Publications, Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.4135/9781483381411
OpenAlexW4229766132
ISBN9781483381411
Open LibraryOL51668272M
LanguageEN
Citations received294
References cited4

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a versatile tool for conducting a wide range of multivariate statistical analyses, including multiple regression, mediation analysis, moderation analysis, and analyses of variance and covariance. Two specialized uses of SEM that appear frequently in communication research are confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis specifies one or more unobserved constructs, or latent factors, that a number of observed indicators define. This analysis is useful for validating the composition of multiple-item indices or scales. The other common use of SEM, path analysis, estimates correlation and regression paths among structural nodes, which may include both observed variables and latent factors. When path analysis includes latent factors, the definition of those factors is equivalent to CFA and is the basis of a measurement model. The specification of paths among latent factors and observed variables constitutes a structural model. Whatever the intended use of SEM in communication research, it should be based on careful theoretical considerations. This entry conducts a detailed examination of the general approaches researchers can take to utilize SEM, as well as its various uses.

communication research methods · Confirmatory factor analysis · Encyclopedia · latent constructs · Library science · measurement model · mediation analysis · moderation analysis · path analysis · Physics · SAGE · scale validation · Structural equation modeling · Communication in Education and Healthcare · Computer Science · Diverse Academic Research Areas · Psychometric Methodologies and Testing · Qualitative Research Methods and Applications · Statistical Methods and Applications

  • Public Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in 20 Countries

    Sai Wang•Cross-Cultural Research•2025

  • Measuring the queen bee syndrome

    Yuan-Yuan Chan, Jin Feng Uen•Equal Opportunities International•2026

  • Journalistic practices and challenges in covering mega-events

    Open Access•Nathalie Hyde‐clarke, Birgitte Kjos Fonn•Culture Sport Society•2026

  • Trending perceptions of loss

    Open Access•Himani Joshi•Media International Australia•2026

  • Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Gender-Based Violence Among Female Nursing Students

    Open Access•Joel Seme Ambikile, Ezekiel Henry Mbao et al.•INQUIRY The Journal of Health…•2025

  • Learner engagement in Moocs

    Open Access•Ruiqi Deng, Pierre Benckendorff et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2020

  • Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the European Health Literacy Instrument (P-HLS-EU-Q47)

    Open Access•Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Hassan Mahmoodi et al.•Health Promotion International•2023

  • Gendering National Sacrifices

    Open Access•Yunyun Zhou, K Xie•Communication Culture and Critique•2022

  • The communication gap and the effect of self-perception on assessment of internal auditors‘ communication skills

    Open Access•Waldemar Rydzak, Joanna Przybylska et al.•Economics & Sociology•2023

  • Female and Rural School Students Show More Positive Attitudes toward Disability during Physical Education Lessons

    Open Access•Jorge Rojo-Ramos, Alejandro Vega-Muñoz et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Community Engagement and Psychometric Methods in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Surveys—A Scoping Review and Critical Analysis

    Open Access•Courtney Ryder, Jacqueline H Stephens et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Psychological Well-Being of Left-Behind Children in China

    Open Access•YuWen Lyu, Julian Chun‐chung Chow et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • The Inclusion of Other-Sex Peers in Peer Networks and Sense of Peer Integration in Early Adolescence

    Open Access•Paweł Grygiel, ławomir Rębisz et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Relief Alternatives during Resuscitation

    Open Access•María José Pujalte-Jesús, César Leal‐costa et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • A Qualitative Inquiry into the Human Library Approach

    Open Access•Chi Kin Kwan•International Journal of…•2020

  • Diabetes knowledge, risk and severity perceptions, lifestyle behaviours and management barriers among Sub-Saharan African immigrants living in the UK

    Open Access•Love Onuorah, Julie Santy-Tomlinson et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • The Association between Trajectories of Loneliness and Physical Frailty in Chinese Older Adults

    Open Access•Sha Sha, Sunny Ho‐Wan Chan et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Models of Risk Selection in Maternal and Newborn Care

    Open Access•Bahareh Goodarzi, Corine Verhoeven et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Nurse, Give Me the News! Understanding Support for and Opposition to a Covid-19 Health Screening System

    Open Access•Natalia Gulbransen-Diaz, Soojeong Yoo et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • An Intervention to Improve Uptake of Referrals for Children with Ear Disease or Hearing Loss in Thyolo District, Malawi

    Open Access•Antonia Baum, Wakisa Mulwafu et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • Seeking Causality in the Links between Time Perspectives and Gratitude, Savoring the Moment and Prioritizing Positivity

    Open Access•Bozena Burzynska-Tatjewska, Gerald Matthews et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Choice, Motives, and Mixed Messages

    Open Access•Rachel Prowse, Keith Storey et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Investigating the Effects of Personality on the Safety Behavior of Gold Mine Workers

    Open Access•Li Yang, Yang Li et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • The Experiences of Nurses and Physicians Caring for Covid-19 Patients

    Open Access•Moawiah Khatatbeh, Fadwa Alhalaiqa et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • The Home Study

    Open Access•Miriam Manboard, Cassandra Johnson et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Effects of trees, gardens, and nature trails on heat index and child health

    Open Access•Kevin Lanza, Melody Alcazar et al.•BMC Public Health•2021

  • Can we convince the unvaccinated to vaccinate

    Open Access•Dhriti Dhawan, Ava Kikut et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • Preferred Behavior Change Techniques for Physical Activity Interventions among Persons Newly Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis

    Trinh L T Huynh, Whitney N Neal et al.•Behavioral Medicine•2024

  • Condoms, Trust and Stealthing

    Open Access•Najiha Alam, P Alldred•International Journal of…•2021

  • Women’s Expressed Motivational Factors for Participation in Aquarobics Classes

    Open Access•Janet Currie•International Journal of…•2022

  • Opioid Use Stigma

    Open Access•Gemma Reynolds, Brittany L Lindsay et al.•International Journal of Mental…•2022

  • Health care waste management among health workers and associated factors in primary health care facilities in Kampala City, Uganda

    Open Access•Solomon Tsebeni Wafula, Julian Musiime et al.•BMC Public Health•2019

  • A Content Analysis of Persuasive Appeals Used in Media Campaigns to Encourage and Discourage Sugary Beverages and Water in the United States

    Open Access•Vivica I Kraak, Adrienne Holz et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Gender differences in quality of life, physical activity, and risk of hypertension among sedentary occupation workers

    Open Access•Hanan E Badr, Shashidhar Rao et al.•Quality of Life Research•2021

  • Primetime Nationalism

    Open Access•Anilesh Kumar•Journalism Studies•2023

  • Bidirectional Relations Between Spatial and Mathematics Skills in Elementary School Children

    Open Access•Elyssa A Geer, C Barroso et al.•Journal of Intelligence•2026

  • Is there a place for restorative justice in forensic mental health hospitals in the United Kingdom? A qualitative study

    Open Access•Nikki Basra, Aleksandra Liachenko Monteiro et al.•Psychiatry, Psychology and Law•2026

  • In-Service Science Teachers’ Approaches to Assessment in Model-Based Teaching

    Alexis Gonzalez‐Donoso, Alexis Gonzalez-Donoso et al.•Journal of Science Teacher…•2026

  • Coordinating assessment of spiritual needs

    Kathleen R Perry, HEATHER A KING et al.•Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy•2022

  • Aesthetic and educational values of indigenous sculptures among the Bimoba People of Northern Ghana

    Open Access•Kenneth Dam Sakoalia, Joe Adu-Agyem et al.•E-Journal of Humanities Arts and…•2026

  • Communicating environmental data through art

    Open Access•Dorsey Kaufmann, Dorsey B Kaufmann et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2023

  • The historical evolution of Chinese political discourse and socio-ideological change

    Open Access•Junchen Zhang•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2025

  • Selection homophily and peer influence for adolescents’ smoking and vaping norms and outcomes in high and middle-income settings

    Open Access•Jennifer Murray, Sharon Sánchez-Franco et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2023

  • Demobilizing knowledge in American schools

    Open Access•Dustin Hornbeck, Joel R Malin•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2023

  • Beyond monolingualism

    Open Access•Adil Youssef Sayeh, Hassane Razkane•SN Social Sciences•2025

  • Non Verbal Communication in Punjabi Pop Music Videos

    Open Access•Mohit Kumar, Pawan Malik et al.•ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and…•2023

  • Engaging and Empowering Malaysian Students Through Open and Distance Learning in the Post-Covid Era

    Open Access•Zaleha Abdullah, Mohd Nihra Haruzuan Bin Mohamad Said et al.•Frontiers in Education•2022

  • Flexible learning dimensions in higher education

    Open Access•Asil El Galad, Dean H Betts et al.•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • Unpacking the Epistemology of Ethiopian Digital Journalism

    Behailu Atinafu Dessie, Abera Yenework Kebede•Journal of Media Ethics•2025

  • Economics students’ behavioural intention and usage of ChatGPT in higher education

    Open Access•Iddrisu Salifu, Francis Arthur et al.•Cogent Social Sciences•2024

  • Firm-specific and institutional factors as export performance catalysts

    Open Access•Nesredin Temam Hassen, Mesfin Lema et al.•Cogent Social Sciences•2024

  • Ecotourism as Leisure and Labor in the Experience of the “Great” Outdoors

    Open Access•Stacey K Soward, Paulami Banerjee•Frontiers in Communication•2021

  • Communication About Chronic Pain in Older Persons' Social Networks

    Open Access•Gilles Merminod, Orest Weber et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2021

  • Equity Leadership in K–12 Online Communities Under Democratic Duress

    Open Access•Carol A Mullen•Education Sciences•2026

  • Examining Front-Line Administrative Services in a Selected Public Higher Education Institution

    Open Access•Mthokozisi Luthuli, Ntando Nkomo et al.•Education Sciences•2024

  • A Systematic Review of Integrated Learning Definitions, Frameworks, and Practices in Recent Health Professions Education Literature

    Open Access•Davina Matinho, Marisa Pietrandrea et al.•Education Sciences•2022

  • The Interplay between Metacognitive Knowledge, L2 Language Proficiency, and Question Formats in Predicting L2 Reading Test Scores

    Open Access•Ray J T Liao, Kwangmin Lee•Education Sciences•2024

  • Enhancing Teaching Strategies through Cognitive Load Theory

    Open Access•Gerry Sozio, Shirley Agostinho et al.•Education Sciences•2024

  • Evaluating a Workflow Tool for Simplifying Scenario Planning with the Online WhatIf? Planning Support System

    Open Access•Muhammad Qadeer ul Hussnain, Abdul Waheed et al.•ISPRS International Journal of…•2020

  • Women, start your engines

    Open Access•A Alsulaiman Saud, L Rentner Terry•Journal of Media and Communication…•2021

  • Pharmaceutical companies Twitter communications

    Open Access•Sun‐a Park, Park Sun-A•Journal of Media and Communication…•2024

  • Content Analysis as a Research Method

    Markus Schafer, Catharina Vögele•International Journal of Sport…•2021

  • Key Concepts and Research Methods to Analyze TikTok Journalism

    Open Access•Jorge Vázquez-Herrero, María-Cruz Negreira-Rey et al.•Cultural Science Journal•2023

  • A contemporary social contract

    Open Access•Stephen Groff•Global Policy•2022

  • A scoping review of research exploring teachers’ experiences with Digital Technologies curricula

    Open Access•Lynley Rose Stringer, Kerry Lee et al.•Journal of Research on Technology…•2024

  • Scaling through the pandemic

    Open Access•Suvi Jokila, Kalypso Filippou•Policy Futures in Education•2024

  • Conceptualising, defining and providing special education in China

    Open Access•Ahmed Alduais, Meng Deng•Journal of Research in Special…•2022

  • Expansion of special education and promotion of inclusive education in China

    Open Access•Ahmed Alduais, Meng Deng•Journal of Research in Special…•2022

  • Growth over resilience

    Darcy Reynard, D Collins et al.•Local Environment•2021

  • A content analysis of text in children’s picture books with regard to the inclusion of geographical concepts

    Aysel Korkmaz, İpek Özbay et al.•European Early Childhood…•2023

  • Protective factors promoting participatory rights for early childhood children in residential care facilities in Harare, Zimbabwe

    Open Access•Blessing Tendai Baloyi, Jace Pillay et al.•European Early Childhood…•2025

  • Going against the Norm

    Timothy M Osberg, Christine Bird et al.•Substance Use & Misuse•2021

  • Pharmacist Views Regarding the Prescription Opioid Epidemic

    Deepika Rao, Vincent J Giannetti et al.•Substance Use & Misuse•2021

  • Towards empathic medical conversation in Narrative Medicine

    Open Access•Hua Ma, Effie Law et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • A Technique for Efficient Estimation of Dynamic Structural Equation Models

    Leonidas Sakalauskas, Vytautas Dulskis et al.•Structural Equation Modeling: A…•2024

  • How to Evaluate Causal Dominance Hypotheses in Lagged Effects Models

    Open Access•Chuenjai Sukpan, Rebecca M Kuiper•Structural Equation Modeling: A…•2024

  • “Virus Jihad”

    Open Access•Anilesh Kumar•Howard Journal of Communications•2023

  • Critical Consciousness in High School Outdoor Experiential Environmental Education

    Open Access•Spirit Brooks, Steven M Braun et al.•Journal of Experiential Education•2022

  • Research on information searching strategies in high school students’ quality of argumentative essay writing

    Pei-Shan Tsai•Interactive Learning Environments•2023

  • The development of social science motivation across the transition to high school education

    Open Access•Milagros Sáinz, Katja Upadyaya•Current Psychology•2024

  • A four-level meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media and well-being

    Open Access•Joax Wong, Poh Xin Yi et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Ironic and non-significant? Longitudinal associations of negation self-regulation on snacking behavior and habit

    Open Access•Benjamín Reyes Fernández, Rafael Monge-Rojas et al.•Current Psychology•2026

  • Research at Work

    Open Access•Jeremiah W Jaggers, Alysse Melville Loomis•Families in Society The Journal…•2020

  • The Effect of Social Media Influencer Warranting Cues on Intentions to Use Non-Hormonal Contraception

    Emily Pfender, Scott E Caplan•Health Communication•2025

  • “Wish I Would Have Known that before I Started Using It”

    Angela Cooke‐Jackson, Valerie Rubinsky et al.•Health Communication•2023

  • Social Determinants of Health as a Lens for Understanding Local News Reporting

    Daniel Skinner, Marcella Orozco et al.•Health Communication•2023

  • Exploring the Relationship Between Trust-Building Strategies and Public Engagement on Social Media During the Covid-19 Outbreak

    Cindy Sing Bik Ngai, Rita Gill Singh et al.•Health Communication•2023

  • Making the Grade

    Open Access•Rachael H Merola, Rijcklof Hofman et al.•Journal of Studies in International…•2022

  • “It’s called homophobia baby” exploring LGBTQ + substance use and treatment experiences in the UK

    Open Access•Shannon Murray, Katy Holloway et al.•Drugs Education Prevention and…•2024

  • Community perspectives of empowerment from trophy hunting tourism in Namibia’s Bwabwata National Park

    Jennifer Thomsen, Jennifer Marie Thomsen et al.•Journal of Sustainable Tourism•2022

  • Contested representations of benefits of urban nature in a densifying marginalised neighbourhood

    Open Access•Sanna Stålhammar, Christopher M Raymond•Journal of Environmental Planning…•2025

  • Internationalization of higher education research in the Greater Bay Area of China

    Open Access•Anatoly V Oleksiyenko, Jie Liu et al.•Higher Education Quarterly•2024

  • Breaking the deadlock of mistrust? A participative model of the structural reforms in higher education in Poland

    Open Access•Dominik Antonowicz, Emanuel Kulczycki et al.•Higher Education Quarterly•2020

  • The anatomy of ‘So-called Food-Fraud Scandals’ in the UK 1970–2018

    Open Access•Robert Smith, Louise Manning et al.•Crime Law and Social Change•2022

  • Expectancy Violations, Message Elaboration, and It Can Wait® Messages

    Sam R Wilson, Brian L Quick et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2023

  • I am Offshore! Teaching and Learning in the Time of a Pandemic

    Open Access•Anushia Inthiran•Interchange•2023

  • Exploring developmental trajectory of cyberchondria over time

    Open Access•Han Zheng, Hye Kyung Kim et al.•Telematics and Informatics•2022

  • Does university attendance affect students’ critical and creative thinking skills? A longitudinal research with pre-service teaching and psychology undergraduates

    Helena Santos Silva, José Lopes et al.•Higher Education Research &…•2023

  • Tangly tendrils of radical influence

    Open Access•Helen Grimmett•The Australian Educational…•2025

  • Inclusive, colour-blind, and deficit

    Open Access•Sara Weuffen, Jacinta Maxwell et al.•The Australian Educational…•2023

  • A General Structural Equation Model with Dichotomous, Ordered Categorical, and Continuous Latent Variable Indicators

    Open Access•Bengt Muthén•Psychometrika•1984

  • Structural Equation Modeling

    Open Access•Jodie B Ullman, Peter M Bentler•Handbook of Psychology, Second…•2012

  • "How Big Is Big Enough?"

    J S Tanaka•Child Development•1987

  • Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis

    Li‐tze Hu, Peter M Bentler•Structural Equation Modeling: A…•1999

Citations per year42
Citation span2019 - 2026 (8)
Highly citedYes
Open DOIOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae