Understanding Libertarian Morality
The Psychological Dispositions of Self-Identified Libertarians
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23319324 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Ravi Iyer (University of Southern California, corresponding author), Spassena Koleva (0000-0002-7013-2549, University of Southern California), J Graham (0000-0001-8863-7978, University of Southern California), Peter H Ditto (0000-0001-6647-7336, University of California, Irvine), Peter Ditto, Jonathan Haidt (0000-0002-4598-8775) |
| Editors | Liane Young |
| Year | 2012 |
| Volume | 7 |
| Issue | 8 |
| Pages | e42366 |
| Publication date | 2012-08-21 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | PLoS ONE (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1932-6203 • E-ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| Publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0042366 |
| PMID | 22927928 |
| PMCID | PMC3424229 |
| OpenAlex | W2003654197 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 208 |
| References cited | 62 |
Libertarians are an increasingly prominent ideological group in U.S. politics, yet they have been largely unstudied. Across 16 measures in a large web-based sample that included 11,994 self-identified libertarians, we sought to understand the moral and psychological characteristics of self-described libertarians. Based on an intuitionist view of moral judgment, we focused on the underlying affective and cognitive dispositions that accompany this unique worldview. Compared to self-identified liberals and conservatives, libertarians showed 1) stronger endorsement of individual liberty as their foremost guiding principle, and weaker endorsement of all other moral principles; 2) a relatively cerebral as opposed to emotional cognitive style; and 3) lower interdependence and social relatedness. As predicted by intuitionist theories concerning the origins of moral reasoning, libertarian values showed convergent relationships with libertarian emotional dispositions and social preferences. Our findings add to a growing recognition of the role of personality differences in the organization of political attitudes.
Cognition · Epistemology · Ideology · Intuitionism · Moral psychology · Morality · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Cultural Differences and Values · Law · Philosophy · Psychology · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Understanding Hunting Intentions in Poland
Moral foundations of energy transitions in the United States
The purity/sanctity subscale of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire does not work similarly for religious versus non-religious individuals
Measuring Community Capacity Using an Environmental Justice Lens
Moral Foundations of Welfare Attitudes
Disgust sensitivity is primarily associated with purity-based moral judgments
Drug policy constellations
Off-Duty Deviance in the Eye of the Beholder
Tracing the threads
Liberal and communitarian civic orientation in Poland as antagonistic concepts of the moral community. Do they imply different patterns of social and political commitment
Do needs for security and certainty predict cultural and economic conservatism? A cross-national analysis
The moral foundations hypothesis does not replicate well in Black samples
The role of collectivism, liberty, Covid fatigue, and fatalism in public support for the zero-Covid policy and relaxing restrictions in China
Developing an Ethical Perspectives Scale
Debunking Arguments in Ethics
Understanding the Adaptive Functions of Morality from a Cognitive Psychological Perspective
Cultural and Moral Relativism
Political Beliefs
Making Moral Judgments
A Buddha Land in This World
The 12 Item Social and Economic Conservatism Scale (Secs)
Beyond sacrificial harm
Why are conservatives more punitive than liberals? A moral foundations approach.
Liberals Think More Analytically (More “Weird”) Than Conservatives
At Least Bias Is Bipartisan
The Theory of Dyadic Morality
Are Liberals and Conservatives Equally Motivated to Feel Empathy Toward Others?
Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK
The Psychology of Moral Conviction
The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right–Wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice
The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 1
Ideological differences in the expanse of the moral circle
Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology
Shifting Liberal and Conservative Attitudes Using Moral Foundations Theory
Moral reframing
Moral foundations vignettes
The Moral Stereotypes of Liberals and Conservatives
Political diversity will improve social psychological science
Moral Foundations Theory
Toward a Better Understanding of Behavioral Ethics in the Workplace
Higher-order interactions shape collective human behaviour
Understanding academic cheating through ethics, honour codes, and religiosity using a moderated mediation approach
Moral reasoning and usefulness of technologies that violate fundamental human rights
Perceived moral objectivity
The lexical divide
Comparative moral principles
Using AI to identify moral categories in ancient taboo lists
Development and Validation of Moral Concern for Robot Scale (MCRS)
Understanding Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy
Moral Foundations as Factors of Socio-Economic Expectations of Russians
Relationship of Ethic of Autonomy, Community and Nationalism to Russians’ Foreign Policy Attitudes
Navigating the Moral World
Reaching Conservative Students in Bystander Training Against Sexual Assault
Blame and obligation
Social Psychological Perspectives on Political Polarization
Balancing the Freedom–Security Trade-Off During Crises and Disasters
The Morality of War
« Je ne suis pas raciste, mais je suis réaliste »
Do Perceptions of Warmth and Competence Explain Moral Norms Regarding Different Social Roles
Understanding the appeal of libertarianism
Neoliberal logic in the United States and Turkey
Foundations of morality in Iran
From Hostile Media Perceptions to Action
Deciding between moral priorities and Covid-19 avoiding behaviors
Public Health Messaging during the Covid-19 Pandemic and Beyond
Who did it? Moral wrongness for us and them in the UK, US, and Brazil
Should We Fight Poverty or Reduce Its Harm? How the Language of Moral Foundations Theory Affects Donations to Poverty‐Relief Charities
The university bundle
Chaos or coherence? Future directions for moral education
Reactance, morality, and disgust
The Moral Foundations of Vaccine Passports
The Implications of Diverse Human Moral Foundations for Assessing the Ethicality of Artificial Intelligence
The Role of Moral Foundations, Anticipated Guilt and Personal Responsibility in Predicting Anti-consumption for Environmental Reasons
The Influence of Organizations’ Tax Avoidance Practices on Consumers’ Behavior
Moral Foundations Theory and its Implications for Counseling
Empathic Conservatives and Moralizing Liberals
Values in Context
Trustworthiness and Ideological Similarity (But Not Ideology) Promote Empathy
Morality, Social Inclusion, and In-Group Superiority
Narratives About Deported Migrants Who Served in the U.S. Military Reduce Animosity Toward Migrants in the United States
Liberalizm i komunitarianizm
Measurement Invariance of Moral Foundations across Population Strata
Bringing Birth back down to Earth
Does academic freedom matter for global student mobility? Results from longitudinal network data 2009–2017
The role of motivation in the association of political ideology with cognitive performance
On Disease and Deontology
Not Our Fault
Personal Values and Moral Foundations
Analytic Thought Training Promotes Liberalism on Contextualized (But Not Stable) Political Opinions
Good Robots, Bad Robots
Perceived Moral Patiency of Social Robots
The Popular Basis of the State’s Monopoly on Legitimate Violence
I could but I don't
The online educational program ‘Perspectives’ improves affective polarization, intellectual humility, and conflict management
Associations among dimensions of political ideology and Dark Tetrad personality features
Tracking Homo Oeconomicus
Political orientation and moral judgment of sexual misconduct
Market mindset reduces endorsement of individualizing moral foundations, but not in liberals
Accelerating subnational deforestation and forest degradation reduction efforts (Redd+)
The moral foundations of crime control in American presidential platforms, 1968–2016
The varieties of religious experience
The Efficient Assessment of Need for Cognition
Aligning Identities, Emotions, and Beliefs to Create Commitment to Sustainable Social and Political Action
The Process of Moralization
The Disgust Scale
Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust
Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals
Moralization and Becoming a Vegetarian
Personality, Modernity, and the Storied Self
Estimating Mediated Effects in Prevention Studies
The Darker and Brighter Sides of Human Existence
The emotional dog and its rational tail
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Universals in the Content and Structure of Values
An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment
Statistical Power Analysis
Four essays on liberty
Culture Wars
Refinement of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale
The S.U.V. model of citizenship
Above and Below Left–Right
What Do We Know When We Know a Person
Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays
Dual-process morality and the personal/impersonal distinction
Dispositional Empathy and the Political Gender Gap
Personal moral philosophies and moral choice
Social psychology and science
The psychology of the unthinkable
Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy^altruism hypothesis
Should We Trust Web-Based Studies? A Comparative Analysis of Six Preconceptions About Internet Questionnaires
Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism
The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research
The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research
National Surveys Via Rdd Telephone Interviewing Versus the Internet
Two treatises of government
Dispositional empathy and the political gender gap
Comparing Oral Interviewing with Self-Administered Computerized QuestionnairesAn Experiment
A Decade of System Justification Theory
Masculine Republicans and Feminine Democrats
The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications
Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis
Disgust and the moralization of purity
Individual differences in information integration during moral judgment
More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation
The CAD triad hypothesis
Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations
A taxonomy of ethical ideologies
Measuring individual differences in empathy
Mapping the moral domain
College sophomores in the laboratory
Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe
Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog
The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives
A new Big Five
Social Psychology and Science
Beyond Beliefs
From left to right
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
When Morality Opposes Justice
| Unique citing works | 208 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 14,86 |
| Citation span | 2012 - 2026 (15) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 196 |