Who Enters Politics and Why
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6233022 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Saad Gulzar (0000-0002-2071-5690, Stanford University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 24 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 253-275 |
| Publication date | 2021-05-11 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Annual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577 |
| Publisher | Annual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1146/annurev-polisci-051418-051214 |
| OpenAlex | W3121260379 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 62 |
| References cited | 77 |
Despite the importance of politicians, empirical work rarely examines who decides to enter politics and why. This survey presents conceptual issues in measuring political entry; reviews work on individual, organizational, and institutional determinants of political entry; and summarizes the main findings and puzzles related to the representation/competence trade-off in recent microcensus studies on who runs for office. Fruitful directions for future work are highlighted throughout the article
Competence (human resources · Economics · Management · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Positive economics · Public relations · Representation (politics · Sociology · Work (physics · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Engineering · Gender Politics and Representation · Law · Political Influence and Corporate Strategies · Public Administration
The seniority ceiling
Community-minded communists
Invisible Armor
The winner–loser gap in democratic attitudes among politicians
Attacking Women or their Policies? Understanding Violence against Women in Politics
Hidden or declared? Evidence from a list experiment on homophobic motives in electoral behavior
A second chance elsewhere. Estimating the effect of winning (vs. being the runner-up) on future electoral prospects
Teacher Political Candidacy and the Gender Composition of State Legislatures
Principles of Political Equality and the Logic of Power
When are politicians incentivized to vote? Evidence from individual-level panel data (2015–2023)
Vetting for Virtue
Organizational Cohesion and Unequal Political Selection
Representation as privilege or burden
Lawyers, Career Goals, and the Gender Gap in Political Ambition
Candidate emergence as movement mobilization
Trading-off or trading-in? A critical political economy perspective of green growth’s policy framing
Are Less Affluent People Less Likely to Run for Political Office
Are socialists and populists better connected to the working class? Comparing politicians’ intimate social ties in 13 countries
Accountability in Developing Democracies
A Bigger Tent? Nonwhite Republican Candidates and Their Uphill Paths to Office
What determines quota-elected women’s political empowerment in India and Bangladesh? A comparative perspective
Who Gives Expert Advice? Empirical Evidence From Swedish Policy‐Making
Preferences for female successors
Starting young
The super rich and the rest
What Happens When Women Win Elections? The Electoral Returns to Increased Representation of Women
Trust and State Effectiveness
Do Elites Know Best? Candidate Selection and Policy Implementation in Postindependence Tanzania
Opportunities to govern
Sortition and cognitive ability
Is there a beauty is beastly effect in electoral success? An empirical analysis of the German federal elections 2005 to 2021
The Politicization of Bureaucrats
Politicians’ Labor Market Experiences Across Party Families
Unsuccessful Candidates Are More Concerned About Electoral Fairness than Election Winners
Are There Social Class Gaps in Nascent Political Ambition? Survey Evidence from the Americas
Who Runs in the End? New Evidence on the Effects of Gender, Ethnicity and Intersectionality on Candidate Selection
Inclusive meritocracy
Stepping Up the Political Ladder
Something to Run for
Electoral Role Models
How Do Unions Create Candidates
Perceptions of Party Incongruence and Nascent Political Ambition
Billionaire Politicians
Length of candidate lists and political careers
The Party Personnel Datasets
Resignation as Promotion? Executive Turnover and Early Departures in the Argentine Congress, 1983–2017
Historically marginalized groups and ideological representation in legislatures
Political (Over)Representation of Public Sector Employees and the Double-Motive Hypothesis
Ambition without democracy
Is a celebrity politician always a celebrity? An empirical investigation
Elites in the Making and Breaking of Foreign Policy
Government Responsiveness in Developing Countries
Experiments and Surveys on Political Elites
The Economic Backgrounds of Politicians
The Effect of Sustained Transparency on Electoral Accountability
Selecting the ‘Best’? Competing Dimensions of Politician Quality in the Developing World
The Gendered Cost of Politics
The Global Legislators Database
Too young to win? Exploring the sources of age-related electoral disadvantage
Corruption and Co-Optation in Autocracy
My History or Our History? Historical Revisionism and Entitlement to Lead
Can Party Elites Shape the Rank and File? Evidence from a Recruitment Campaign in India
Psychopathology and politics.
It Takes a Candidate
Opting Out of Congress
White-Collar Government
Legislative Effectiveness in the United States Congress
An Economic Model of Representative Democracy
Bad politicians
A Model of Political Competition with Citizen-Candidates
Who Becomes A Politician?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Political careers or career politicians?
Politician Family Networks and Electoral Outcomes
Political Dynasties
Baker, Bus Driver, Babysitter, Candidate? Revealing the Gendered Development of Political Ambition Among Ordinary Americans
Democratic Dynasties
Gender Quotas and the Crisis of the Mediocre Man
It Still Takes A Candidate
Election by Community Consensus
Beyond ambition
Mobilizing Candidates
Avoiding Post-Treatment Bias in Audit Experiments
Does the Message Matter? A Field Experiment on Political Party Recruitment
Do Selection Rules Affect Leader Responsiveness? Evidence from Rural Uganda
Becoming a Candidate
The Private Returns to Public Office
Family and Politics
Run, Jane, Run! Gendered Responses to Political Party Recruitment
Race, Resources, and Representation
Can Good Politicians Compensate for Bad Institutions? Evidence from an Original Survey of Italian Mayors
What Good Is a College Degree? Education and Leader Quality Reconsidered
If Only They’d Ask
Gender Quotas and Women's Substantive Representation
Recruitment and Perceptions of Gender Bias in Party Leader Support
It Takes a Motive
Leadership Experiences Within Civil Organizations and Candidacy in Public Elections
Candidate Selection Methods
Candidate selection methods and policy cohesion in parties
Why Are There So Many Lawyers in Congress
Female Candidates and Legislators
Electoral Accountability
Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation
The Effect of Sustained Transparency on Electoral Accountability
Women Don't Run? Election Aversion and Candidate Entry
Black Politicians Are More Intrinsically Motivated to Advance Blacks’ Interests
Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decision to Run for Office
Do Better Monitoring Institutions Increase Leadership Quality in Community Organizations? Evidence from Uganda
How to Elect More Women
The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson Effect
Do Campaign Contribution Limits Curb the Influence of Money in Politics
Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies
Political Selection
MPs for Sale? Returns to Office in Postwar British Politics
Gender Quotas and Women's Political Leadership
Do Democracies Select More Educated Leaders
Seniority-Based Nominations and Political Careers
Do Electoral Quotas Work after They Are Withdrawn? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India
Does Political Affirmative Action Work, and for Whom? Theory and Evidence on India's Scheduled Areas
A Theory of Political Ambition
The Returns to Office in a "Rubber Stamp" Parliament
How Words and Money Cultivate a Personal Vote
Competing on Good Politicians
Do Voters Dislike Working-Class Candidates? Voter Biases and the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class
Why Are Immigrants Underrepresented in Politics? Evidence from Sweden
Does Paying Politicians More Promote Economic Diversity in Legislatures
Politicians, Bureaucrats, and Development
Deliberative Democracy in an Unequal World
| Unique citing works | 62 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 12,4 |
| Citation span | 2021 - 2026 (6) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 57 |