Racial Bias in Policing
Why We Know Less Than We Should
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 12908124 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Phillip Atiba Goff (0000-0003-4316-2870, University of California, Los Angeles, corresponding author), Kimberly Barsamian Kahn (0000-0003-4006-6322, Portland State University) |
| Year | 2012 |
| Volume | 6 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 177-210 |
| Publication date | 2012-03-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Social Issues and Policy Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1751-2395 • E-ISSN: 1751-2409 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01039.x |
| OpenAlex | W1797462816 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 36 |
| References cited | 82 |
There is a shocking dearth of scientific certainty about how to assess racial bias in policing. Specifically lacking is an examination of the causal relationship between officer psychological attitudes and their interactions with minority suspects. Do officer racial attitudes lead to more racially biased police behavior? Why do we, as psychologists and scientists, know less than we should about psychological attitudes and their effects on police behavior in the field? To answer this question, we first review what researchers have learned given the available types of existing data: crime data, officer data, and public opinion data. Next, we discuss how insufficient access and lack of rigorous design have detracted from thorough research on racial bias in policing. Finally, we detail how new opportunities for social scientists have the potential to overcome these barriers and conduct rigorous psychological research on equity in policing
Certainty · Criminology · Equity (law · Officer · Political science · Public relations · Racial bias · Racism · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Law · Policing Practices and Perceptions · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
The role of officer race and gender in police-civilian interactions in Chicago
The Social Psychology of Racially Biased Policing
Producing criminality
Detecting Bias in Traffic Searches
Racial Bias in Criminal Records
The Promise of a Network Approach for Policing Research
Civil juror compensation and judgments of police use of force at the intersection of race and mental illness
The recruitment of women and visible minorities into Canadian police forces
Racial Disparities in Police Use of Deadly Force Against Unarmed Individuals Persist After Appropriately Benchmarking Shooting Data on Violent Crime Rates
Is There Evidence of Racial Disparity in Police Use of Deadly Force? Analyses of Officer-Involved Fatal Shootings in 2015–2016
Protecting Whiteness
Racial profiling and CT motor vehicle stops
Using artificial intelligence to prevent crime
Proactive control of implicit bias
Race, Place, and Context
Is There a Problem Officer? Exploring the Lived Experience of Black Men and Their Relationship with Law Enforcement
Risky Situations
Other than the Projects, You Stay Professional”
Positive Youth Development in 2020
The Police as Place-Consolidators
Linking Racial Classification, Racial Inequality, and Racial Formation
More Black than Blue? Comparing the Racial Attitudes of Police to Citizens
Female Gang Members Negotiating Privilege, Power, and Oppression within Family and Gang Life
National Police Reform Commissions
How prior information and police experience impact decisions to shoot
Making Messy Data Work for Conservation
Methodological Challenges and Opportunities in Testing for Racial Discrimination in Policing
Policing and Race
Addressing the inappropriate use of force by police in the United States and beyond
Police decisions to found sexual assault cases
What Social Science Research Says about Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities
What Influences Shooter Bias? The Effects of Suspect Race, Neighborhood, and Clothing on Decisions to Shoot
Representative Bureaucracy and Attitudes Toward Automated Decision Making
Colorblind Cops in Christian America
The Politics of Police
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing
American apartheid
Justice without trial
When Work Disappears
Minorities and the police
Black wealth, white wealth
Race, crime, and the law
Facing Up to the American Dream
Chapter 1. A Sketch of the Policeman’s Working Personality
Chapter 7. Methods for Assessing Racially Biased Policing
Understanding Police Use of Force
Taming the System
Why Americans Hate Welfare
Against Prediction
Race and Policing in America
Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores
The Consequences of Race for Police Officers' Responses to Criminal Suspects
Social Dominance Orientation, Hierarchy Attenuators and Hierarchy Enhancers
The Police
Perception and Prejudice
Policing by consent decree
Race, Incarceration, and American Values
Race, Crime, and Justice
Whistling Vivaldi
Social Dominance
The Racial Contract
Looking Deathworthy
Causes of Police Behavior
The Condemnation of Blackness
Attitudes vs. Actions
Psychological Research and Public Policy
Social Hierarchy Maintenance and Assortment into Social Roles
Differentially dangerous? Phenotypic racial stereotypicality increases implicit bias among ingroup and outgroup members
Poverty and place
Inequality at Work
Taking stock
The police personality
Black Male Unemployment
Applying Social Psychology to International Social Issues
On the Nature of Contemporary Prejudice
Attitudes versus Actions
Reconsidering Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches
Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches
Generalising the Hit Rates Test for Racial Bias in Law Enforcement, with an Application to Vehicle Searches in Wichita
Crime Minimisation and Racial bias
The New Jim Crow
Eliminating automatic racial bias
Police Relations with Arabs and Jews in Israel
The Criminal and His Science
The Source of the River
Seeing Black
Across the thin blue line
The police officer's dilemma
Prejudice and perception
Racialisation in police stop and search practice – the Norwegian case
Not yet human
When Work Disappears
Prejudice in Police Profiling
Unequal Health
Are police the enemy
Wealth and Stratification Processes
Violence and the Police
| Unique citing works | 36 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,6 |
| Citation span | 2016 - 2025 (10) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 36 |