The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23367115 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jeffrey D Karpicke (0009-0003-3307-9894, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA., corresponding author), Henry L Roediger (0000-0002-3314-2895, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.) |
| Year | 2008 |
| Volume | 319 |
| Issue | 5865 |
| Pages | 966-968 |
| Publication date | 2008-02-15 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Science (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0036-8075 • E-ISSN: 0193-4511 |
| Publisher | American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1126/science.1152408 |
| PMID | 18276894 |
| OpenAlex | W2092301601 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 155 |
| References cited | 11 |
Learning is often considered complete when a student can produce the correct answer to a question. In our research, students in one condition learned foreign language vocabulary words in the standard paradigm of repeated study-test trials. In three other conditions, once a student had correctly produced the vocabulary item, it was repeatedly studied but dropped from further testing, repeatedly tested but dropped from further study, or dropped from both study and test. Repeated studying after learning had no effect on delayed recall, but repeated testing produced a large positive effect. In addition, students' predictions of their performance were uncorrelated with actual performance. The results demonstrate the critical role of retrieval practice in consolidating learning and show that even university students seem unaware of this fact.
Cognitive psychology · Foreign language · Incidental learning · Learning effect · Linguistics · Mathematics education · Natural language processing · Recall · Statistics · Test (biology) · Uncorrelated · Vocabulary · Vocabulary Learning · Computer Science · Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning · Mathematics · Memory Processes and Influences · Psychology · Topic Modeling
Retirement and cognitive development in the Netherlands
What if learning analytics were based on learning science
How well do students know their writing? A pilot study examining authorship quizzes to promote learning and address contract cheating
Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning in Multiple-list Tests with Higher-Order Skills
Error and expectation in language learning
Human memory reconsolidation
The effect of testing versus restudy on retention
A metacognitive retrieval practice intervention to improve undergraduates’ monitoring and control processes and use of performance feedback for classroom learning
Can a brief, digital skill training intervention help undergraduates “learn to learn” and improve their STEM achievement
Multimedia effects during retrieval practice
A latent profile analysis of undergraduates’ achievement motivations and metacognitive behaviors, and their relations to achievement in science
Short- and long-delay consolidation of memory accessibility and precision across childhood and young adulthood
Retrieval‐Based Learning
Approaches to Teaching Second Language Words
Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation
Immersive VR and Education
The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention
Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques
Metacognitive strategies in student learning
Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping
About Sleep's Role in Memory
Interpolated memory tests reduce mind wandering and improve learning of online lectures
Rethinking the Use of Tests
Self-regulated learning strategies predict learner behavior and goal attainment in Massive Open Online Courses
Using Theory to Drive Intervention Efficacy
Beyond the experience
The effect of recall, reproduction, and restudy on word learning
Inhibitory Process of Collaborative Inhibition
Learning words that look the same across languages
Optimising pre-class tests to enhance student engagement in neuroanatomy
Why Growth Mindset Training Alone may not Improve Academic Outcomes
Striking the Balance
Literacy development and sleep habits across the second-grade school year
Pretesting and Posttesting in Spelling Acquisition
AI-Generated Podcasts and Learning Outcomes
Re-examining the effects of word writing on vocabulary learning
Exploring learning strategies used by Jordanian University EFL learners in argumentative writing tasks
The Pipes System
Investigating the Effects of Practice Time on Student Achievement Considering Variations in Demographics across Various Chemistry Topics
Implementing Mastery Grading in Large Enrollment General Chemistry
Exploring (Collaborative) Generation and Exploitation of Multiple Choice Questions
The Impact of an Immersive Block Model on International Postgraduate Student Success and Satisfaction
Investigating the Impact of the Stratified Cognitive Apprenticeship Model on High School Students’ Math Performance
The Effect of Growth Mindset Interventions on Students’ Self-Regulated Use of Retrieval Practice
Effects of Strategy Training and Elaboration vs. Retrieval Settings on Learning of Cell Biology Using Concept Mapping
Lectures Versus Flipped-Classroom Learning in Anatomy
Training Learning Strategies to Promote Self-Regulation and Transfer
The effects of practice testing and feedback on learners’ performance and persistence in a massive open online course
Cross-language interactions during novel word learning
Sleep reduces the semantic coherence of memory recall
Predicting as a learning strategy
Resurrected memories
Answering a factual question today increases one’s confidence in the same answer tomorrow – independent of fluency
A mind-wandering account of the testing effect
Robots facilitate self-talk
The impact of syntactic category on L2 ambiguous word acquisition
The effect of mnemonic enhancement and suppression on illusory truth for emotional statements with different source credibility
The effect of others’ repeated retrieval on the illusion of truth for emotional information
The influence of vocabulary difficulty and retrieval interval on the retrieval practice effect in English learning
Learning critical thinking skills online
Spaced Repetition in a Cohort of Practicing Physicians
The Effect of Spaced Repetition on Learning and Knowledge Transfer in a Large Cohort of Practicing Physicians
Large Language Models in Medical Education
Concept mapping – increased potential as a retrieval-based task
Learning to distinguish
Toward mastering foreign-language translations
Memory updating after retrieval
Does retrieving a memory insulate it against memory inhibition? A retroactive interference study
Remembering and forgetting information about the Covid-19 vaccine on Twitter
Too much of a good thing
Effects of repeated retrieval on keyword mediator use
The dichotomous key as an active-learning tool in STEM-based biology teaching
How to improve consumers’ understanding of online legal information
Frontier Development and Insights of International Educational Science Research in the journals Nature and Science
Elaborative strategies contribute to the long-term benefits of time in working memory
The role of retrieval during study
Evaluating the neural mechanisms of exposure and retrieval of hedonic and utilitarian banners
Digital versus paper-based foreign-language vocabulary learning and testing
Predicting achievement and providing support before STEM majors begin to fail
Combating effort avoidance in computer adaptive practicing
Math anxiety relates positively to metacognitive insight into mathematical decision making
The role of automatization in complex inductive reasoning
Memorizing song lyrics
Effects of Learning Direction in Retrieval Practice on Efl Vocabulary Learning
Negative emotion amplifies retrieval practice effect for both task-relevant and task-irrelevant information
Targeting fraction misconceptions and reducing high confidence errors in an online tutor
Text‐to‐speech and virtual reality agents in primary school classroom environments
ChatGPT in Education
Using knowledge building and flipped learning to enhance students' learning performance in a hands‐on STEM activity
Benefits of asking students to make an instructional video of a multimedia lesson
‘Don’t flip out!’
Using insights from cognitive science for the teaching of clinical skills
Twelve tips on guiding preparation for both high-stakes exams and long-term learning
Using item response theory to appraise key feature examinations for clinical reasoning
The attitudes towards learning and study habits of Australian medical students
The Enhancing Effect of Diminishing-Cues Retrieval Practice on the Learning of Difficult English Vocabulary
Beyond the math wars
The effect of worked examples on student learning and error anticipation in algebra
A review of the benefits and drawbacks of high-stakes final examinations in higher education
Cognitive Prerequisites for Generative Learning
| Unique citing works | 155 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 9,12 |
| Citation span | 2009 - 2026 (18) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 143 |