Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Trivialization

The Forgotten Mode of Dissonance Reduction

Bibliographic Data

ID6204022
AuthorsLinda Simon, Jeff Greenberg (0000-0002-2206-0771), Jack W Brehm (University of Kansas), Jack Brehm
Year1995
Volume68
Issue2
Pages247-260
Publication date1995-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.247
OpenAlexW2059114960
LanguageEN
Citations received126
References cited17

Trivialization as a mode of dissonance reduction and the conditions under which it is likely to occur were explored in 4 studies. Study 1 tested and supported the hypothesis that when the preexisting attitude is made salient, participants will trivialize the dissonant cognitions rather than change their attitudes. Study 2 tested and supported the hypothesis that following a counterattitudinal behavior, participants will choose the first mode of dissonance reduction provided for them, whether it is trivialization or attitude change. Study 3 tested and supported the hypothesis that following a counterattitudinal behavior, the typical self-affirmation treatment leads to trivialization. Study 4 demonstrated that providing a trivializing frame by making an important issue salient also encourages trivialization rather than attitude change even when there was no opportunity for self-affirmation. The implications for cognitive dissonance theory and research are briefly discussed

Cognitive dissonance · Mode (computer interface) · Psychoanalysis · Reduction (mathematics) · Climate Change Communication and Perception · Computer Science · Cultural Differences and Values · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

  • The need to believe

    Michael Inzlicht, Alexa M Tullett et al.•Religion Brain & Behavior•2011

  • Existential neuroscience

    Michael Inzlicht, Alexa M Tullett et al.•Religion Brain & Behavior•2011

  • Motivational and neural systems of religion

    Kris A Johnson, Kathryn A Johnson et al.•Religion Brain & Behavior•2011

  • Conditions and Effects of Norm Internalization

    Open Access•Marlene C L Batzke, Marlene Batzke et al.•Journal of Artificial Societies…•2023

  • Household adoption of smog protective behavior

    Jiuchang Wei, Weiwei Zhu et al.•Journal of Risk Research•2016

  • Patterns of cognitive dissonance-reducing beliefs among smokers

    Omid Fotuhi, Geoffrey T Fong et al.•Tobacco Control•2012

  • Internalization of Multiple Perspectives or Dissonance Reduction

    Open Access•Robert A Wicklund, Jack W Brehm•Theory & Psychology•2004

  • A brief life-purpose intervention reduces trauma-film anxiety and rumination

    Brian D Ostafin, Travis Proulx•The Humanistic Psychologist•2023

  • Approaching Opponents and Leaving Supporters

    Open Access•David C Vaidis, Dominique Oberlé•Social Behavior and Personality…•2014

  • Saying, But Not Doing

    Open Access•Valérie Fointiat•Social Behavior and Personality…•2011

  • The impact of situational context and dispositions on costly signals of reassurance

    Open Access•Ronan Tse‐min Fu, Elaine I‐lien Lee•Political Psychology•2025

  • Cognitive Dissonance and Post‐Decision Attitude Change in Six Presidential Elections

    Open Access•Ryan K Beasley, Mark R Joslyn•Political Psychology•2001

  • Attributional complexity as a moderator of dissonance-produced attitude change

    Daniel R Stalder, Robert S Baron•Journal of Personality and Social…•1998

  • Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology

    Open Access•Roy F Baumeister, Karen Dale et al.•Journal of Personality•1998

  • Using Cognitive Dissonance to Enhance Faculty Members' Attitudes toward Teaching Online Courses

    Open Access•Wen-Bin Chiou•Psychological Reports•2006

  • Attitudes and Attitude Change

    Richard E Petty, Duane T Wegener et al.•Annual Review of Psychology•1997

  • The psychology of emotion regulation

    Sander L Koole•Cognition & Emotion•2009

  • Affirmation of Personal Values Buffers Neuroendocrine and Psychological Stress Responses

    Open Access•J David Creswell, William T Welch et al.•Psychological Science•2005

  • Moral Rationalization and the Integration of Situational Factors and Psychological Processes in Immoral Behavior

    Open Access•Jo-Ann Tsang•Review of General Psychology•2002

  • Dealing with dissonance

    Open Access•April McGrath•Social and Personality Psychology…•2017

  • Don’t Mind Meat? The Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Human Consumption

    Open Access•Brock Bastian, Steve Loughnan et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2012

  • Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation

    Amy Mcqueen, William M P Klein•Self and Identity•2006

  • The ABC of Ambivalence

    Open Access•Frenk Van Harreveld, Hannah U Nohlen et al.•Advances in Experimental Social…•2015

  • On the Confluence of Self-Esteem Maintenance Mechanisms

    Open Access•Abraham Tesser•Personality and Social Psychology…•2000

  • The Agony of Ambivalence and Ways to Resolve It

    Open Access•Frenk Van Harreveld, Joop Van Der Pligt et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2009

  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 50 Years of Development

    Eddie Harmon-Jones, Cindy Harmon-Jones•Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie•2007

  • How Do Individuals in a Radical Echo Chamber React to Opposing Views? Evidence from a Content Analysis of Stormfront

    Open Access•J Bright, Nahema Marchal et al.•Human Communication Research•2021

  • Smiling After Thinking Increases Reliance on Thoughts

    Borja Paredes, Maria Stavraki et al.•Social Psychology•2012

  • Self-management perceptions and practices

    Open Access•Maria B Castañeda, Maria Castaneda et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•1999

  • Attitudes of Faculty Members toward Teaching Online Courses

    Open Access•Wen-Bin Chiou•Psychological Reports•2007

  • Boosting Performance on an Evaluative Math Test

    Open Access•Alice Wieland, Alice M Wieland et al.•Psychological Reports•2016

  • Positive Thinking Among Slot Machine Gamblers

    Open Access•Jonathan Parke, Mark D Griffiths et al.•International Journal of Mental…•2007

  • Forced Compliance, Misattribution and Trivialization

    Open Access•Robert Vincent Joule, Marie‐Amélie Martinie et al.•Social Behavior and Personality…•2008

  • Effects of Past Transgressions in an Induced Hypocrisy Paradigm

    Valérie Fointiat•Psychological Reports•2008

  • Attitudes of Faculty Members Toward Teaching Online Courses

    Wen-Bin Chiou•Psychological Reports•2007

  • Using Cognitive Dissonance to Enhance Faculty Members' Attitudes Toward Teaching Online Courses

    Wen-Bin Chiou•Psychological Reports•2006

  • Effects of past Transgressions in an Induced Hypocrisy Paradigm

    Open Access•Valérie Fointiat, Vincent Morisot et al.•Psychological Reports•2008

  • A threat to journalism? How journalists and advertising sales managers in news organizations perceive and cope with native advertising

    Open Access•Johannes Beckert•Journalism•2022

  • Reflections on Career and Wellbeing From Systemically Impacted Immigrant Artists

    Open Access•Germán A Cadenas, Silvia Rodriguez Vega et al.•Journal of Career Assessment•2026

  • Is Self-Control an “Angel” or a “Devil”? The Effect of Internet Game Disorder on Adolescent Subjective Well-Being

    Open Access•Qianqian Li, Yuanyuan Tan et al.•Cyberpsychology Behavior and…•2022

  • Public officials’ interpretation of conflicting performance information

    Open Access•Amandine Lerusse, Steven Van De Walle•Public Management Review•2023

  • “False advertising, fact-checked” examining how social identification affects fact-checking of false advertisements

    Y Greg Song, Natalie Brown‐devlin et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • More Motivated to Help Male Leaders? Explaining Fatherhood Bonuses via Follower Helping

    Open Access•Jamie L Gloor, Susanne Braun et al.•Journal of Business Ethics•2026

  • When Moral Tension Begets Cognitive Dissonance

    Open Access•Na Yang, Congcong Lin et al.•Journal of Business Ethics•2022

  • Cure or Sell

    Open Access•Bénédicte Bourcier-Béquaert, Loréa Baïada-Hirèche et al.•Journal of Business Ethics•2022

  • Connecting Attitude Position and Function

    Open Access•Thomas I Vaughan-Johnston, Devin I Fowlie et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2023

  • Can warnings curb the spread of fake news? The interplay between warning, trust and confirmation bias

    Kholekile L Gwebu, Jing Wang et al.•Behaviour and Information…•2022

  • The role of dissonance reduction and co-creation strategies in shaping smart service satisfaction – the case of Uber

    Reza Mousavi, Bidyut Hazarika et al.•Behaviour and Information…•2022

  • DIY Entrepreneurship

    Open Access•W Rodgers, Badriya N Al Shammakhi et al.•Technological Forecasting and…•2020

  • ‘Fake News’ in Science Communication

    Open Access•Monika Taddicken, Laura Wolff•Media and Communication•2020

  • Responses to belief-conflicting information

    Open Access•Cindy Harmon-Jones, Robin Willardt et al.•Journal of Social and Political…•2026

  • Conscious belief as constructed memory

    Open Access•Vishnu Sridharan•Mind & Society•2014

  • Disinforming the unbiased

    Open Access•Laura Wolff, Monika Taddicken•New Media & Society•2022

  • Endorsing negative intergroup attitudes to justify failure to confront prejudice

    Open Access•Hanna Szekeres, Eran Halperin et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2022

  • Understanding Values in Organizations

    Open Access•George Watson, George W Watson et al.•Journal of Human Values•2004

  • Guilty pleasures

    Open Access•Axel M Burger, Johannes Schuler et al.•Global Environmental Change•2021

  • With strings attached

    Open Access•Heather Powers Albanesi, Richard L Dukes et al.•The Social Science Journal•2012

  • Thin-Ideal Media and Women’s Body Dissatisfaction

    Open Access•Ann-Marie Lew, Traci Mann et al.•Sex Roles•2007

  • Sector Imprinting

    Open Access•Chung‐an Chen•The American Review of Public…•2011

  • A Kernel of Truth? The Impact of Television Storylines Exploiting Myths About Organ Donation on the Public's Willingness to Donate

    Open Access•Susan E Morgan, Andrew J King et al.•Journal of Communication•2010

  • True lies

    Open Access•Werner Greve, Dirk Wentura•Consciousness and Cognition•2010

  • A radical point of view on dissonance theory

    Jean-Léon Beauvois, Jean‐léon Beauvois et al.•Cognitive dissonance•2004

  • The Psychology of Self‐defense

    David K Sherman, Geoffrey L Cohen•Advances in Experimental Social…•2006

  • A model of dual attitudes

    Timothy D Wilson, Samuel C Lindsey et al.•Psychological Review•2000

  • Justify my love

    Open Access•Cassandra Alexopoulos•Journal of Social and Personal…•2021

  • The paradoxical consequences of revenge

    Kevin M Carlsmith, Timothy D Wilson et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2008

  • Evidence that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance

    Eddie Harmon-Jones, Jack W Brehm et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1996

  • Left frontal cortical activation and spreading of alternatives

    Eddie Harmon-Jones, Cindy Harmon-Jones et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2008

  • The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation

    Sander L Koole, Karianne Smeets et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1999

  • Bridging the partisan divide

    Geoffrey L Cohen, David K Sherman et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2007

  • Bribe Taking Acceptability and Bribe Payment Among Thai Organizational Employees

    Vanchai Ariyabuddhiphongs, Chanchira Hongladarom•International Perspectives in…•2014

  • Affecting Profundity

    Wyatt Moss-Wellington•Projections•2017

  • Ignoring sexism increases women’s tolerance of sexual harassment

    Robyn K Mallett, Thomas E Ford et al.•Self and Identity•2019

  • In AI, we do not trust! The nexus between awareness of falsity in AI-generated CSR ads and online brand engagement

    Open Access•Ahmad Aljarah, Blend Ibrahim et al.•Internet Research•2024

  • Too much information? A systematic investigation of the antecedents and consequences of ambivalence-induced information seeking behavior

    Open Access•Benjamin Buttlar, Anna Lambrich et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2025

  • When Beliefs Yield to Evidence

    Open Access•Geoffrey L Cohen, Joshua Aronson et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2000

  • Objective Self-Awareness Theory

    Open Access•Paul J Silvia, Thomas Shelley Duval•Personality and Social Psychology…•2001

  • Explaining Away

    Open Access•Timothy D Wilson, Daniel T Gilbert•Perspectives on Psychological…•2008

  • Biased, not blind

    Open Access•Julian Christensen•Public Administration•2018

  • How Is Wishful Seeing Like Wishful Thinking

    Open Access•Susanna Siegel•Philosophy and Phenomenological…•2016

  • Decisions and revisions

    Daniel T Gilbert, Jane E J Ebert et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2002

  • Dissonance and distress

    Eddie Harmon-Jones, Cindy Harmon-Jones•Religion Brain & Behavior•2011

  • Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context

    Andréas Nilsson, Magnus Bergquist et al.•Environmental Education Research•2017

  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory

    Robert-Vincent Joule, Robert‐Vincent Joule et al.•European Review of Social…•1997

  • The strategic role of language abstraction in achieving symbolic and practical goals

    M Rubini, Michela Menegatti et al.•European Review of Social…•2014

  • Mnemic neglect

    Constantine Sedikides, Jeffrey D Green et al.•European Review of Social…•2016

  • Confronting the meat paradox in different cultural contexts

    Open Access•Qirui Tian, Denis Hilton et al.•Appetite•2016

  • Neutralising the meat paradox

    Open Access•Elisha Dowsett, Carolyn Semmler et al.•Appetite•2018

  • Revisiting Hiroshima in Iran

    Scott D Sagan, Benjamin A Valentino•International Security•2017

  • The effect of induced compliance on relative left frontal cortical activity

    Open Access•Eddie Harmon-Jones, Eddie Harmon‐Jones et al.•European Journal of Social…•2008

  • The reinstatement of dissonance and psychological discomfort following failed affirmations

    Open Access•Adam D Galinsky, Jeff Stone et al.•European Journal of Social…•2000

  • Counter‐argument self‐efficacy predicts choice of belief‐defense strategies

    Open Access•Matthew H Goldberg, Cheryl L Carmichael et al.•European Journal of Social…•2020

  • Honourable Members and Dishonourable Deeds

    Open Access•Adalsteinn D Brown, Andrew D Brown et al.•Human Relations•2000

  • The experience of cognitive dissonance in important and trivial domains

    Open Access•Cheryl J Wakslak•Journal of Experimental Social…•2012

  • Cognitive dissonance induced by writing a counterattitudinal essay facilitates performance on simple tasks but not on complex tasks that involve working memory

    Open Access•Marie‐Amélie Martinie, Marie-Amélie Martinie et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • Cognitive consequences of affirming the self

    Open Access•Cheryl J Wakslak, Yaacov Trope•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • Empirical test of a general process model of threat and defense

    Open Access•Janine Stollberg, Johannes Klackl et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2023

  • Overconfidence as Dissonance Reduction

    Open Access•Hart Blanton, Brett W Pelham et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2001

  • An affirmed self and an open mind

    Open Access•Joshua Correll, J Spencer et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2003

  • Dissonance averted

    Open Access•Allen R Mcconnell, Christina M Brown•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • Conflict, decision, and dissonance.

    Leon Festinger•Conflict, decision, and dissonance.•1964

  • The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

    Elliot Aronson•ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL…•1969

  • The Psychology of Self-Affirmation

    Claude M Steele•Advances in Experimental Social…•1988

  • A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

    Leon Festinger, Camille Morvan et al.•A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance•2017

  • What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior

    Robin R Vallacher, Daniel M Wegner•Psychological Review•1987

  • Preference of dissonance reduction modes as a function of their order, familiarity and reversibility

    Open Access•Bettina Götz‐Marchand, Jochen Götz et al.•European Journal of Social…•1974

  • On the confluence of self processes

    Open Access•Abraham Tesser, David P Cornell•Journal of Experimental Social…•1991

  • Dissonance awareness

    Open Access•M Snyder, Ebbe B Ebbesen et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•1972

  • Attitude bolstering when behavior is inconsistent with central attitudes

    Open Access•Steven J Sherman, Larry Gorkin•Journal of Experimental Social…•1980

  • Private and public self-attention, resistance to change, and dissonance reduction

    Michael F Scheier, Charles S Carver•Journal of Personality and Social…•1980

  • Cognitive dissonance in an intergroup context

    Joel Cooper, Joel D Cooper et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1983

  • General motivational effects of dissonance arousal

    Michael S Pallak, Thane S Pittman•Journal of Personality and Social…•1972

  • Dissonance processes as self-affirmation

    Claude M Steele, Thomas J Liu•Journal of Personality and Social…•1983

  • Contrast effects and judgments of physical attractiveness

    Douglas T Kenrick, Sara E Gutierre et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1980

  • Motivational basis of dissonance

    Steven J Scher, Joel Cooper et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1989

  • Awareness and attitude change in the forced-compliance paradigm

    D R Wixon, James D Laird•Journal of Personality and Social…•1976

Unique citing works126
Citations per year4,2
Citation span1996 - 2026 (31)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 112

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae