Influence of prototypes on perceptions of prejudice
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6207610 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Mary L Inman (0000-0002-8168-2917, Trinity University, corresponding author), Robert S Baron |
| Year | 1996 |
| Volume | 70 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 727-739 |
| Publication date | 1996-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037//0022-3514.70.4.727 |
| PMID | 8636895 |
| OpenAlex | W2038354606 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 204 |
| References cited | 1 |
Two studies examined the influence of cultural stereotypes and personal factors (one's race, gender) on perceptions of racial and gender discrimination. Overall, the data suggest that our perceptions of prejudice are strongly influenced by specific expectations regarding who are the prototypic perpetrators and victims of prejudice. More general expectations regarding out-group conflict or regarding only the characteristics of the perpetrator appear to have less of an impact on such perceptions. Additionally, women were found to be more likely than men to perceive sexism directed against men and racism directed at African Americans and Caucasians. Also, African Americans were more likely than Caucasians to perceive racist events against Whites and Blacks. The implications of these data are discussed.
Ethnic group · Perception · Prejudice (legal term · Race (biology · Racism · Social perception · Sociology · Cultural Differences and Values · Gender Diversity and Inequality · Gender Studies · Psychology · Religious Education and Schools · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Organizational culture, perceived societal and organizational discrimination
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How the disadvantaged appraise group-based exclusion
Ask, Answer, and Announce
(Mis)Matching Expectations
Effects of exposure to sexist humor on perceptions of normative tolerance of sexism
I don't think racism is that bad any more’
Prototypes of the Ostracized
Do women who succeed in male‐dominated domains help other women? The moderating role of gender identification
What drives the perceived prejudice asymmetry among advantaged group members? The mediating role of social group power and moral obligations
A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice
Who’s to blame? Dissimilarity as a cue in moral judgments of observed ostracism episodes
Age, Gender and One’s Perception of Discrimination Against Men Versus Women in Korea
Experiencing Everyday Prejudice and Discrimination
What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination.
Stigma, Social Psychology of
Positive Stereotypes Are Pervasive and Powerful
Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice
Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination
Children's Perceptions of Discrimination
Effects of Sexist Humor on Tolerance of Sexist Events
Defining Discrimination in the Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
Who's in Charge? Effects of Situational Roles on Automatic Gender Bias
Psychological Variables as Predictors of Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Among Minority and Immigrant Adolescents 1
Making the Best of a Bad Situation
The Interplay of Strength and Content of Women’s Gender Identity, Ambivalent Sexism Targeted at Men, and Attitudes Toward Gender Role Subtypes
Childhood Racism Experiences and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in African American Mothers
Adolescents with Turkish background in Norway and Sweden
Perceptions of Professional Misconduct
Prototypes of Victims of Workplace Harassment
Perception of Hate Speech by the Public and Experts
Reactions to affirmative action policies in hiring
Are “justified” biases acceptable? Citizens’ perceptions of gendered government hiring
That’s Racist
The Comparative Status Hypothesis
Seeing Beyond Whose Prejudice? Effects of Perpetrator Race on People of Color’s Willingness to Engage in Solidarity Efforts With Perpetrators of Racism
Attributions to Discrimination Against Black Victims in a Multiracial Society
Does Shared Gender Group Membership Mitigate the Effect of Implicit Bias Attributions on Accountability for Gender-Based Discrimination
Factors that contribute to accurately perceiving anti-black racism and sexism overlap
“I'm Not Prejudiced, but . . .”
White Categorical Ambiguity
Friends With Moral Credentials
Prejudice in disguise
Perceived Discrimination
Rebels without a cause
Was that discrimination? Perceptions of bisexual people’s relative status inform attributions of discrimination
Responding to sex-based discrimination
Perceiving race relevance in everyday events
Dominance motivated delusions
Representations and Preferences of Responses to Housing and Employment Discrimination
The difficulty of recognizing less obvious forms of group-based discrimination
Right before Our Eyes
We’re mad as hell and we’re not going to take it anymore”
Lay Theories About White Racists
Individual differences in the propensity to make attributions to prejudice
Culture and gender inequality
Race, politics, and perceptions of anti-Black and anti-White discrimination over time
Raceblindness in Mexico
Women’s Sexism-Related Coping Support from Male Romantic Partners
It’s just a (sexist) joke
Sexist Humor in Facebook Profiles
A Social Psychological Perspective on Perceiving and Reporting Discrimination
Individual perceptions and the social construction of hate crimes
People Who Accommodate Others’ Sexist Views Are Themselves Perceived to Be Sexist
Judgments of Sexism
Empathy, Ways of Knowing, and Interdependence as Mediators of Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech
Gender Stereotypes Influence How People Explain Gender Disparities in the Workplace
Psychological Consequences of Failing to Attribute Negative Outcomes to Discrimination
The Effect of Patronizing Behavior and Control on Men and Women’s Performance in Stereotypically Masculine Domains
Bystander Sexism in the Intergroup Context
Confronting Sexism
What Did He Mean by that? Humor Decreases Attributions of Sexism and Confrontation of Sexist Jokes
The Delegitimization of Women’s Claims of Ingroup-Directed Sexism
When Female Applicants Meet Sexist Interviewers
You Can Catch More Flies with Honey than Vinegar”
Just Think About It
Justice in America
When do the stigmatized stigmatize? The ironic effects of being accountable to (perceived) majority group prejudice-expression norms
When Do the Stigmatized Make Attributions to Discrimination Occurring to the Self and Others? The Roles of Self-Presentation and Need for Control
The new identity theft
Perceived discrimination of international visitors to universities in Germany and the UK
How do we measure gender discrimination? Proposing a construct of gender discrimination through a systematic scoping review
How Women of Color Detect and Respond to Multiple Forms of Prejudice
More likely or more wrong? - Disentangling the prototype effect of discrimination perception
Who women are, who women should be
The burden of benevolent sexism
Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration
Personality traits as identity threat cues
African Americans’ Lay Theories About the Detection of Prejudice and Nonprejudice
The perception of racism in ambiguous scenarios
Work and Stay
Explaining the Great Racial Divide
How Psychological Science Impedes Intersectional Thinking
The Perils of Political Correctness
Stigma or Sympathy? Attributions of Fault to Hate Crime Victims and Offenders
Racial Identity, Perpetrator Race, Racial Composition of Primary Community, and Mood Responses to Discrimination
Racial Identity, Racial Context, and Ingroup Status
Individual Differences in Discrimination Expectations Moderate the Impact of Target Stereotypically Black Physical Features on Racism-Related Responses in Blacks
Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Against Gays and Lesbians
Confronting Sexism as Persuasion
| Unique citing works | 133 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 7,03 |
| Citation span | 1997 - 2026 (30) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 192 |