The Use and Effects of Incentives in Surveys
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 5741970 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Eleanor Singer, Cong Ye (0000-0002-4546-2298) |
| Year | 2013 |
| Volume | 645 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 112-141 |
| Publication date | 2013-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0002-7162 • E-ISSN: 1552-3349 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/0002716212458082 |
| OpenAlex | W2145642236 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 119 |
| References cited | 70 |
This article is intended to supplement rather than replace earlier reviews of research on survey incentives, especially those by Singer (2002); Singer and Kulka (2002); and Cantor, O'Hare, and O'Connor (2008). It is based on a systematic review of articles appearing since 2002 in major journals, supplemented by searches of the Proceedings of the American Statistical Association's Section on Survey Methodology for unpublished papers. The article begins by drawing on responses to open-ended questions about why people are willing to participate in a hypothetical survey. It then lays out the theoretical justification for using monetary incentives and the conditions under which they are hypothesized to be particularly effective. Finally, it summarizes research on how incentives affect response rates in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and, to the extent information is available, how they affect response quality, nonresponse error, and cost-effectiveness. A special section on incentives in Web surveys is included
Actuarial science · Affect (linguistics) · Association (psychology) · Economics · Epistemology · Incentive · Microeconomics · Public economics · Quality (philosophy) · Healthcare Policy and Management · Psychology · Social Psychology · Survey Methodology and Nonresponse · Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
Effects of Prepaid Postage Stamps and Postcard Incentives in a Web Survey Experiment
Health-related quality of life in women after colposcopy
Cooking Data Culture and Politics in an African Research World
The Influence of Social Conditions Across the Life Course on the Human Gut Microbiota
The role of age at migration in socio-cultural integration
Influential Factors on Participation in Mental Health Research
Surveys and Polling
Enhancing Participation in Web Tracking Studies Through Monetary Incentives
Calidad, confianza y participación en encuestas
Estrategias para mejorar la respuesta de las encuestas en línea
Monetary Incentives in Large-Scale Face-to-Face Surveys
Answering Without Reading
Are Incentive Effects on Response Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Large-scale, Face-to-face Surveys Generalizable to Germany? Evidence from Ten Experiments
Using Informational Video to Elicit Participation in Online Survey Research
Effects of Conditional Incentives on Response Rate, Non-Response Bias and Measurement Error in a High Response-Rate Context
Education Policies and Teacher Deployment in Northern Ireland
Capability, opportunity, and motivation
Exploring Alcohol Use Motivations in Underage College Students
Strategies for Recruiting Migrants to Participate in a Sexual Health Survey
Factors related to out-of-hours help-seeking for acute health problems
Incentivizing Student Participation in QAS Questionnaires
Measuring adult mortality from mobile phone surveys in Burkina Faso, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Who do phone surveys miss, and how to reduce exclusion
Voters’ wishful thinking in an unprecedented event of three national elections repeated within one year
Highlighting Incivility
Collecting Data During an Epidemic
A comparative study of residents and tourists' valuation for a heterogeneous environmental good
Equifinal roads to a driverless future
The effects of a special sequential mixed-mode design, and reminders, on panellists’ participation in a probability-based panel study
The threat of AI chatbot responses to crowdsourced open-ended survey questions
Comparison of Online Probability Panels in Europe
Participation incentives in a survey of international non-profit professionals
Politician responses to material incentives for participation in surveys
Toward a social psychology of survey methodology
The unexplored role of surfers in drowning prevention
Was für ein Zufall? Stichprobentheoretische Anmerkungen und Folgerungen aus Simulationsergebnissen für den bundesweiten Bürgerrat „Deutschlands Rolle in der Welt“
Consent to data linkage for different data domains – the role of question order, question wording, and incentives
Benefits of increasing the value of respondent incentives during the course of a longitudinal mixed-mode survey
Linking survey and Facebook data
Using social proof to increase response in the third wave of a German online probability panel
The effectiveness of between-wave mailings and tailored material incentives on response rates
Found in (survey) translation
Self-Reported Interest to Participate in a Health Survey if Different Amounts of Cash or Non-Monetary Incentive Types Were Offered
Police research, officer surveys, and response rates
Environmental Threats, Materialism, and ‘Green to be Seen’
Public support for more ambitious climate policies
Effective Sampling From Social Media Sites and Search Engines for Web Surveys
Using Paradata to Evaluate Youth Participation in a Digital Diary Study
Dynamic Analysis of the Timing of Survey Participation
Can Incentive Effects in Web Surveys Be Generalized to Non-Western Countries? Conditional and Unconditional Cash Incentives in a Web Survey of Ghanaian University Students
What’s the Benefit of a Video? The Effect of Nonmaterial Incentives on Response Rate and Bias in Web Surveys
Guaranteed Incentives and Prize Drawings
Enhancing Participation in Probability-Based Online Panels
A Comparison of Four Probability-Based Online and Mixed-Mode Panels in Europe
Improving Survey Response Rates in Online Panels
Effects of E-Mailed Versus Mailed Invitations and Incentives on Response Rates, Data Quality, and Costs in a Web Survey of University Faculty
Anchoring Bias in the Tradeoff Procedure Within Multi‐Attribute Value Theory
Effect of Monetary Incentives on Mail Survey Response Rates for Midwestern Farmers
Are Prepaid Monetary Incentives Sufficient for Reducing Panel Attrition and Optimizing the Response Rate? An Experiment in the Context of a Multi-Wave Panel with a Sequential Mixed-Mode Design
Kish grid vs birthday procedures
Cooking Data Culture and Politics in an African Research World
The Effect of Incentives on Internet Surveys
Effects of survey response mode, purported topic, and incentives on response rates in human dimensions of fisheries and wildlife research
Determinants of switching intention to adopt electric vehicles
Digitalization and entrepreneurial firms' resilience to pandemic crises
Ethics as methodological innovation
Frustrated, hopeless and hesitant
Who stays and who plays? Participant retention and smartphone app usage in a longitudinal travel survey
Intra-destination travel behavior of alpine tourists
Algorithmic management practices, trust, and gig-worker continuance
Perils and Politicization
The pains and gains of reception centres
Pathways to Green Purchase Intention in FMCG Industry
A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Exploration of EFL Learners’ Perceptions of What Contributes to the Readability of Model Paragraphs
Digital competences of social work degree students
Leaving money on the table
The reliability of questionnaires in laboratory experiments
Digital transformation and industry 4.0 employees
Examining Variation in Survey Costs Across Surveys
Assessing Trends and Decomposing Change in Nonresponse Bias
When Less Is More in Boosting Survey Response Rates
Designing Passwords for Web Survey Access
A Cross-National Psychometric Test of the Lesbian, Gay, and bisexual–Positive Identity Scale (LGB-PIM)
Analyzing the impact of events through surveys
What Can Instrumental Variables Tell Us About Nonresponse In Household Surveys and Political Polls
Policy variation and refugee integration
Pre-incentive Efficacy in Survey Response Rates in a Large Prospective Military Cohort
The Effects of a Delayed Incentive on Response Rates, Response Mode, Data Quality, and Sample Bias in a Nationally Representative Mixed Mode Study
What Works, What Doesn’t? Three Studies Designed to Improve Survey Response
Understanding the Impact of Lottery Incentives on Web Survey Participation and Response Quality
Effect of Incentive Amount on U.S. Adolescents’ Participation in an Accelerometer Data Collection Component of a National Survey
The Effectiveness of Incentives on Completion Rates, Data Quality, and Nonresponse Bias in a Probability-based Internet Panel Survey
Where Have the Respondents Gone? Perhaps We Ate Them All
Willingness to Participate in Passive Mobile Data Collection
Increasing the Acceptance of Smartphone-Based Data Collection
Effects of Sequential Prepaid Incentives and Envelope Messaging in Mail Surveys
The Effect of Large Monetary Incentives on Survey Completion
Targeted Appeals for Participation in Letters to Panel Survey Members
Differential efficacy of survey incentives across contexts
Will One More Dollar Help? The Effect of Sequential Incentives on Survey Participation and Costs in a Concurrent Mixed-mode Survey
Interviewing in social research
Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires
An Overview of the Health and Retirement Study
Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys
Regression Modeling and Meta-Analysis for Decision Making
Do Incentives Exert Undue Influence on Survey Participation? Experimental Evidence
Incentive Effects on Response Rates, Data Quality, and Survey Administration Costs
Impact of Prepaid Incentives in Face-to-Face Surveys
Trends in Non-Response Rates
Using Monetary Incentives With Hard-to-Reach Populations in Panel Surveys
Stubbing Our Toes for a Foot in the Door? Prior Contact, Incentives and Survey Response
Survey Incentives
Compensating for Low Topic Interest and Long Surveys
Cash Lotteries as Incentives in Online Panels
Prepaid and Promised Incentives in Web Surveys
The Effects of Cash, Electronic, and Paper Gift Certificates as Respondent Incentives for a Web-Based Survey of Technologically Sophisticated Respondents
Effects of Immediate Versus Delayed Notification of Prize Draw Results on Response Behavior in Web Surveys
Response Rates in National Panel Surveys
Cell Phone Survey Feasibility in The U.S
How Social Processes Distort Measurement
The Effect of Interviewer Characteristics and Expectations on Response
Experiments in Producing Nonresponse Bias
Estimating the Effect of Incentives on Mail Survey Response Rates
The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias
Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys
Changes in Telephone Survey Nonresponse over the Past Quarter Century
The Effect of Monetary Incentives and Follow-Up Mailings on the Response Rate and Response Quality in Mail Surveys
Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation
The "Downstream" Effect of Token Prepaid Cash Incentives to Parents on Their Young Adult Children's Survey Participation
The Role of Topic Interest in Survey Participation Decisions
Does the Payment of Incentives Create Expectation Effects
Differential Incentives
Experiments with Incentives in Telephone Surveys
The Effects of Promised Monetary Incentives on Attrition in a Long-Term Panel Survey
Interviewer Expectation Effects
Revisiting Incentive Effects
Recruiting Probability Samples for a Multi-Mode Research Panel with Internet and Mail Components
Prepaid Monetary Incentives and Data Quality in Face-to-Face Interviews
The Norm of Reciprocity
The Long-Term Effect of Material Incentives on Participation in Online Panels
Modest Expectations
The growth of survey research in the United States
| Unique citing works | 119 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 8,5 |
| Citation span | 2012 - 2026 (15) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 116 |