Testing for Interaction in Binary Logit and Probit Models
Is a Product Term Essential
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6230138 |
|---|---|
| Authors | William D Berry (0000-0002-2861-443X, Florida State University), Jacqueline Hr Demeritt, Jacqueline H R Demeritt (University of North Texas), Justin E Esarey (0000-0002-6592-770X, Emory University), Justin Esarey |
| Year | 2010 |
| Volume | 54 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 248-266 |
| Publication date | 2010-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Journal of Political Science (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0092-5853 • E-ISSN: 1540-5907 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00429.x |
| OpenAlex | W2027781606 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 235 |
| References cited | 36 |
Political scientists presenting binary dependent variable (BDV) models often hypothesize that variables interact to influence the probability of an event, Pr(Y). The current typical approach to testing such hypotheses is (1) estimate a logit or probit model with a product term, (2) test the hypothesis by determining whether the coefficient for this term is statistically significant, and (3) characterize the nature of any interaction detected by describing how the estimated effect of one variable on Pr(Y) varies with the value of another. This approach makes a statistically significant product term necessary to support the interaction hypothesis. We show that a statistically significant product term is neither necessary nor sufficient for variables to interact meaningfully in influencing Pr(Y). Indeed, even when a logit or probit model contains no product term, the effect of one variable on Pr(Y) may be strongly related to the value of another. We present a strategy for testing for interaction in a BDV model, including guidance on when to include a product term
Econometrics · Interaction · Logistic regression · Logit · Multivariate probit model · Ordered probit · Physics · Probit · Probit model · Product (mathematics · Statistics · Term (time · Value (mathematics · Variable (mathematics · Variables · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Mathematics · Political Conflict and Governance · Political Influence and Corporate Strategies
How Radical Environmental Sabotage Impacts US Elections
Robustness Tests for Quantitative Research
Anomalous Anglophones? Contours of free market ideology, political polarization, and climate change attitudes in English-speaking countries, Western European and post-Communist states
To transform or not to transform
The impact of human rights Ingo activities on economic sanctions
The Electoral Consequences of Welfare State Reforms for the Danish Social Democrats
Affluence, Austerity and Electoral Change in Britain
The Electoral Consequences of Third Way Welfare State Reforms
The role of perceived peer effect in shaping farmers’ adaptive behaviors in Cambodia
Social support as a buffer against mental health problems among persistent truants
Deservingness and Punishment in Juvenile Justice
Crime propensity and lifestyle risk
The People’s Champions? Populist Communication as a Contextually Dependent Political Strategy
Do Morality and Self-Control Protect from Criminogenic Peer Influence? Testing Multidimensional Person–Environment Interactions
Situational Action Theory and School Bullying
Mind the skills gap
Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption
Interações entre origem de classe, raça e gênero no acesso ao topo social no Brasil
Interpreting Interaction Effects in Generalized Linear Models of Nonlinear Probabilities and Counts
From Training to Influence
Reelecting Corrupt Incumbents in Exchange for Public Goods
The Power of Love
Empirical Modeling of Policy Diffusion in Federal States
Self-Rated Health and Mortality
Social Protection and HIV risk Factors among Youth in Southern Africa
In-kind conservation payments crowd in environmental values and increase support for government intervention
The contingent nature of proximity voting
There is No Pearl in this Zionist Oyster
Best Practices for Estimating, Interpreting, and Presenting Nonlinear Interaction Effects
National energy transition, local partisanship? Elite cues, community identity, and support for clean power in the United States
Interest Groups in Multi-Level Contexts
An extraversion affair
The political economy of territorial integration referendums
Forty acres and a mule
Am I equal? Internet access and perceptions of female political leadership ability in the Arab world
China’s Influence in Asia
Democracy, Territory, and Armed Conflict, 1919-1995
The Impact of Municipal Mergers on Local Public Spending
Race to the top and the diffusion of state education intervention policy in the American states
The Spatial Determinants of Academic Aspirations
Scaling Dialogue for Democracy
How issue reputations shape electoral behaviour in European Parliamentary elections
Leveraging weakness into strength
Individual characteristics or cultures? Public risk perception in the coronavirus pandemic
A King Stifling Voices of Dissent? Popular Protests and State Responses in Xi's China
An Examination of State-Level Public–Private Partnership Adoption
Different Words, Same Song
Elite capture risk and mitigation in decentralized forest governance regimes
The effect of job insecurity and employability on preferences for redistribution in Western Europe
Dating and sexualities across the life course
Rivalry, Instability, and the Probability of International Conflict
The microfoundations of territorial disputes
Simplified complexity
Incumbent vulnerability and entry in gubernatorial elections
Qualifications or Philosophy? The Use of Blue Slips in a Polarized Era
Die intergenerationale Transmission von Scheidung im zeitlichen Wandel . Eine Meta-Analyse mit gepoolten Originaldaten
U.S. Military Training, External Support, and Security Defections during Nonviolent Resistance
Capability, Credibility, and Extended General Deterrence
Subtle social stressors of civil wars
The accountability effect of endorsements
The social legitimacy of international organisations
Immigrants, Place, and Health
Does Aggression Deter or Invite Reciprocal Behavior? Considering Coercive Capacity
Is the Effect Larger in Group A or B? It Depends
Federal reserve appointments and the politics of senate confirmation
Self-control and offending in late adulthood. Investigating self-control's interaction with opportunities and criminal associations in advanced age
Can self-control theory explain offending in late adulthood? Evidence from Germany
Is the criminogenic effect of exposure to peer delinquency dependent on the ability to exercise self-control? Results from three countries
Can Easing Concealed Carry Deter Crime
Badge of Courage or Sign of Criminality? Experimental Evidence for How Voters Respond to Candidates Who Were Arrested at a Protest
Structural Inequality and Ethnic Bloc Voting
From the American South to South America
Coping with a changing integration policy context
Rechtspopulismus oder rechter Verdruss
Theoretische und statistische Modellierung von Cross-Pressures in Kontextanalysen
Understanding Variation in Start-Up Funds
Temporal Dependence and the Sensitivity of Quantities of Interest
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects and Causal Mechanisms
Anti-pornography Narratives as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Is the Effect of Perceived Deterrence on Juvenile Offending Contingent on the Level of Self-Control? Results from Three Countries
Family Belongingness Attenuates Entrapment and Buffers Its Association with Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Dutch Sexual Minority Emerging Adults
Does (dis)liking the governing parties correlate with democratic (dis)satisfaction
Sharing the Rewards, Dividing the Costs? The Electoral Consequences of Social Pacts and Legislative Reform in Western Europe
Institutional Trust, Education, and Corruption
Gendered Jobs
Fighting for attention
Voting Green in European Parliament elections
Fiscal redistribution and public support for European integration
All spending is not equal
Subnational economic conditions and the changing geography of mass Euroscepticism
Ideology, party systems and corruption voting in European democracies
The Role of Law Clerks in the U.S. Supreme Court’s Agenda-Setting Process
Behind the Curve
The knowledge gap in world politics
Substantive Importance and the Veil of Statistical Significance
U.S. State Election Reform and Turnout in Presidential Elections
How Transparency Affects Survey Responses
How gender affects the efficacy of discussion as an information shortcut
Solicitor General Influence and Agenda Setting on the U.S. Supreme Court
Proximity voting in the 2010 U.S. House elections
Democracy and international conflict
Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models
Computing Interaction Effects and Standard Errors in Logit and Probit Models
Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics
Where Is the Schema? Going Beyond the “S” Word in Political Psychology
Realist and cultural critiques of the democratic peace
Democracy and International Conflict
Replication with Attention to Numerical Accuracy
Bottom‐Up Federalism
Party Switching in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, 1996–2001
Location, Location, Location
Contiguity and Military Escalation in Major Power Rivalries, 1816-1980
Understanding Interaction Models
The Dangers of Extreme Counterfactuals
Dangerous Dyads
The Classical Liberals Were Right
Hypothesis Testing and Multiplicative Interaction Terms
Veto Players and Civil War Duration
Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders
Sanctions, Signals, and Militarized Conflict
The Capitalist Peace
Scobit
Cooptation or Transformation? Local Policy Networks and Federal Regulatory Enforcement
Territory, Contiguity, and International Conflict
Making the Most of Statistical Analyses
Old Times There Are Not Forgotten
Looking for Locals
In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations
Modeling and Interpreting Interactive Hypotheses in Regression Analysis
Domestic Politics and War
Improving Quantitative Studies of International Conflict
Specifying a Model of State Policy Innovation
State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations
Legislative Professionalism and Incumbent Reelection
| Unique citing works | 235 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 13,06 |
| Citation span | 2008 - 2026 (19) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 234 |