On Being Rejected
A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research on Rejection
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23350477 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jonathan Gerber (Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia), Ladd Wheeler (0000-0001-8749-9702) |
| Year | 2009 |
| Volume | 4 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 468-488 |
| Publication date | 2009-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Perspectives on Psychological Science (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1745-6916 • E-ISSN: 1745-6924 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.x |
| PMID | 26162220 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 101 |
| References cited | 58 |
This article presents the first meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection, sampling 88 studies. The results are consistent with a needs account, which states that rejection frustrates basic psychological needs, but not with a numbness account, which states that rejection causes physical and emotional numbness. Rejection moderately lowers mood (d = −0.50) and self-esteem (d = −0.70), but does not decrease arousal or flatten affect. Both belonging (d = 0.69) and control (d = 1.16) are frustrated by rejection. Aggressive responses to rejection, considered paradoxical by some, appear to be due to attempts to gain control; measures that contrast belonging and control (d = −1.17) cause antisocial responding, whereas measures that do not allow for control to be restored cause prosocial responding (d = 1.21). These findings suggest that rejection makes individuals feel bad—ready to act to restore control or belonging—and that they will prioritize restoring control even if it requires being antisocial.
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Social media ostracism
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A Vast Graveyard of Undead Theories
The I 3 Model
Belonging
The Ordinal Effects of Ostracism
On the Importance of Being Moral
Invisible at Work
Safety in Beauty
Age Differences in Responses to Progressive Social Exclusion
Does ostracism/rejection impact self-disclosures? Examining the appeal of perceived social affordances after social threat
Does Level of Social Support During Rejection Affect Pain Sensitivity and Distress
An integrative theory of resource discrepancies
Social Exclusion Effect on Self-Efficacy
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Workplace ostracism and employee wellbeing
Gender Differences in Classroom Sympathy and Antipathy
Homelessness in Virtual Reality
The relationships among relatedness frustration, affiliation motivation, and WeChat engagement, moderated by relatedness satisfaction
Relatedness frustration and compensatory behaviors in social networking sites among Chinese college students
Psychometric validation of the Persian versions of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP)
Green with envy
Komplexe Gewaltprävention
Between the bars
Man's Best Friend? The Effects of Being Rejected by a Pet
Reactions to goal failure
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Direct and displaced aggression after exclusion
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“Why Hast Thou Forsaken Me?” The Effect of Thinking About Being Ostracized by God on Well-Being and Prosocial Behavior
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More pain, more change? The mediating role of presenteeism and the moderating role of ostracism
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Social exclusion and social anxiety among Chinese undergraduate students
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Is it my fault? How attributing exclusion to norm violations triggers self-directed emotions
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The role of self-compassion in the relationship between rejection and unhealthy eating
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Testing effects of social rejection on aggressive and prosocial behavior
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Psychological and Neuroendocrine Reactivity to Ostracism
Is ostracism a strong situation? The influence of personality in reactions to rejection
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Are Peer-rejected Adolescents More Likely to Become Bullies or Victims? A Longitudinal Social Network Analysis
Bidirectional Associations of Prosocial Behavior with Peer Acceptance and Rejection in Adolescence
Dynamic Reciprocal Relationships among Rejection Sensitivity, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Prosocial Behavior in Secondary School Students
It is written all over your face
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The consequences of pain
Responses to exclusion are moderated by its perceived fairness
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Rejection perceptions
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The psychological sting of stigma
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Resolving defence mechanisms
Culture, Emotions, and the Cold Shoulder
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Rejection sensitivity and interaction quality in everyday life
Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage
A boost to relational value
The effect of attachment orientation priming on pain sensitivity in pain-free individuals
Social interactions in daily life
Violence, aggression, and coercive actions.
Ostracism
Terror Management Theory of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews
Pain and aggression
Thwarting the Need to Belong
Personality Moderators of Reactions to Interpersonal Rejection
Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion
Cyberball
R U There? Ostracism by Cell Phone Text Messages.
Origins and functions of positive and negative affect
Social Exclusion and Selective Memory
Estimation of a Single Effect Size
Interpersonal Rejection as a Determinant of Anger and Aggression
Power, approach, and inhibition.
The effects of school-based intervention programs on aggressive behavior
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect
The Silent Treatment
Riding the ‘O’ Train
Effects of attack and uncontrollable noise on aggression
On Being Ignored
Jealousy and the threatened self
When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts
Reactions to acceptance and rejection
When ostracism leads to aggression
How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence
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Evidence for terror management theory
Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes
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Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior
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Cyberostracism
Social Exclusion and the Deconstructed State
Impact of causal attributions on affective reactions to success and failure
If you can't join them, beat them
The experience and meta-experience of mood
A guide to constructs of control
Self-efficacy and perceived control
Self-consciousness, self-attention, and social interaction
Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem
"Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the "porcupine problem
Alone but feeling no pain
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor
The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem
Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain
The need to belong
Hurt Feelings among New Acquaintances
| Unique citing works | 101 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 6,31 |
| Citation span | 2010 - 2026 (17) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 101 |