Hate Crimes Hurt More
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 3756366 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Paul Iganski (0000-0002-4735-4864, University of Essex, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2001 |
| Volume | 45 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 626-638 |
| Publication date | 2001-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Behavioral Scientist (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0002-7642 • E-ISSN: 1552-3381 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/0002764201045004006 |
| OpenAlex | W2065117210 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 89 |
| References cited | 9 |
Constitutional questions about hate crime laws in the United States were settled in the early 1990s. Yet, critics persist in arguing that the laws punish "improper thinking." In this context, this article addresses the question of the justification of punishing motivation-or bias-behind hate crimes when the type of expression and the thought behind it used to indicate motivation are largely protected. There has been considerable legal scholarship on this question but little empirical investigation of how supporters of legislation respond to the question. The article draws from in-depth interviews carried out with a purposive sample of "elite" informants in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1999. A key theme that emerged was that alleged greater harms inflicted by hate crimes-over and above the harms inflicted by the same underlying but otherwise motivated crimes-justify greater punishment. A conceptualization is provided of alleged harms involved
Conceptualization · Context (archaeology) · Criminology · Elite · Hate crime · Legislation · Political science · Politics · Punishment (psychology) · Scholarship · Sociology · Theme (computing) · Education Discipline and Inequality · Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection · Law · Law, Rights, and Freedoms · Psychology · Social Psychology
Behavioral and psychological consequences of social identity-based aggressive victimization in high school youth
From Apathy to Vigilance
Hate and Punishment
Hate Crimes Hurt Some More Than Others
Hate Crime Victimization in Wales
Underreporting Rate in Hate Crimes in Spain
Democracia y violencia contra las mujeres en política
How does hate hurt more? National evidence for the varying emotional impacts of hate crime
The dangers of ‘zero tolerance’ towards students’ experiences of hate crime and incidents in English universities
Hate Crimes
Reinforcing gender stereotypes through legal Defence
Hate in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic
Hate-Motivated Violence in America
God and Group
Bias-Motivated Violence and the Likelihood of Fatal Outcomes
Seeking Help After Hate
Hate crimes hurt
Hate Crime Victimization and Weapon Use
Understanding Fear of Hate Crime
The Role of Hate Crime Victimization, Fear of Victimization, and Vicarious Victimization in Covid-19-Related Depression
Akademicki kaprys” czy „budowanie zrozumienia”? Refleksje z badań antropologicznych o sprawiedliwości naprawczej
A randomised control trial testing the impact of police reassurance contact on hate crime victim withdrawal
Vorurteilsmotivierte Gewaltkriminalität vor Gericht – Eine empirische Analyse der Strafzumessung für Nordrhein-Westfalen 2012 bis 2019
In/visibility on campus? Gender and sexuality diversity in tertiary institutions
Approaches to Defining the “Hate Element” of a Behavior
Communities Collide
Biased Bullying Victimization and Student Wellbeing
Punishing Hate
Homonegativity, perceived free speech protections, and perceptions of harm predict judgments of hateful acts motivated by sexual prejudice
Hate, crime and epistemic vulnerability
Differentiating between direct and indirect hate crime
Designing hate crime reporting devices
Policing hate crime in a Multicultural society observations from Canada
Holding to account or amplifying extremist hate? A mixed methods analysis of newspaper reporting on far-right crime in Australia
Swedish Women’s Experiences of Misogynistic Hate Crimes
The prison hate machine
Mail Voting as a Tool to Avoid Voter Intimidation and Hate Crimes
Perceptions of Bias-Motivated Assault Against Bisexual Individuals
Reconceptualizing hate crime victimization through the lens of vulnerability and ‘difference’
Conceptualizing hate crime as group oppression
Policing hate and bridging communities
Reporting victimisation to the police
Racist Victimization, Legal Estrangement and Resentful Reliance on the Police in Sweden
To deny or dismantle? Responding to victims of targeted hostility in higher education
When there is more than one motive
Sociality of hate
Group identity, empathy and shared suffering
Racist hate crime and the mortified self
We are all vulnerable’
Sex doesn't matter
The intersection of suspect and victim race/ethnicity among anti-gay and anti-lesbian bias crimes
Immigration and Conflict in Europe
Addressing Hate Crime in the 21st Century
Chercher la reconnaissance dans la répression ? Paradoxes et défis de la lutte contre les crimes de haine anti-LGBT en Suisse
The (Non)Enforcement of Hate Crime Laws in the United States
Hate crime disclaimers
The harms of hate
Aligning police practice with hate crime theory
Preventing Religion-Based Hate Crime Victimization Among Youth
Is There Such a Thing as a Hate Crime Paradigm? An Integrative Review of Bias-Motivated Violent Victimization and Offending, Its Effects and Underlying Mechanisms
Improving police response
The Neighborhood Context of Perceived and Reported Anti-White Hate Crimes
Gender violence revisited
Hate begets hate
The vicarious effects of hate
Ethnic harassment and political engagement of immigrants in Europe
Neglect, Marginalization, and Abuse
Emotional consequences of hate incidents
The Role of the Social Environment in the Relationship Between Group-Focused Enmity Towards Social Minorities and Politically Motivated Crime
Hate Crime and Class Vulnerability
Reporting Racist Hate Crime Victimization to the Police in the United States and the United Kingdom
Ethnic Hate Crime in Australia
It’s Not OK To Talk To Anyone This Way”
Anti-Asian Hate Crime in U.S. National News
Responses to the Unite the Right Rally
Xenophobic and racially motivated crime in Belgium
Social Cohesion, Collective Efficacy, and the Response of a Cape Verdean Community to Hate Crime
The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians
If you dress like a whore you have to accept being treated like one
Disrupting the Mantra of Multiculturalism
Outside Looking In
Spectacles of Whataboutery
Identity and Hate Crime on Canadian Campuses
You Need to Be Sorted Out With a Knife
Supporting LGBT+ People Experiencing Hate
An Intersectional Analysis of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People's Evaluations of Anti-Queer Violence
Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence
Historical Markers or Markers of White Supremacy? Confederate Memorialization, Racial Threat, and Hate Crime
Risk and resilience in British Muslim communities
| Unique citing works | 89 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,24 |
| Citation span | 2009 - 2026 (18) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 88 |