Below‐Replacement Fertility
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23640481 |
|---|---|
| Authors | S Philip Morgan (0009-0003-2269-5368, Duke University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2015 |
| Pages | 1-17 |
| Publication date | 2015-05-15 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | OTHER |
| Venue | Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (JOURNAL) |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0024 |
| OpenAlex | W2170339049 |
| ISBN | 9781118900772 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 4 |
| References cited | 40 |
When a human population has underlying birth rates too low to sustain its current population size, it has below‐replacement fertility . If mortality rates are low, then replacement‐level fertility is slightly above two births per woman. Currently, over 50% of the global population lives in a country with below‐replacement fertility; below‐replacement fertility is especially widespread in developed countries and is emerging in many developing ones. But there is substantial variation in degree—some countries having very low fertility (below 1.5 births) and other countries (such as the United States) have levels at or near the replacement level. Because the level of fertility intended (or desired) approximates two births per woman in most countries, explanations for fertility levels below replacement levels focus on why people fail to have the number of children they intend. An important factor is fertility timing. Postponement of fertility to older ages reduces birth rates in current periods (lowering period fertility rates), but it also exposes persons to events and experiences that may lead them to forego childbearing or additional births. Below‐replacement fertility produces important macro‐level effects (e.g., a population with older persons and a declining population size). Average fertility below two births also impacts families and individuals' life courses and activities.
Birth rate · Developed country · Economics · Family planning · Fertility · Geography · Population · Population momentum · Postponement · Research methodology · Sociology · Sub-replacement fertility · Total fertility rate · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences · Demography · Family Dynamics and Relationships · Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
World Revolution and Family Patterns.
The Fear of Population Decline
Understanding Family Change and Variation
Reading History Sideways
Advances in development reverse fertility declines
The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries
Below Replacement Fertility Preferences in Shanghai
The Surprising Global Variation in Replacement Fertility
Missing the Target? Correspondence of Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the U.S
The emergence of Sub-Replacement Family Size Ideals in Europe
Reexamining the link of early childbearing to Marriage and to subsequent fertillty
Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway
Gendering family composition
Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis
Age and fertility
Has the Chinese Family Planning Policy Been Successful in Changing Fertility Preferences
Has the Chinese family planning policy been successful in changing fertility preferences
The Correspondence Between Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the United States
The Emergence of Lowest‐Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s
Patterns of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe
The Developmental Paradigm, Reading History Sideways, and Family Change
The End of "Lowest-Low" Fertility
On the Quantum and Tempo of Fertility
The Second Demographic Transition in the United States
Emerging Parental Gender Indifference? Sex Composition of Children and the Third Birth
The Implementation of Preferences for Male Offspring
Intended and Ideal Family Size in the United States, 1970-2002
The Contribution of Assisted Reproduction to Completed Fertility
The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition
Approaching the Limit
Gender Equity in Theories of Fertility Transition
Child-Care Availability and Fertility in Norway
Low Fertility and the State
The End of the Fertility Transition in the Developed World
Demography, Measuring and Modeling Population Processes
Logics of History
Low Fertility at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
A Theory of Structure
| Unique citing works | 4 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,16 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2003 (3) |
| Citation velocity | historical |
| Highly cited | No |