Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Threat, Dehumanization, and Support for Retaliatory Aggressive Policies in Asymmetric Conflict

Bibliographic Data

ID6283760
AuthorsIfat Maoz (0000-0002-8524-1297, Department of Communication Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel), Clark Mccauley (0000-0001-8937-302X, Department of Psychology Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania)
Year2008
Volume52
Issue1
Pages93-116
Publication date2008-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Conflict Resolution (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0027 • E-ISSN: 1552-8766
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022002707308597
OpenAlexW2010433701
LanguageEN
Citations received102
References cited42

Public opinion can permit or encourage retaliatory aggressive state policies against vulnerable but threatening out-groups. The authors present a model in which public support for such policies is determined by perceived threat from and dehumanization of the target group. This two-factor model predicts Israeli Jews' support for two retaliatory aggressive policies: the more hypothetical notion of Palestinian population transfer and concrete, coercive actions toward Palestinians. The authors find (1) that threat and dehumanization are distinct constructs, each having unique contributions to explaining support for aggressive retaliatory policies, (2) that threat and dehumanization significantly explain support for aggressive retaliatory policies when respondents' hawkishness, socioeconomic status (SES), and education level are taken into account, and (3) that the association of hawkishness and SES with support for aggressive retaliatory policies is largely mediated by threat perception. Results are highly consistent across two studies, suggesting the two-factor model may be useful for understanding support for aggressive action in situations of asymmetric conflict

Dehumanization · Perception · Political science · Politics · Population · Public opinion · Public policy · Public relations · Public support · Socioeconomic status · Sociology · State (computer science · Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies · Law · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence

  • Stigmatization as a result of the illegalization of some forms of transnational movement

    Open Access•Marta Stojić Mitrović, Marta Stojic-Mitrovic•Glasnik Etnografskog instituta•2013

  • National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

    Open Access•Timea Spitka•National and International…•2023

  • The Making of Violent Extremists

    Open Access•Arie W Kruglanski, Arie Kruglanski et al.•Review of General Psychology•2018

  • Dehumanization and Infrahumanization

    Nick Haslam, Steve Loughnan•Annual Review of Psychology•2014

  • Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence

    Open Access•Tage S Rai, Piercarlo Valdesolo et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2017

  • The Process Model of Group-Based Emotion

    Open Access•Amit Goldenberg, Eran Halperin et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2016

  • Alteridades y confluencias en el género ucrónico

    Francisco David García Martín, Pedro Salas Camus•Itinerarios Revista de estudios…•2026

  • “Meeting the Enemy”

    Hananel Rosenberg, Ifat Maoz•The Communication Review•2012

  • Beliefs Predicting Peace, Beliefs Predicting War

    Open Access•Ella Ben Hagai, Eileen L Zurbriggen et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2013

  • Lethal Autonomous Weapons and the Rise of Violence without Moral Restraints

    Gökhan Güneysu•All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign…•2026

  • Other-Dehumanization Rather Than Self-Dehumanization Mediates the Relationship Between Violent Video Game Exposure and Aggressive Behavior

    Open Access•Zhaocai Jiang, Màrius Mollá et al.•Cyberpsychology Behavior and…•2022

  • Developing ReApp

    Roni Porat, Lihi Erel et al.•Cognition & Emotion•2020

  • Dehumanizing Prisoners

    Open Access•Jason C Deska, Steven M Almaraz et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2020

  • Is intergroup discrimination triggered by vaccination status? Exploring some social aspects of vaccinations during the Covid-19 pandemic

    Balázs Jagodics, Éva Szabó•The Journal of Social Psychology•2023

  • Rights for me but not for thee

    Open Access•Trinity Geedy‐Gill, Kevin R Carriere•International Journal of Psychology•2024

  • The humanity inventory

    Open Access•Dorothea Lantos, Lasana T Harris•Journal of Theoretical Social…•2021

  • God or Country? Fusion With Judaism Predicts Desire for Retaliation Following Palestinian Stabbing Intifada

    Open Access•Leah A Fredman, Brock Bastian et al.•Social Psychological and…•2017

  • Awareness of Intergroup Help Can Rehumanize the Out-Group

    Open Access•Tamar Saguy, Hanna Szekeres et al.•Social Psychological and…•2015

  • The interrelationships between moral attitudes, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mixed lateral preference in Israeli reserve combat troops

    Open Access•Gilad Ritov, Zion Barnetz•International Journal of Social…•2014

  • Threats to human rights

    Open Access•Kevin R Carriere•Journal of Social and Political…•2019

  • Creating Fear and Insecurity for Political Goals

    Daniel Bar-Tal•International Perspectives in…•2020

  • Indirect emotion regulation in intractable conflicts

    Eran Halperin, Smadar Cohen‐chen et al.•European Review of Social…•2014

  • The Issue of Stone-Throwing

    Andits Petra•Contention•2024

  • Missing in Mexico

    Open Access•Sylvia Karl•Culture & History Digital Journal•2014

  • The Differential Effects of Hope and Fear on Information Processing in Intractable Conflict

    Open Access•Smadar Cohen‐chen, Eran Halperin et al.•Journal of Social and Political…•2014

  • Cheap talk or policy lock? Nationalist frames and sympathetic audience costs in international territorial disputes

    Ariel Zellman•Territory Politics Governance•2019

  • Aroused Argumentation

    Open Access•Ming M Boyer•The International Journal of…•2021

  • Fear of terrorism and its correlates in young men and women from the United States and South Korea

    Open Access•Fang Hong, Yijing Lin et al.•Journal of Aggression Conflict…•2020

  • Stereotypes towards jihad returnees in France

    Stéphéline Ginguené, David Bourguignon et al.•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2025

  • Socio-Psychological Barriers to Peace Making

    Open Access•Daniel Bar-Tal, Eran Halperin et al.•Social Issues and Policy Review•2010

  • Living in the past

    Open Access•Ainius Lašas, Rocio Garcia-Retamero et al.•Memory Studies•2017

  • Barriers to conflict resolution in landscapes of asymmetric conflict

    Brenna Marea Powell, Ifat Maoz•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2014

  • Tracking for peace

    Maya De Vries, Ifat Maoz•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2013

  • Revisiting barriers to conflict resolution

    Ifat Maoz, Brenna Marea Powell•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2014

  • Peacemaking through dialogue? Effects of intergroup dialogue on perceptions regarding the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

    Yiftach Ron, Ifat Maoz•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2013

  • Israeli Identities and the Politics of Threat

    Asaf Siniver•Ethnopolitics•2011

  • Have globalisation’s influences on education contributed to the recent rise of Islamic extremism

    Hoda Baytiyeh•Globalisation Societies and…•2018

  • Witnessing as activism

    Daniela Mansbach•Journal of Human Rights•2015

  • Historical beliefs and the perception of threat in Northeast Asia

    Peter Gries, P H Gries et al.•International Relations of the…•2008

  • Who needs the Women and Peace Hypothesis? Rethinking modes of inquiry on gender and conflict in Israel/Palestine

    Sarai B Aharoni•International Feminist Journal of…•2016

  • The Media Framing of Blame Agency in Asymmetric Conflict

    Elie Friedman, Alexandra Herfroy-Mischler•Journalism Studies•2020

  • The effect of perceived threat on human rights

    Open Access•Kevin R Carriere, Anna Hallahan et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2020

  • Dehumanization, prejudice, and social policy beliefs concerning people with developmental disabilities

    Open Access•Laura R Parker, Margo J Monteith et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2018

  • Befriending the enemy

    Open Access•Jonathan Schroeder, Jane L Risen•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2014

  • Beyond dislike

    Open Access•Emile G Bruneau, Hanna Szekeres et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2019

  • Justification of intergroup violence among Israeli Jews

    Nir Rozmann, Limor Yehuda•Israel Affairs•2023

  • We Were Here First”

    Orit Ramon, Orit Ramon Orit Ramon et al.•Israel Studies•2017

  • Gendering Human Rights

    Yossi David, Nimrod Rosler et al.•Peace and Conflict Studies•2016

  • How to (re)build human rights consciousness and behavior in postconflict societies

    Open Access•Bernhard Leidner, Mengyao Li•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2015

  • Emotional barriers to peace

    Eran Halperin•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2011

  • We didn’t talk about the conflict”

    Ella Ben Hagai, Adam Whitlatch et al.•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2018

  • Negative attitudes toward Muslims in The Netherlands

    Coen Wirtz, Joop Van Der Pligt et al.•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2015

  • Israeli State Violence during the Second Intifada

    R Brym, Robert J Brym et al.•Studies in Conflict and Terrorism•2009

  • Condemning or Condoning the Perpetrators? International Humanitarian Law and Attitudes Toward Wartime Violence

    Open Access•Geoffrey P R Wallace•Law & Social Inquiry•2019

  • Historical narratives and post-conflict reconciliation

    Open Access•Scott Radnitz•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Positive contact dominates Jewish–Palestinian interactions in mixed Israeli neighborhoods

    Open Access•Stephanie Dornschneider-Elkink, Oliver Christ et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2026

  • To sanction or not to sanction

    Open Access•Omer Zarpli•Conflict Management and Peace…•2023

  • Building a theory of communication and ethnopolitical conflict

    Donald G Ellis•Communication Monographs•2018

  • A Response to “The Danger of Ideology”

    Open Access•Amie Thurber, Ericka Kimball•Social Work•2024

  • Leadership and peacemaking

    Open Access•Nimrod Rosler•International Journal of…•2016

  • Perceiving change on the rival side of the conflict

    Open Access•Nimrod Rosler, Boaz Hameiri et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • The unique effects of blatant dehumanization on attitudes and behavior towards Muslim refugees during the European ‘refugee crisis’ across four countries

    Open Access•Emile G Bruneau, Nour S Kteily et al.•European Journal of Social…•2018

  • Only the Blue‐Eyed Ones”

    Open Access•Tijana Karić, Frank Eckerle et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2025

  • Perceived threats and the trade-off between security and human rights

    Open Access•Scott Radnitz•Journal of Peace Research•2021

  • Contentious politics in the borderlands

    Open Access•Pearce Edwards, Daniel Arnon•Journal of Peace Research•2024

  • The Effect of Interpersonal Interaction on the Expression of Anti-Foreign Sentiment

    Open Access•Sichen Li, LI Si-chen et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2025

  • Throwing stones in social science

    Open Access•Jeremy Pressman•Cooperation and Conflict•2017

  • The cost of dehumanization

    Open Access•Faten Ghosn, A Burcu Bayram•Cooperation and Conflict•2025

  • Covid-19 and American Attitudes toward U.S.-China Disputes

    Open Access•Hsuan-Yu Lin•Journal of Chinese Political…•2021

  • Asymmetric struggle for the hearts and minds of viewers

    Ifat Maoz•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2010

  • The Oxford Handbook of Social Psychology and Social Justice

    J Christopher Cohrs, Emma O’dwyer et al.•Oxford Handbook of Social…•2016

  • AI ‐induced dehumanization

    Open Access•Hye‐young Kim, Ann L Mcgill•Journal of Consumer Psychology•2024

  • Does interstate conflict affect attitudes towards domestic minorities? Evidence from India

    Open Access•Christopher Clary, Sameer Lalwani et al.•Political Science Research and…•2025

  • Multiple and Counterstereotypic Categorization of Immigrants

    Open Access•Francesca Prati, Silvia Moscatelli et al.•Political Psychology•2018

  • Ethos of Conflict in the International Arena

    Open Access•Ilana Ushomirsky, Oded Adomi Leshem et al.•Political Psychology•2023

  • Perceptions of Prolonged Occupation as Barriers to Conflict Resolution

    Open Access•Nimrod Rosler, Keren Sharvit et al.•Political Psychology•2018

  • Quest for Significance and Violent Extremism

    Open Access•Katarzyna Jaśko, G Lafree et al.•Political Psychology•2017

  • The Face of the Enemy

    Ifat Maoz•Political Communication•2012

  • Threatened by the Worst but Hoping for the Best

    Open Access•Oded Adomi Leshem, Eran Halperin•Political Behavior•2023

  • Party Animals? Extreme Partisan Polarization and Dehumanization

    Open Access•James L Martherus, James Martherus et al.•Political Behavior•2021

  • Predicting Jewish-Israeli Recognition of Palestinian Pain and Suffering

    Open Access•Rotem Nagar, Ifat Maoz•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2017

  • Gender-empathic Constructions, Empathy, and Support for Compromise in Intractable Conflict

    Open Access•Yossi David, Nimrod Rosler et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2018

  • A Threat to Cohesion

    Open Access•Tal Orian Harel, Nimrod Nir et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2025

  • Lingua Franca as a Hidden Barrier to Conflict Resolution

    Open Access•Leigh H Grant, Ifat Maoz et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2023

  • The Dual Effect of Covid-19 on Intergroup Conflict in the Korean Peninsula

    Open Access•Nimrod Nir, Eran Halperin et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2022

  • Revisiting the Effects of Societal Threat Perceptions on Conflict-related Positions

    Open Access•Julia Elad-Strenger, Golan Shahar•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2018

  • Modes of Ingroup Identification and Notions of Justice Provide Distinct Pathways to Normative and Nonnormative Collective Action in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict

    Open Access•Hema Preya Selvanathan, Bernhard Leidner•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2020

  • Coping with Moral Threat

    Open Access•Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom, Shaul Kimhi et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2020

  • The Distinctive Effects of Empathy and Hope in Intractable Conflicts

    Open Access•Nimrod Rosler, Smadar Cohen‐chen et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2017

  • International Law and Public Attitudes Toward Torture

    Open Access•Geoffrey P R Wallace•International Organization•2013

  • Hawking” territorial conflict

    Ariel Zellman•East European Politics•2019

  • The “Ironic Impact” of Pro-Democracy Activists

    Open Access•Mai Truong•Comparative Political Studies•2024

  • Unpacking the role of in‐group bias in US public opinion on human rights violations

    Open Access•Rebecca Cordell•American Journal of Political…•2025

  • Less Human Than Human

    Open Access•Swaran P Singh, Jaroslav Tir•British Journal of Political…•2024

  • Violence on Many Sides

    Open Access•Pearce Edwards, Daniel Arnon•British Journal of Political…•2021

  • Public opinion, media and activism

    Yossi David•Social movement studies•2022

  • Threat Perceptions and Feelings as Predictors of Jewish-Israeli Support for Compromise with Palestinians

    Open Access•Ifat Maoz, Clark Mccauley•Journal of Peace Research•2009

  • Socio-psychological barriers to peace making

    Open Access•Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal•Journal of Peace Research•2011

  • The long-term electoral implications of conflict escalation

    Open Access•Alon Yakter, Mark Tessler•Journal of Peace Research•2023

  • Intergroup commonality, political ideology, and tolerance of enemy collateral casualties in intergroup conflicts

    Open Access•Noa Schori-Eyal, Noa Schori‐Eyal et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2019

  • Why Not Kill Them All?

    Daniel Chirot, Clark Mccauley•Why Not Kill Them All?•2010

  • With Malice toward Some

    Open Access•George E Marcus, John L Sullivan et al.•With Malice Toward Some•1995

  • Effects of Right‐Wing Authoritarianism and Threat from Terrorism on Restriction of Civil Liberties

    Open Access•J Christopher Cohrs, Sven Kielmann et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2005

  • Dehumanization

    Open Access•Nick Haslam•Personality and Social Psychology…•2006

  • SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models

    Open Access•Kristopher J Preacher, Andrew F Hayes•Behavior Research Methods,…•2004

  • Perception and Misperception in International Politics

    Robert Jervis•Perception and Misperception in…•2017

  • The Polls—Trends

    Leonie Huddy, Nadia Khatib et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2002

  • Land and power

    Anita Shapira•Land and power•1992

  • Political Tolerance and Coming to Psychological Closure Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks

    Open Access•Linda J Skitka, Linda Skitka et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2004

  • Shared Beliefs in a Society

    Daniel Bar-Tal, Daniel Bar‐tal•Shared Beliefs in a Society•2000

  • Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict

    Open Access•Daniel Bar-Tal, Yona Teichman•Stereotypes and Prejudice in…•2005

  • The policy context of torture

    Open Access•Herbert C Kelman•International Review of the Red…•2005

  • Israeli Society between the Culture of Death and the Culture of Life

    Dan Bar-On, Dan Bar‐on•Israel Studies•1997

  • Characteristics of protracted, intractable conflict

    Peter T Coleman•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2003

  • Does Peace Education Make a Difference in the Context of an Intractable Conflict

    Gavriel Salomon•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2004

  • Moral Exclusion, Personal Goal Theory, and Extreme Destructiveness

    Open Access•Ervin Staub•Journal of Social Issues•1990

  • Moral Exclusion and Injustice

    Open Access•Susan Opotow•Journal of Social Issues•1990

  • Storytelling as a Way to Work Through Intractable Conflicts

    Open Access•Dan Bar‐on, Fatma Kassem•Journal of Social Issues•2004

  • Dangerous ideas

    Roy J Eidelson, Judy I Eidelson•American Psychologist•2003

  • The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research

    Reuben M Baron, D A Kenny•Journal of Personality and Social…•1986

  • The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research

    Reuben M Baron, D A Kenny•Journal of Personality and Social…•1986

  • Theory of international politics

    Kenneth Neal Waltz•Theory of international politics•1979

  • Who Cares About Human Rights

    Open Access•Sam Mcfarland, Melissa Mathews•Political Psychology•2005

  • Genocide and Mass Killing

    Open Access•Ervin Staub•Political Psychology•2000

  • Psychological Correlates of Support for Compromise

    Open Access•Ifat Maoz, Clark Mccauley•Political Psychology•2005

  • Conflict, Identity, and Tolerance

    Open Access•Michal Shamir, Tammy Sagiv‐schifter•Political Psychology•2006

  • Why Does Fear Override Hope in Societies Engulfed by Intractable Conflict, as It Does in the Israeli Society

    Open Access•Daniel Bar-Tal, Daniel Bar‐tal•Political Psychology•2001

  • A People Apart

    Open Access•Asher Arian•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1989

  • Threat and Decision Making

    Open Access•Carol Gordon, Asher Arian•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2001

  • The Political Economy of Attitudes toward Peace among Palestinians and Israelis

    Open Access•Jodi Nachtwey, Mark Tessler•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2002

  • Commercial Pacifism and Protracted Conflict

    Open Access•Gil Friedman•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2005

  • Assessing Risk and Opportunity in Conflict Studies

    Open Access•Steven C Poe, Nicolas Rost et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2006

  • Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies

    Open Access•Leonie Huddy, A Feldman et al.•American Journal of Political…•2005

  • The CAD triad hypothesis

    Paul Rozin, Laura Lowery et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1999

  • A model of (often mixed) stereotype content

    Susan T Fiske, Amy J C Cuddy et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2002

  • Psychological Bases of Extreme Policy Preferences

    Open Access•Ifat Maoz, Roy J Eidelson•American Behavioral Scientist•2007

  • The Political Consequences of Intolerance

    Open Access•James L Gibson•American Political Science Review•1992

  • Mass Public Decisions on Go to War

    Open Access•Richard K Herrmann, Richard Herrmann et al.•American Political Science Review•1999

  • Why the more educated are less inclined to keep ethnic distance

    Evelyn Hello, Peer Scheepers et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2006

Unique citing works102
Citations per year5,67
Citation span2008 - 2026 (19)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 101

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae