To Emerge? Breadwinning, Motherhood, and Women's Decisions to Run for Office
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 3448563 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Rachel Bernhard (0000-0002-4104-0020, University of California, Davis, corresponding author), Shauna Shame (0000-0001-8142-3491, Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, corresponding author), Dawn Langan Teele (0000-0003-3079-3083, California University of Pennsylvania, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 115 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 379-394 |
| Publication date | 2021-05-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Political Science Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0003-0554 • E-ISSN: 1537-5943 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/s0003055420000970 |
| OpenAlex | W3101221275 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 78 |
| References cited | 88 |
Women's underrepresentation in American politics is often attributed to relatively low levels of political ambition. Yet scholarship still grapples with a major leak in the pipeline to power: that many qualified and politically ambitious women decide against candidacy. Focusing on women with political ambition, we theorize that at the final stage of candidate emergence, household income, breadwinning responsibilities, and household composition are interlocking obstacles to women's candidacies. We examine these dynamics through a multimethod design that includes an original survey of women most likely to run for office: alumnae of the largest Democratic campaign training organization in the United States. Although we do not find income effects, we provide evidence that breadwinning-responsibility for a majority of household income-negativelyaffects women's ambition, especially for mothers. These findings have important implications for understanding how the political economy of the household affects candidate emergence and descriptive representation in the United States
Candidacy · Democracy · Demographic economics · Economics · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Power (physics · Representation (politics · Scholarship · Sociology · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Gender Politics and Representation · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Law
Breadwinner backlash
The Normalization of the Radical Right
Government Spending Shapes the Emergence of Women Candidates for Local Office
Mulheres Interessadas Em Política
Political parenthood
How can we improve gender balance in local government? Family-friendly policies and static ambition in England
Can the Political Ambition of Young Women Be Increased? Evidence from U.S. High School Students
Gender Quotas and Upward Political Mobility in India
Spanning the ideological spectrum
Race, Protest, and Political Ambition
Party Youth Wings as Forces of Renovation
Mommy in the kitchen, Daddy in politics? The influence of parental labour division on children’s political gender role attitudes
Gender and ambitions for elected and appointed political positions
Representation as privilege or burden
Empowering candidacy
Gender, family status, and parliamentary careers in the German Bundestag
Is money an insurmountable barrier to women’s political representation in transactional democracies? Evidence from North Sumatera, Indonesia
Why aren’t more women on the gubernatorial ballot
Leaders’ desires to lead
Candidate emergence as movement mobilization
Gendered dynamics in representation
Minoritized mother politicians in Ireland
A Rich Woman's World? Wealth and Gendered Paths to Office
Balancing politics and parenthood
Women's political power
Emphasizing or downplaying political ambitions
Preferences for female successors
Child Penalties in Politics
Hidden Majoritarianism and Women’s Career Progression in Proportional Representation Systems
Race, Gender, and Nascent Political Ambition
Opportunities to govern
Gender after Genocide
Political Demography“ – blinder Fleck der deutschen Politikwissenschaft? Eine einführende Literaturübersicht
The Persistence of Social Norms, Family Formation, and Gender Balance in Politics
The Political Roots of Gender Divergence
Gender differences in political career progression
Beyond Elections
Broken Pathways to Politics
Female Candidates’ Incumbency and Quality (Dis)Advantage in Local Elections
Women and the Wall
The Political Geography of the Gender Gap
Who Actually Governs? Gender Inequality and Political Representation in Rural India
The Preference-Expectation Gap in Support for Female Candidates
A Feminine or Masculine Crisis? Gender Stereotypes and Leadership During a Pandemic
How Do US Voters Respond to Candidates Using Campaign Funds for Childcare? Evidence From a Framing Experiment
Ticking Two Boxes, Fighting Two Battles
Job Talk
A Trailblazer or a Barrier? Dynastic Politics and Symbolic Representation of the First Female President of South Korea, Park Geun-hye
Labor Union Membership and Women’s Political Ambition
Gendered Self-Promotion
The Effect of the Political Environment on White Women’s Political Ambition
An eye tracking study of gender biased information acquisition in candidate evaluation
Stepping Up the Political Ladder
Do voters punish ambitious women? Tracking a gendered backlash toward the 2020 democratic presidential contenders
Something to Run for
The Insurance Value of Abortion and Support for Reproductive Rights
Gender Gaps in Political Ambition on Different Levels of Policy-Making
Analyzing gender gaps in bicameral legislatures
It’s a rich man’s world
When women run
Elections, War, and Gender
What is special about women in EU institutions
Investigating the ambitions of young women to run for national parliament
Women and Power in the Developing World
The Economic Backgrounds of Politicians
Modern Family? The Gendered Effects of Marriage and Childbearing on Voter Turnout
Working Mothers and Political Daughters
Founding Narratives and Men's Political Ambition
Location, Location, Location
Party Behaviour and the Gender Voting Gap
Can(‘t) have it all? Parents in the Swiss Parliament
Racial Limitations on the Gender, Risk, Religion, and Politics Model
My History or Our History? Historical Revisionism and Entitlement to Lead
Women Grab Back
The Silenced Text
Gendered Perceptions and the Costs of Political Toxicity
Payments and Penalties for Democracy
The political consequences of the mental load
A Portrait of marginality
Women as candidates in American politics
It Takes a Candidate
More Women Can Run
Why women don’t run
Women Empowerment and Economic Development
Baker, Bus Driver, Babysitter, Candidate? Revealing the Gendered Development of Political Ambition Among Ordinary Americans
When to Risk It? Institutions, Ambitions, and the Decision to Run for the U.S. House
The Latina Advantage
Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households
Housework
The emergence and activities of women’s recruiting groups in the U.S
Where does the pipeline get leaky? The progressive ambition of school board members and personal and political network recruitment
How can a black woman be a Republican? An intersectional analysis of identity claims in the 2014 Mia Love campaign
The limits of leaning in
Gender, race, and political ambition
Mothers on the campaign trail
Why are there so few working-class people in political office? Evidence from state legislatures
Women of color candidates
Does the descriptive representation of the working class “crowd out” women and minorities (and vice versa)? Evidence from the Local Elections in America Project
Gender Inequalities in Campaign Finance
Gender Roles, Work-Life Balance, and Running for Office
The Personal Is the Political
A Portrait of Marginality
Patriarchy, Power, and Pay
Congress, The Electoral Connection
Congress
The Political Economy of Gender
Reconciling Family Roles with Political Ambition
Avarice and Ambition in Congress
Valuing Diversity in Political Organizations
Differing Paths to the Top
Political Participation of Women of Color
Gender and the Pathways to Participation
Culture, Capital, and the Political Economy Gender Gap
Progressive Ambition in the House
"Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes
Gender Quotas, Women’s Representation, and Legislative Diversity
Incumbency and the Theory of Political Ambition
Political Parties and the Recruitment of Women to State Legislatures
Ambition Theory and the Office of Congressmen
Are You My Mentor? A Field Experiment on Gender, Ethnicity, and Political Self-Starters
Self-Confidence and Gender Gaps in Political Interest, Attention, and Efficacy
Power Motivation and the Political Personality
Intersectionality in Electoral Politics
Encouragement is not Enough
It Takes a Motive
The Sense of a Woman
Doubly Bound
Power, Conflict, and Community
Ambitious Women
Engendering” Politics
Women Don't Run? Election Aversion and Candidate Entry
Prominent Role Models
All Male Panels? Representation and Democratic Legitimacy
To Run or Not to Run for Office
Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decision to Run for Office
Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Political Participation Differences
A Dynamic Analysis of The Role of War Chests in Campaign Strategy
Risk-Bearing and Progressive Ambition
How to Elect More Women
Private Costs of Public Commitments or Public Costs of Private Commitments? Family Roles versus Political Ambition
What Happened at Work Today
The Ties That Double Bind
The Public Consequences of Private Inequality
A Theory of Political Ambition
Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women's Political Representation Worldwide
Do Voters Dislike Working-Class Candidates? Voter Biases and the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class
Why Women Don't Run
Political Ambitions and the Behavior of Incumbent Politicians
Legislative Staff and Representation in Congress
Women's Representation and the Gendered Pipeline to Power
The Private Roots of Public Action
Women's Housework
| Unique citing works | 78 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 15,6 |
| Citation span | 2021 - 2026 (6) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 77 |