Self-affirmation and self-control
Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6201299 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Brandon J Schmeichel (0000-0003-3527-5365, Texas A&M University), Kathleen D Vohs (0000-0001-5858-2603, University of Minnesota), Kathleen Vohs |
| Year | 2009 |
| Volume | 96 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 770-782 |
| Publication date | 2009-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/a0014635 |
| PMID | 19309201 |
| OpenAlex | W2012281587 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 170 |
| References cited | 64 |
Research has established that acts of self-control deplete a resource required for subsequent self-control tasks. The present investigation revealed that a psychological intervention-self-affirmation-facilitates self-control when the resource has been depleted. Experiments 1 and 2 found beneficial effects of self-affirmation on self-control in a depleted state. Experiments 3 and 4 suggested that self-affirmation improves self-control by promoting higher levels (vs. lower levels) of mental construal. Self-affirmation therefore holds promise as a mental strategy that reduces the likelihood of self-control failure
Construal level theory · Control (management) · Core self-evaluations · Developmental psychology · Ego Depletion · Id, ego and super-ego · Intervention (counseling) · Self · Self-affirmation · Self-concept · Self-control · Behavioral Health and Interventions · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Construal Level Theory in Organizational Research
How does organizational political environment influence leader justice rule adherence
Polish Validation of the Delaying Gratification Inventory
Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control
Self-affirmation can enable goal disengagement
Reverse ego-depletion
What drives self-affirmation effects? On the importance of differentiating value affirmation and attribute affirmation
Going along versus getting it right
The Psychology of Change
Ego Depletion
Emotion Regulation
The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change
Self-regulation of health behavior
The good and bad of being fair
Who strikes back? A daily investigation of when and why incivility begets incivility.
The Cascading Effects of Marginalization and Pathways of Resilience in Attaining Good Health Among LGBT Older Adults
Do Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior?
Demystifying Values-Affirmation Interventions
Is Ego Depletion Real? An Analysis of Arguments
What Is Ego Depletion? Toward a Mechanistic Revision of the Resource Model of Self-Control
Person–Environment Fit
Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited
An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
Effortless Self‐Control
Transcending Temptation Through Abstraction
Self‐Affirmation
Procrastination and the Priority of Short‐Term Mood Regulation
Ethically adrift
On Conceptualizing Self-Control as More Than the Effortful Inhibition of Impulses
Does Abstract Mindset Decrease or Increase Deception
Intense Self-Regulatory Effort Increases Need for Conservation and Reduces Attractiveness of Energy-Requiring Rewards
Who Believes in Nonlimited Willpower? In Search of Correlates of Implicit Theories of Self-Control
Burnout and Attention Failure in STEM
A community-engaged randomized controlled trial of an integrative intervention with HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men
A web-based self-guided program to promote valued-living in college students
The Impact of Social Exclusion on Health Information Avoidance
How insecure narcissists become cultural omnivores
Enablers of students’ health-promoting lifestyle
The nonlinear relationship between psychological contract and burnout among Chinese government employees
A Cross-Sectional Study of University Nursing Students Construal Level and Core Values in Learning English as Foreign Language in Taiwan
The Virtues of Will-Power – from a Philosophical & Psychological Perspective
Two experimental studies on the differential effects of low and high treatability information on the inclination to engage in cancer prevention
Self-affirmation training can relieve negative emotions by improving self-integrity among older adults
The sequence of manipulation matters
Self-affirmation inductions to reduce defensive processing of threatening health risk information
My avatar and the affirmed self
From internal timing to external clock-checking
Construal Level and Perceived Self-Control Capacity in Goal Pursuit
Low Self-Concept Clarity Inhibits Self-Control
Effect of ambient scent temperature on food choice
Ya gotta wanna
Choice, free will, and religion
Ego Depletion Is Not Just Fatigue
Context Moderates Affirmation Effects on the Ethnic Achievement Gap
Two Types of Value-Affirmation
Seeing the Math in the Story
The Impact of Illusory Fatigue on Executive Control
Energized by Television
Self-Control at High and Low Levels of Mental Construal
Decision Fatigue, Choosing for Others, and Self-Construal
Implicit Delegation of Responsibility
The influence of body image self-discrepancy on impulsive buying behavior
Educating good decisions
Self-affirmed for saving energy in the United States
Video-Based Group-Values Affirmation Reduces Defensive Responses to Risk Messages
Integrating attachment style, vigor at work, and extra‐role performance
To create without losing face
Do not like it when you need it the most
Beyond depletion
A shield against ageism
Self‐Control Moderates Decision‐Making Behavior When Minimizing Losses versus Maximizing Gains
Using the Voodoo Doll Task to Explore Predictors of Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence
Hedonic value of intentional action provides reinforcement for voluntary generation but not voluntary inhibition of action
Personal prayer counteracts self-control depletion
Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion
Susceptibility to unconscious influences is unaffected by a challenging inhibitory task or mental exhaustion
Brief mindfulness induction reduces inattentional blindness
Willpower
Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative
Affirming independence
Chronic threat and contingent belonging
It was(n’t) me
Exercising self-control increases approach motivation
Implicit theories about willpower predict the activation of a rest goal following self-control exertion
True to which self? Lay rationalism and decision satisfaction in self-control conflicts
The tolerance benefits of multicultural experiences depend on the perception of available mental resources
A Burgeoning Ecopsychological Recovery Movement
Rational Versus Experiential Processing of Negative Feedback Reduces Defensiveness but Induces Ego Depletion
Self-affirmation and the self-regulation of health behavior change
Individual differences in spontaneous self-affirmation predict well-being
Does the experience of presence restore self-control
Improving Self-control by Practicing Logical Reasoning
Does Monitoring Performance Eliminate the Ego-depletion Phenomenon and Influence Perception of Time
Too Exhausted for Operation ? Anxiety, Depleted Self-control Strength, and Perceptual–motor Performance
Self-affirmation and an incongruent drinking norm
Imbuing Everyday Actions with Meaning in Response to Existential Threat
Ego-depletion and increased stereotyping of the older adults as forgetful in the Chinese culture
The influence of ending temporal landmark on consumers’ tourism activity preference
Chinese primary school teachers’ working time allocation after the enactment of the “Double Reduction” policy
Leading together, depleting apart
Handbook of Social Psychology
Attention control, memory updating, and emotion regulation temporarily reduce the capacity for executive control.
Self-Affirmation and the Biased Processing of Threatening Health-Risk Information
Self-Regulatory Failure
Self-Affirmation and Mortality Salience
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions
Psychology as the Science of Self-Reports and Finger Movements
Mood-based rash action and its components
Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents
Delay of Gratification in Children
Defensive Processing of Personally Relevant Health Messages
Self-Threat Magnifies the Self-Serving Bias
Mechanisms of Self-Control Failure
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
On the Confluence of Self-Esteem Maintenance Mechanisms
Do Messages about Health Risks Threaten the Self? Increasing the Acceptance of Threatening Health Messages Via Self-Affirmation
Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation
The Psychology of Self‐defense
Self-Affirmation Reduces Biased Processing of Health-Risk Information
What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior
When Beliefs Yield to Evidence
Why Does Writing About Important Values Reduce Defensiveness
Trait Self‐Control Predicts Performance on Behavioral Tests of Self‐Control
High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success
Cognitive dissonance as a function of self‐esteem and logical inconsistency 1
The Effects of Success versus Failure Feedback on Further Self-Control
Inducing affective states with success-failure manipulations
Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source
Prejudice as self-image maintenance
Evidence for terror management theory II
When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure
Ego depletion by response exaggeration
Restoring the self
The influence of abstract and concrete mindsets on anticipating and guiding others' self-regulatory efforts
An affirmed self and an open mind
Implementation intentions
On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance
Self-esteem and threats to self
Self-control as a limited resource
The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions
Self-Regulation and Self-Presentation
Cognitive mediators of pain perception and tolerance
Self-regulatory processes defend against the threat of death
Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function
Establishing a causal chain
Cognitive Dissonance in Groups
Attention in delay of gratification
Defensive Zeal and the Uncertain Self
The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation
Dissonance processes as self-affirmation
Biased assimilation and attitude polarization
Self-regulation and extended now
On being cool and collected
Construal levels and self-control
Be better or be merry
Refining the measurement of mood
Binge eating as escape from self-awareness
Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources
Spent Resources
| Unique citing works | 170 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 10 |
| Citation span | 2009 - 2026 (18) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 162 |