Standing up for a change
Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6202858 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Alexander M Czopp (University of Toledo), Margo J Monteith (0000-0002-3427-9164, University of Kentucky), Aimee Y Mark (University of Kentucky) |
| Year | 2006 |
| Volume | 90 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 784-803 |
| Publication date | 2006-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.784 |
| PMID | 16737373 |
| OpenAlex | W2144771163 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 196 |
| References cited | 42 |
Three experiments examined the effectiveness of interpersonal confrontations as a means for decreasing stereotypic responding. After making stereotypic inferences about Black individuals, participants were confronted and reactions were measured across various intrapersonal and interpersonal response domains. Confrontations varied in level of hostility (Experiment 1) and whether they were expressed by a Black or White person (Experiment 2). Results indicate that although confrontations (and particularly hostile ones) elicited negative emotions and evaluations toward the confronter, participants also experienced negative self-directed affect. Furthermore, regardless of who did the confronting or how much hostility was expressed, confronted participants subsequently were less likely to provide stereotypic responses (Experiments 1-2), and the effect of the confrontation generalized to reporting less prejudiced attitudes (Experiment 3)
Affect (linguistics) · Developmental psychology · Hostility · Interpersonal communication · Interpersonal interaction · Interpersonal relationship · Intrapersonal communication · Perception · Social perception · Communication in Education and Healthcare · Cultural Differences and Values · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Developing and Testing a Video-Based Intervention to Increase White Bystander Confrontations of Online Racism
How gender affects heterosexual allies’ intentions of confronting sexual prejudice
Workplace “trans”-actions
Incidents of bias in college classrooms
Going beyond good colleagues
Bystander Antiprejudice
Independent or ungrateful? Consequences of confronting patronizing help for people with disabilities
Perceptions of racial confrontation
Third‐Party Intervention to Address Gender Microaggressions Among College Students
Challenging gendered power
(Not so) powerful allies? Decision makers’ reactions to advantaged group allies in collective action
Confrontation as an interpersonal response to ostracism
Tolerance of racism
The ironic impact of activists
Dyadic interracial interactions
The Science of Implicit Race Bias
Promoting Individuals’ Intentions to be a Moral Rebel by Confronting Their Compliance With Morally Compromising Situations
Diversity in Organizations
Towards an understanding of performative allyship
The Confronting Prejudiced Responses (CPR) Model
Positive Stereotypes Are Pervasive and Powerful
Who Confronts Prejudice?
Beyond Allyship
Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature
Predicting Behavior During Interracial Interactions
Coping with racism
The Effect of Target Status on Witnesses' Reactions to Confrontations of Bias
Confronting prejudice
Social Dimensions of Moral Responsibility
Buscando la inclusión de las minorías en un contexto multicultural. Una revisión teórica del prejuicio y de las estrategias para reducirlo
Teacher and Student Perceptions of Microaggressions in College Classrooms
Reactions to Witnessing Ethnic Microaggressions
Breaking the silence
Asian Americans’ Communicative Responses to Covid-19 Discrimination in Application of Co-Cultural Theory
How can white parents raise anti‐racist children? Introducing the routes to effective anti‐racist parenting (Reap) model
The Nurturing Stance, Moral Responsibility, and the (Implicit) Bias Blind Spot
Why Antibias Interventions (Need Not) Fail
Perceptions of Not Equally Tolerable Discriminations
Attitudes Toward Separating Immigrant Families at the United States–Mexico Border
The Right to Feel Comfortable
Standing Up to the Maskless
Coping with Racial Discrimination with Collective Power
Confronting or avoiding confrontation? The role of sexism in evaluating women who avoid confronting discrimination ( ¿Confrontar o evitar hacerlo? El rol del sexismo en la evaluación de mujeres que evitan confrontar la discriminación )
Chinese international students’ facework and collective face concerns in response to group criticism
The Aversive Racism Theory of Cultural Appropriation
Following Prejudiced Behavior, Confrontation Restores Local Anti-Bias Social Norms
Perceived Centrality in Social Networks Increases Women’s Expectations of Confronting Sexism
Do Beliefs That Older Adults Are Inflexible Serve as a Barrier to Racial Equality
Power and the confrontation of sexism
What black people value when white people confront prejudice
Perceptions of women who confront hostile and benevolent sexism
Strategic confrontation
How do confronters want perpetrators to respond? Defining successful confrontation as the match between desired and actual outcomes
The shame of implicit racial bias
Debunking the ‘model minority’ myth
You gay, bro? Social costs faced by male confronters of antigay prejudice
Which verbal de-escalation strategies are most effective for bystanders in online conflicts
White’s Perceptions of Biracial Individuals’ Race Shift When Biracials Speak Out Against Bias
The Breadth of Confrontations as a Prejudice Reduction Strategy
Targeting Prejudice
Resist, Remedy, or Retaliate? Perpetrators’ Responses to Sexual Violence Confrontation by Women Ridesharing Drivers
A field study around a racial justice protest on a college campus
Calling Out Ageism
Too Much Democracy? Exploring the Link between Majoritarian Institutions and Disparities in the American States
Using implicit bias training to improve attitudes toward women in STEM
Teaching bystander action
Reactions to the implicit association test as an educational tool
Social norms of prejudice confrontations impact anticipated costs and benefits of confronting prejudice
Can men promote feminist movements
Endorsing negative intergroup attitudes to justify failure to confront prejudice
Prejudice confrontation styles
Racial bias confrontation in the United States
We’re mad as hell and we’re not going to take it anymore”
Aggressive confrontation shapes perceptions and attitudes toward racist content online
Confronting stereotypic biases
It’s a man’s world; right? How women’s opinions about gender inequality affect physiological responses in men
The intergroup sensitivity effect among racial groups in the United States
Perceptions of an ally who confronts racism
Everyday antiracism in interpersonal contexts
The norms associated with climate change
Contributions to reducing online gender harassment
Don’t laugh it off
Cracking wise to break the ice
What do you call a Black guy who flies a plane?”
It’s just a (sexist) joke
Gender differences in using humor to respond to sexist jokes
Hireability” prospects for known bystander reporters of sexual harassment
Engage, Ignore, Stand Up
Facebook LGBTQ Pictivism
Are Strategies for Women in Compensation Negotiations More Appealing When It Is Explained How They Are Meant to Impact Negotiation Outcomes
At Least She Is Doing Something? Women Do Not Prefer a Woman Who Confronts Gender-Based Discrimination With a Distancing Motive Over a Nonconfronter
Feminist Identity, Attitudes Toward Feminist Prototypes, and Willingness to Intervene in Everyday Sexist Events
When Do We Confront? Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Predict Confronting Discrimination on Behalf of the Self and Others
Using Video to Increase Gender Bias Literacy Toward Women in Science
Wages-Classroom (Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation)
Can Evidence Impact Attitudes? Public Reactions to Evidence of Gender Bias in STEM Fields
Confronting Sexism
Should I Confront Him? Men’s Reactions to Hypothetical Confrontations of Peer Sexual Harassment
Heterosexual Men’s Confrontation of Sexual Prejudice
Confronting Sexism
The Effect of Social Norm Activation on the Expression of Opinions Concerning Gay Men and Blacks
Reducing the Expression of Racial Prejudice
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression
Public and private self-consciousness
Prejudice, discrimination, and racism
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Stop Complaining! The Social Costs of Making Attributions to Discrimination
Confronting Prejudice (Literally)
Changing one's prejudiced ways
Confronting Perpetrators of Prejudice
A Stress and Coping Perspective on Confronting Sexism
Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes
Putting the brakes on prejudice
Asymmetry in prejudice attribution
Excuse Me—What Did You Just Say
Responses to Other-Imposed Pro-Black Pressure
College Students’ Racial Attitudes
Self-regulation of prejudiced responses
Proneness to prejudiced responses
Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes
Emotional responses to goal attainment
African American College Students’ Experiences With Everyday Racism
The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research
Sociological Methodology 1980
The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research
Reliability of Content Analysis
Self-directed versus other-directed affect as a consequence of prejudice-related discrepancies
Prejudice with and without compunction
Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression
Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice
Stereotypes and prejudice
The Continuing Significance of Race
A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice
| Unique citing works | 196 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 10,32 |
| Citation span | 2007 - 2026 (20) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 180 |