Relative Income and Price of Time
Exploring Their Effects on US Fertility and Female Labor Force Participation
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 4120880 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Diane J Macunovich (Williams College, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1996 |
| Volume | 22 |
| Pages | 223 |
| Publication date | 1996-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Population and Development Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0098-7921 • E-ISSN: 1728-4457 |
| Publisher | JSTOR (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.2307/2808013 |
| OpenAlex | W1989526901 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 55 |
| References cited | 45 |
This paper attempts to review and synthesize the literature on the economics of fertility in order to develop a model which combines the 'price of time' and the 'relative income' concepts underlying the two most wellknown models. Emphasis is placed on the need to work with an exogenous measure of the female wage, and on the possibility that the income effect of the female wage may be stronger than has been assumed in most 'price of time' models. A model is formulated and tested using aggregated data from the March Current Population Surveys, 1964-1995, and is used to demonstrate the changing net effect of the female wage on fertility during this period. The model appears to explain well the observed pattern of fertility, even in differenced form, and produces a strongly positive effect of male relative income and a strong underlying negative price effect of the female wage. Interaction terms show that the price effect of the female wage has been declining over time, while its income effect has been increasing. Consistent with these findings for fertility, male relative income is found to exert a strong negative effect on female labor force participation and enrollment, while the female wage exerts a strong positive effect on these variables
Demographic economics · Economics · Fertility · Labour economics · Population · Sociology · Demography · Economic Growth and Productivity · Family Dynamics and Relationships · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Fertility Theory
Fertility and Social Interaction
Short- and long-term effects of unemployment on fertility
Alone in the Ivory Tower
Relative Cohort Size
The End of "Lowest-Low" Fertility
Social interactions and fluctuations in birth rates
The impact of individual and aggregate unemployment on fertility in Norway
The role of relative cohort size and relative income in the demographic transition
Economic conditions and birth spacing in Colombia
Fertility in Advanced Societies
Non-marital and Teen Fertility and Contraception During the Great Recession
Racial and Ethnic Variation in Unmarried Young Adults’ Motivation to Avoid Pregnancy
Explaining Dutch Fertility Rates in a Comparative European Perspective
The effect of women’s participation in the labour market on the postponement of first childbirth
What drives period fertility rates during post-recession spells
Testing the limits of the price elasticity of potential students at colleges and universities
Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life Course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US
The mid-twentieth century baby boom in Sweden – changes in the educational gradient of fertility for women born 1915–1950
Sectoral Effects on Female Absolute and Relative Employment in Selected Least Developed Countries
Fertility and the Easterlin hypothesis
The fortunes of one's birth
The causal relationship between female labor supply and fertility in the USA
Religiously inspired baby boom
A note on the changing relationship between fertility and female employment rates in developed countries
Time series analysis of fertility and female labor market behavior
Globalization and Population
Diverse Effects of Women’s Employment on Fertility
The Impact of Labour-Force Participation on Childbearing Behaviour
Where Are the Babies? Labor Market Conditions and Fertility in Europe
Economic and Institutional Context and Second Births in Seven European Countries
The debate over low fertility in the popular press
Fertility in the Heart of the Covid-19 Storm
The American Academy of Political and Social Science
Marriage and Baby Blues
Is Fertility a Leading Economic Indicator
Certainty of meeting fertility intentions declines in Europe during the 'Great Recession
The fertility response to the Great Recession in Europe and the United States
The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Fertility Levels in EU Member States
Changing Relationships between Education and Fertility
Labour-market status and first-time parenthood
Relative Cohort Size, Relative Income, and Married Women's Labor Force Participation
The Baby Boom and Its Causes
Relative Income and Price of Time
Economic Recession and Fertility in the Developed World
The Weakening Position of University Graduates in Singapore's Labor Market
Low Fertility and the State
Emploi et première maternité en Corée du Sud, 1978-2006
Couples' paid work, state-level unemployment, and first births in the United States
The power of the government
Measuring and explaining the baby boom in the developed world in the mid-twentieth century
The mid-twentieth century Baby Boom and the changing educational gradient in Belgian cohort fertility
Fertility choices in China under the two-child policy
Wealth and the Transition to Motherhood
Educational differentials on the transition to first birth in South Korea
Measurement in economics
Historical Studies of Changing Fertility
Land Tenure Reform in East Africa
Labor-force participation of married women
The Sensitivity of an Empirical Model of Married Women's Hours of Work to Economic and Statistical Assumptions
A Closer Look at the Effect of Market Growth on Industries' Profits
Can Small Firms Find and Defend Strategic Niches? A Test of the Porter Hypothesis
Female Labor Force Behavior and Fertility in the United States
Is sustainability optimal? Examining the differences between economists and environmentalists
Purchased child care, optimal family size and mother's employment Theory and econometric analysis
A comparison and latent variable test of two fertile ideas
Preschoolers with working mothers
Time cost, relative income and fertility in Canada
Intergenerational effects on fertility Theory and evidence from Israel
Complex demoeconomic dynamics
The state-owned enterprise as an entrepreneurial substitute in developing countries
Peru's return toward an open economy
Why does the Soviet economy appear to be allocatively efficient
Employment trends of young mothers and the opportunity cost of babies in the United States
An analysis of variations in U. S. fertility and female labor force participation trends
On the relation of economic factors to recent and projected fertility changes
Socioeconomic ramifications of changing cohort size
Place Prosperity vs People Prosperity' Revisited
Foreign aid in the making of economic policy in Sri Lanka, 1977?1983
Effects of Cohort Size on Earnings
Land Availability and Fertility in the United States, 1760–1870
Inheritance Laws Across Colonies
Economic Development and Population Growth
Commodity aspirations in easterlin's relative income theory of fertility
Fertility and Female Employment
The Cash Opportunity Costs of Childbearing
Grade Inflation and Course Choice
Unobserved Household and Community Heterogeneity and the Labor Market Impact of Schooling
Marriage Markets, Labor Markets, and Unobserved Human Capital
The Relevance of the 'Easterlin hypothesis' and the 'new home economics' to fertility movements in Great Britain
The Relevance of the `Easterlin Hypothesis' and the `New Home Economics' to Fertility Movements in Great Britain
Childrearing and Fertility
Relative Income and Price of Time
The Easterlin Hypothesis
Cultural and Economic Approaches to Fertility
The Value and Allocation of Time in High-Income Countries
Socio-economic effects of relative income and relative cohort size
| Unique citing works | 55 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,5 |
| Citation span | 1916 - 2025 (110) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 55 |