The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6285565 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Walter Enders (University of Alabama), Gary A Hoover (0000-0002-2324-7992, University of Alabama), Tod Sandler (0000-0001-9077-5915, Department of Economics, School of Economic, Political & Policy Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA) |
| Year | 2016 |
| Volume | 60 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 195-225 |
| Publication date | 2016-03-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Conflict Resolution (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-0027 • E-ISSN: 1552-8766 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/0022002714535252 |
| PMID | 28579636 |
| OpenAlex | W2133411957 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 54 |
| References cited | 30 |
This article reinvestigates the relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism. We devise a terrorism Lorenz curve to show that domestic and transnational terrorist attacks are each more concentrated in middle-income countries, thereby suggesting a nonlinear income–terrorism relationship. Moreover, this point of concentration shifted to lower income countries after the rising influence of the religious fundamentalist and nationalist/separatist terrorists in the early 1990s. For transnational terrorist attacks, this shift characterized not only the attack venue but also the perpetrators’ nationality. The article then uses nonlinear smooth transition regressions to establish the relationship between real per capita GDP and terrorism for eight alternative terrorism samples, accounting for venue, perpetrators’ nationality, terrorism type, and the period. Our nonlinear estimates are shown to be favored over estimates using linear or quadratic income determinants of terrorism. These nonlinear estimates are robust to additional controls
Demographic economics · Development economics · Econometrics · Economics · Gross domestic product · Immigration · Macroeconomics · Nationality · Per capita · Per capita income · Political science · Sociology · Terrorism · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance · Demography · Law · Political Conflict and Governance · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Quantitative Analysis of Factors of Terrorist Activities
Imprisonment and Terrorism
Ideology Isn't Everything
The Historical Roots of Political Violence
What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11
A Theory of Religious Grievance
Disasters triggered by natural hazards and terrorism
Middle East and North Africa
Savunma Harcamaları Terör Tehditlerini Hafifletiyor Mu? Türkiye'den Kanıtlar
Is terrorism a spoilsport for the sustainability of economic development
Investing in Women’s Educational Outcomes
Tourist security, terrorism risk management and tourist safety
Suicide attacks and religious cleavages
The Persistence of Global Terrorism
The effects of social media on domestic terrorism
Cyclicality in non-state violence
Revisiting the determinants of far-right violence
Poor, brainwashed and immature
Delegating repression
Hunting for Gray Rhinos and terrorism in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia
Democracy and Terrorism
The Effectiveness of Global Systems for Monitoring Sociopolitical Instability
Global Systems for Sociopolitical Instability Forecasting and Their Efficiency
Political instability and political terror
Trade in the Face of Terror
Development, discrimination, and domestic terrorism
Income inequality, redistribution and domestic terrorism
Development programs, security, and violence reduction
Challenging the State
Deprivation, instability, and propensity to attack
The Homegrown Threat
Interpol's Surveillance Network in Curbing Transnational Terrorism
Political violence
Inequality and terrorism
Terrorism and affinity of nations
Are Resident Terrorist Groups Productive in Weak States
Religion and terrorism
A Comparative Analysis of Terrorism among Muslim and Non-Muslim Countries in the Perspective of Economic Activity
What drives the frequency of terrorist attacks? Thematic analysis of a rapid evidence assessment
Urban Youth and Terrorism
Community Violence and Support for Violent Extremism
State Failure and Transnational Terrorism
Income and Terrorism
The Double-Edged Sword of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Terrorism
Plots, Attacks, and the Measurement of Terrorism
Civil-Military Relations and Domestic Terrorism
The Gravity of Transnational Terrorism
Gender Imbalance and Terrorism in Developing Countries
Foreign Aid as a Counterterrorism Tool
The Effect of Terrorism on Income Inequality
Regime Types and Terrorism
Trade and terrorism
Bribes and Bombs
Terrorism and Democracy
Economic conditions and terrorism
Kto Kogo?
The origins of terrorism
Terrorism, Economic Development, and Political Openness
The Political Economy of Terrorism
Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism
The Political Economy of Terrorism
An Economic Model of Terrorism
Draining the Swamp”
Lock, stock, and barrel
Economic Conditions and the Quality of Suicide Terrorism
Dynamic Panel Analysis under Cross-Sectional Dependence
Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism
Is Transnational Terrorism Becoming More Threatening
Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents
Fighting Terrorism through the Rule of Law
Rebels without a Territory
Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism
Incubators of Terror
Distribution of Transnational Terrorism Among Countries by Income Class and Geography After 9/11
The Quality of Terror
Causality between terrorism and economic growth
Rooted in Poverty
Education, Poverty and Terrorism
Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism
Domestic versus transnational terrorism
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
| Unique citing works | 54 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4,91 |
| Citation span | 2015 - 2026 (12) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 51 |