Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Understanding Police Use of Force

Officers, Suspects, and Reciprocity

Bibliographic Data

ID23398805
AuthorsGeoffrey P Alpert (University of South Carolina), Roger G Dunham (University of Miami)
Year2004
Publication date2004-08-09
Open AccessYes
TypeBOOK
VenueUnderstanding Police Use of Force (SOURCE_BOOK)
PublisherCambridge University Press (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1017/cbo9780511499449
OpenAlexW590120055
Open LibraryOL34441376M
ISBN9780511499449
LanguageEN
Citations received115
References cited28

Whenever police officers come into contact with citizens there is a chance that the encounter will digress to one in which force is used on a suspect. Fortunately, most police activities do not involve the use of force. But those that do reflect important patterns of interaction between the officer and the citizen. This book examines those patterns. It begins with a brief survey of prior research, and then goes on to present data and findings. Among the data are the force factor applied - that is, the level of force used relative to suspect resistance - and data on the sequential order of incidents of force. The authors also examine police use of force from the suspect's perspective. In analyzing this data they put forward a conceptual framework, the Authority Maintenance Theory, for examining and assessing police use of force.

Criminology · Deadly force · Officer · Perspective (graphical) · Political science · Reciprocity (cultural anthropology) · Suspect · Use of force · Computer Science · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies · Engineering · Law · Policing Practices and Perceptions · Psychology · Social Psychology · Arrest (police methods) · Police · Police brutality · Police discretion · Police, complaints against · Prisoners · Restraint of prisoners · united states

  • Authoritarian Police in Democracy

    Open Access•Yanilda María González, Yanilda González•Authoritarian Police in Democracy•2020

  • How Should Tactical Clinicians Help Make Use of Force More Just

    Open Access•David Callaway, Faroukh Mehkri•The AMA Journal of Ethic•2022

  • The New Transparency

    Open Access•Ben Brucato•Media and Communication•2015

  • A preliminary analysis of the use of force by the Mexico City Metropolitan Area police

    Carlos J Vilalta Perdomo•Global Crime•2014

  • Trends in police research

    Brad Bartholomew, Jennifer C Gibbs et al.•Police Practice and Research•2009

  • Crossing the line of legitimacy

    Phillip Atiba Goff, Liana Maris Epstein et al.•Psychology Public Policy and Law•2013

  • The Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens’ Complaints Against the Police

    Open Access•Barak Ariel, William A Farrar et al.•Journal of Quantitative Criminology•2015

  • Organizational factors that contribute to police deadly force liability

    Open Access•Hoon Lee, Michael S Vaughn•Journal of Criminal Justice•2010

  • Considering violence against police by citizen race/ethnicity to contextualize representation in officer-involved shootings

    Open Access•John A Shjarback, Justin Nix•Journal of Criminal Justice•2020

  • Police use of force and suspect behavior

    Open Access•Mark Alden Morgan, Matthew W Logan et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2020

  • The intersection of racial profiling research and the law

    Open Access•Rob Tillyer, Robin S Engel et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2008

  • The prevalence of fatal police shootings by U.S. police, 2015–2016

    Open Access•Jon M Shane, Jon Shane et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2017

  • Police Use of Force

    Open Access•Geoffrey P Alpert•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Holding down the Fort

    Open Access•Aaron Bielejewski•Holding down the Fort•2023

  • Police Officer Characteristics and the Likelihood of Using Deadly Force

    Open Access•James P McElvain, A J Kposowa•Criminal Justice and Behavior•2008

  • Justifying violence

    Monica M Gerber, Jonathan Jackson•Psychology, Crime & Law•2017

  • Levels of Nonlethal Force

    Open Access•Brian A Lawton, Brian Lawton•Journal of Research in Crime and…•2007

  • Avertogenic deaths

    Open Access•Ian T Adams, Matthew W Logan et al.•Theory and Society•2026

  • Goffman on Organizations

    Open Access•Peter K Manning•Organization Studies•2008

  • Police Officers With Supplemental Martial Arts Training Perform Better

    Open Access•Henrique Del-Colle, Joe Eleuterio-da-Rocha•Journal of Police and Criminal…•2026

  • A critical analysis on the use of force by law enforcement officials in a correctional setting—an expert witness account

    Open Access•Lincoln Fitz•SN Social Sciences•2024

  • Conceptualizing Police Violence for Research on Youth Exposure to Community Violence

    Open Access•Franklin Moreno•Journal of Contemporary Criminal…•2025

  • Understanding the Bounds of Legitimacy

    Kyle Mclean, Justin Nix•Justice Quarterly•2022

  • Through Thick and Thin

    Logan J Somers, NATALIE TODAK et al.•Justice Quarterly•2026

  • Applying Video-Based Systematic Social Observation to Police Use of Force Encounters

    William Terrill, Laura Zimmerman et al.•Justice Quarterly•2023

  • Factors Affecting Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward the Severity of Dating Violence in South Korea

    Open Access•Minseo Boo, Younoh Cho•Criminal Justice and Behavior•2025

  • Elektrisierende Entwicklungen

    Tom Kattenberg•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2025

  • The Impact of Suspect Resistance, Informational Justice, and Interpersonal Justice on Time Until Police Use of Physical Force

    Open Access•Eric L Piza, Victoria A Sytsma•Crime & Delinquency•2024

  • Bystander actions during police work on the street

    Open Access•Marly Van Bruchem, Karin Proost et al.•Police Practice and Research•2024

  • Predicting law enforcement confidence in going ‘hands-on’

    Jose Torres•Police Practice and Research•2020

  • The use, effectiveness, and hazards associated with police use of force

    Meghan S Stroshine, Steven G Brandl•Police Practice and Research•2020

  • Trends in Police Research

    Jennifer A Varriale, Jennifer C Gibbs et al.•Police Practice and Research•2007

  • Use of vascular neck restraints in law enforcement

    Matthew J Hickman, Robert M Scales et al.•Police Practice and Research•2021

  • Baselining Incivility in One-on-One Police Encounters from BWC Archival Footage

    Beau P Holladay, David A Makin•Police Practice and Research•2021

  • Joint policing

    Howard Persifor Smith, Hayden P Smith et al.•Police Practice and Research•2011

  • The promise of Voice reactance-mitigating linguistic training for law enforcement

    Codie Place, Codie J Place et al.•Police Practice and Research•2026

  • Police use of force training

    José Eleuterio-Da-Rocha, Bruno A Strapasson•Police Practice and Research•2026

  • The neglect of police unions

    Samuel Walker•Police Practice and Research•2008

  • Crimmigration and militarization

    Open Access•Martin Guevara Urbina, Ilse Aglaé Peña•Sociology Compass•2018

  • Racial Bias in Policing

    Open Access•Phillip Atiba Goff, Kimberly Barsamian Kahn•Social Issues and Policy Review•2012

  • Randomized controlled trial of social interaction police training

    Open Access•Kyle Mclean, Scott E Wolfe et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2020

  • Toward a National Use‐of‐force Data Collection System

    Open Access•Michael R Smith•Criminology & Public Policy•2008

  • A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015

    Open Access•Justin Nix, Bradley A Campbell et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2017

  • Did de‐escalation successfully reduce serious use of force in Camden County, New Jersey? A synthetic control analysis of force outcomes

    Open Access•Li Sian Goh•Criminology & Public Policy•2021

  • Between protection and punishment

    Open Access•Harmata Aboubakar•Punishment & Society•2026

  • Law enforcement and academic studies in Italy and the United States

    Francesco Landolfi•Journal of Modern Italian Studies•2022

  • A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police

    Open Access•Joseph Wertz, Deborah Azrael et al.•Journal of Urban Health•2020

  • Visibility is a Trap

    Ian T Adams, Ian Adams et al.•Administrative Theory & Praxis•2017

  • The foundations of defiance

    Open Access•Elise Sargeant, Kristina Murphy et al.•Policing & Society•2023

  • Revisiting the demeanour effect

    Open Access•Hans Myhre Sunde, Don Weenink et al.•Policing & Society•2023

  • Effectiveness and efficiency

    Ross Hendy•Policing & Society•2020

  • How institutional contexts shape police-adolescent encounters. A study of France and Germany

    Open Access•Dietrich Oberwittler, Sébastian Roché•Policing & Society•2022

  • Are all police officers equally triggered? A test of the interaction between moral support for the use of force and exposure to provocation

    Jannie Noppe•Policing & Society•2016

  • The decision process

    Heidi S Bonner•Policing & Society•2016

  • Explaining police support for the use of force and vigilante violence in Ghana

    Justice Tankebe•Policing & Society•2011

  • The possibility of transnational policing

    Alice Hills•Policing & Society•2009

  • Dealing with the authority to use force

    Jannie Noppe•Policing & Society•2019

  • Understanding arrest in rural police–juvenile interactions

    Sherry Lynn Skaggs•Policing & Society•2017

  • Involving citizens in urgent missing person cases. An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour within District Criminal Investigations Teams

    Jerôme Lam, Eline Schoonderwoerd et al.•Policing & Society•2023

  • What were they thinking? Factors influencing police recruits’ decisions about force

    Kelly Hine, Kelly A Hine et al.•Policing & Society•2018

  • A fear of coercion and accountability? Security officers and the non-use of force

    Yarin Eski•Policing & Society•2017

  • Too much or too little? Individual and situational predictors of police force relative to suspect resistance

    Kelly Hine, Kelly A Hine et al.•Policing & Society•2016

  • The understated ugly side of police–citizen encounters

    Kelly Hine, Kelly A Hine et al.•Policing & Society•2016

  • Shoot/do not shoot – what are the influences? The police recruit perspective

    Amanda Davies, Amanda Jane Davies•Policing & Society•2015

  • The Illness Associations of Police Violence

    Open Access•Abigail A Sewell, Abigail Sewell•Sociological Forum•2017

  • Creating Guardians or Warriors? Examining the Effects of Non-Stress Training on Policing Outcomes

    Open Access•Danyao Li, Sean Nicholson‐crotty et al.•The American Review of Public…•2020

  • Kontrolle der KontrolleSystemtheoretische Überlegungen zur Gewalt im System der Polizei

    Swen Koerner, Swen Körner et al.•Soziale Systeme•2023

  • How Does it End Well

    Open Access•Hans Myhre Sunde•Nordic Journal of Studies in…•2024

  • The Force Continuum

    Open Access•Steinar Vee Henriksen, Bjørn Ivar Kruke•Nordic Journal of Studies in…•2020

  • Repairing the law

    Open Access•Maira Hayat, Mirco Göpfert•Theoretical Criminology•2016

  • Apathy, resistance, and disengagement

    Open Access•Katelyn Davenport‐klunder, Katelyn Davenport-Klunder et al.•Policing & Society•2025

  • Ethiopia’s quest for a ‘professional’ police force

    Kidanu Atinafu Temesgen•African Security Review•2025

  • Beliefs About Law Enforcement Scale

    Open Access•Catherine M Lemieux, Youn Kyoung Kim et al.•Journal of the Society for Social…•2022

  • Defensive Killing by Police

    Open Access•Jennifer M Page•Journal of Ethics and Social…•2023

  • On the systemic violence of return policies

    Open Access•Giuseppe Campesi, Elisabetta de Robertis et al.•Punishment & Society•2026

  • Civilian perceptions of police

    Travonne Edwards, Tanya L Sharpe et al.•Journal of Human Behavior in the…•2023

  • Police Brutality, Over-Policing, and Mass Incarceration in African American Film

    Open Access•Ryan Westerbeck•Journal of Black Studies•2020

  • Preventing the Use of Deadly Force

    Open Access•Jay T Jennings, Jay Jennings et al.•Public Administration Review•2017

  • High‐Stakes Administrative Discretion

    Open Access•Ian T Adams, Scott M Mourtgo et al.•Public Administration Review•2020

  • Reasonable force

    Open Access•Barry J Ryan•Review of International Studies•2013

  • Socialization and Self-Selection

    Open Access•Zachary W Oberfield•Administration & Society•2012

  • Police department design, political pressure, and racial inequality in arrests

    Open Access•Andrew J Mccall•American Journal of Political…•2025

  • The Effect of Less-Lethal Weapons on Injuries in Police Use-of-Force Events

    John M Macdonald, ROBERT J KAMINSKI et al.•American Journal of Public Health•2009

  • Touching Like a State

    Open Access•Keith Woodward, Mario Bruzzone•Antipode•2015

  • Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Stops

    Open Access•Geoffrey P Alpert, John M Macdonald et al.•Criminology•2005

  • Asymmetry in process‐based model relationships

    Open Access•A J Thompson, Justin T Pickett•Criminology•2021

  • Situational factors and police use of force across micro‐time intervals

    Open Access•Eric L Piza, Nathan T Connealy et al.•Criminology•2023

  • Seeing the state in action

    Open Access•Paige E Vaughn, Gregory A Huber•Criminology•2025

  • Support for Democratic Policing Among Frontline Police Officers

    Open Access•Jill A Davis, Darwin A Baluran et al.•The British Journal of Criminology•2024

  • Race and the Police use of Force Encounter in the United States

    Eugene A Paoline, Jacinta M Gau et al.•The British Journal of Criminology•2016

  • Variation in the perception of desired qualities of police officers among trainees and senior police officers. Insights into the process and efficacy of police training

    T K Vinod Kumar•International Journal of…•2019

  • El juicio de justificación del uso de la fuerza policial

    Open Access•Salvador Ruiz Ortiz, Eduardo Osuna Carrillo De Albornoz et al.•Derecho Penal y Criminología•2019

  • The Social Origins of Institutional Weakness and Change

    Open Access•Yanilda González•World Politics•2019

  • Does an Increased Share of Black Police Officers Decrease Racial Discrimination in Law Enforcement

    Open Access•Sunyoung Pyo•Urban Affairs Review•2023

  • Trends

    Open Access•Edward Lawson•Political Research Quarterly•2019

  • Restoring Confidence in Post-Conflict Security Sectors

    Open Access•Sabrina Karim•British Journal of Political…•2019

  • When you Search a #Hashtag, it Feels Like You're Searching for Death

    Open Access•Daniel Hawkins•Social Media + Society•2023

  • In their own eyes

    Justice Tankebe•International Journal of…•2019

  • Police legitimacy and support for vigilante violence in Pakistan

    Justice Tankebe, Muhammad Asif•International Journal of…•2016

  • You Gotta Kick Ass a Little Harder Than That

    Open Access•Matthew S Johnston, Jennifer M Kilty•Men and Masculinities•2015

  • Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion

    William Terrill, Stephen D Mastrofski•Justice Quarterly•2002

  • Compliance on Demand

    Open Access•Stephen D Mastrofski, Jeffrey B Snipes et al.•Journal of Research in Crime and…•1996

  • Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis

    Robin S Engel, James J Sobol et al.•Justice Quarterly•2000

  • Police use of force

    Geoffrey P Alpert, John M Macdonald•Justice Quarterly•2001

  • Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police

    Joel H Garner, Christopher D Maxwell et al.•Justice Quarterly•2002

  • Police Use Of Force And Suspect Resistance

    Open Access•William Terrill•Police Quarterly•2003

  • Police use of force

    Open Access•John M Macdonald, Patrick W Manz et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2003

  • The tactical choices of police patrol officers

    Open Access•David H Bayley•Journal of Criminal Justice•1986

  • A national survey of pursuits and the use of police force

    Open Access•Dennis Jay Kenney, Geoffrey P Alpert•Journal of Criminal Justice•1997

  • Police Use of Force

    Open Access•R Friedrich, Robert J Friedrich•The Annals of the American…•1980

  • The Violent Police-Citizen Encounter

    Open Access•Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf•The Annals of the American…•1980

  • More on Demeanor and Arrest in Dade County

    Open Access•David A Klinger, David Klinger•Criminology•1996

  • Police Disrespect Toward the Public

    Open Access•Stephen D Mastrofski, Michael D Reisig et al.•Criminology•2002

  • The Regulation of Interaction by Police

    Open Access•Richard E Sykes, Edward E Brent et al.•Criminology•1980

  • Demeanor or Crime? The Midwest City Police‐citizen Encounters Study

    Open Access•Richard J Lundman•Criminology•1994

  • Demeanor or Crime? Why “Hostile” Citizens Are More Likely to Be Arrested

    Open Access•David A Klinger, David Klinger•Criminology•1994

  • The Management of Violence by Police Patrol Officers

    Open Access•David H Bayley, JAMES GAROFALO•Criminology•1989

  • Demeanor, Crime, and Police Behavior

    Open Access•Robert E Worden, ROBIN L SHEPARD•Criminology•1996

  • Police brutality-answers to key questions

    Open Access•Albert J Reis, Albert J Reiss•Trans-action•1968

  • Decisions and Exchange

    Barbara F Meeker•American Sociological Review•1971

  • Conflict and Criminality

    Austin T Turk•American Sociological Review•1966

  • Power in Negotiated and Reciprocal Exchange

    Linda D Molm, Gretchen Peterson et al.•American Sociological Review•1999

  • Historical Roots of Police Behavior

    Open Access•Mark H Haller•Law & Society Review•1976

  • The Social Context of Police Lying

    Open Access•Jennifer Hunt, Jennifer C Hunt et al.•Symbolic Interaction•1991

  • A Theory of Deference Exchange in Police-Civilian Encounters

    Richard E Sykes, John P Clark et al.•American Journal of Sociology•1975

  • Police Encounters With Juveniles

    Irving Piliavin, Scott Briar•American Journal of Sociology•1964

  • Social Behavior as Exchange

    George C Homans•American Journal of Sociology•1958

  • On one-dimensional Marxist criminology

    Open Access•D F Greenberg•Theory and Society•1976

Unique citing works115
Citations per year5,48
Citation span2005 - 2026 (22)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 103

Tools

Open DOI
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae