Sociality of solitary smiling
Potentiation by an implicit audience
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6204041 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Alan J Fridlund (0000-0003-2276-3036, University of California, Santa Barbara, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1991 |
| Volume | 60 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 229-240 |
| Publication date | 1991-02-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037//0022-3514.60.2.229 |
| OpenAlex | W4251340052 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 127 |
| References cited | 31 |
Ss viewed a pleasant videotape either: (a) alone, (b) alone but with the belief that a friend nearby was otherwise engaged, (c) alone but with the belief that a friend was viewing the same videotape in another room, or (d) when a friend was present. S'ssmiling, as estimated by facial electromyography, varied monotonically with the sociality of viewing but not with reported emotion. The findings confirm audience effects for human smiles, demonstrate that the effects do not depend upon the presence of the interactant, and indicate that the smiles are better predicted by social context than by emotion. Both naive and expert independent raters given descriptions of the study made predictions that conformed to previous emotion-based accounts of faces but departed from the findings. The results suggest that some solitary faces may be implicitly social, a view consistent with both contemporary ethology, and role and impression-management theories of behavior. People make faces when they are alone. This curious fact may have been crucial in shaping the most popular contemporary theories of facial expression. These generally hold that whereas some faces reflect social convention, others are quasi-reflexive released displays of felt emotion (Buck, 1984; Darwin, 1872; Ekman, 1972,1973,1977,1984; Ekman & Friesen, 1969,1975
Cognitive psychology · Long-term potentiation · Sociality · Communication · Digital Games and Media · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Face Recognition and Perception · Humor Studies and Applications · Psychology · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment · Psychology of Social Influence · Social Psychology
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| Unique citing works | 123 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,74 |
| Citation span | 1992 - 2026 (35) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 104 |