Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

State-Sponsored Mass Murder

The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides

Bibliographic Data

ID6286030
AuthorsMatthew Krain (0000-0002-2016-8092, Indiana University, corresponding author)
Year1997
Volume41
Issue3
Pages331-360
Publication date1997-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Conflict Resolution (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0027 • E-ISSN: 1552-8766
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022002797041003001
OpenAlexW2009166421
LanguageEN
Citations received188
References cited54

The author argues that openings in the political opportunity structure, rather than the levels of concentration of power, best predict the onset of genocides or politicides and which states will engage in the most severe state-sponsored mass murder. These and other hypotheses are tested. Analysis of logit models reveals that civil war involvement is the most consistent predictor of the onset of genocides or politicides, and other political opportunity structure variables have some effects, especially when in combination with at least one of the other political opportunity structure variables. Analysis of negative binomial event-count models also reveals that political opportunity structure variables best account for the degree of severity of a given genocide or politicide. In sum, openings in the political opportunity structure are more important in understanding what affects the onset and degree of severity of genocides and politicides than other more static variables

Econometrics · Economics · Genocide · Logistic regression · Logit · Negative binomial distribution · Political opportunity · Political science · Political structure · Politics · Power (physics · Spanish Civil War · State (computer science · Statistics · Health and Conflict Studies · Law · Mathematics · Political Conflict and Governance · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence

  • Genocide

    Open Access•Charles H Anderton, Charles Anderton•Sociologias Plurais•2015

  • Will it happen again? On the possibility of forecasting the risk of genocide

    Nicolas Rost•Journal of Genocide Research•2013

  • The effect of economic sanctions on the severity of genocides or politicides

    Matthew Krain•Journal of Genocide Research•2017

  • Ethnicity and Electoral Politics

    Jóhanna Birnir, Johanna Kristín Birnir•Ethnicity and Electoral Politics•2009

  • Building Party Systems in Developing Democracies

    Open Access•Allen Hicken•Building Party Systems in…•2009

  • Political Movements and Violence in Central America

    Open Access•Charles D Brockett•Political Movements and Violence…•2005

  • The Killing Trap

    Open Access•Manus I Midlarsky•Killing Trap•2005

  • The impact of human rights Ingo activities on economic sanctions

    Open Access•Amanda Murdie, Dursun Peksen•The Review of International…•2013

  • The Democratic Peace and Territorial Conflict in the Twentieth Century

    Open Access•Paul K Huth, Todd L Allee et al.•Democratic Peace and Territorial…•2003

  • Problems with Oversimplified Categories in the Study of Collective Violence

    Hollie Nyseth Brehm, Michelle L O’brien et al.•Sociology of Development•2021

  • Reflections on the Evolution of Conflict Early Warning

    Open Access•Robert Muggah, Mark Whitlock•Stability International Journal…•2022

  • The Trade Disruption Hypothesis Fails for State-Sponsored Genocides and Mass Atrocities

    Charles H Anderton, Roxane A Anderton•Peace Economics Peace Science and…•2021

  • A Linguistic Reading of the Metaphor of Genocide in Hotel Rwanda

    Open Access•Macaulay Mowarin•Journal of Literary Studies•2014

  • The Path to Genocide in Rwanda

    Open Access•Omar Shahabudin Mcdoom•Path to Genocide in Rwanda•2020

  • Principles of Conflict Economics

    Open Access•Charles H Anderton, John R Carter•Principles of Conflict Economics•2009

  • The Roots of Ethnic Cleansing in Europe

    H Zeynep Bulutgil•Roots of Ethnic Cleansing in Europe•2016

  • Democratic Jihad ? Military Intervention And Democracy

    Nils Petter Gleditsch, Lene Siljeholm Christiansen et al.•2007

  • Propaganda and Conflict

    David Yanagizawa-Drott•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•2014

  • Conceptualizing Political Opportunity

    D S Meyer, D C Minkoff et al.•Social Forces•2004

  • State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace

    Open Access•Christian Davenport, Christian A Davenport•State Repression and the Domestic…•2007

  • Civilian Mass Killings Perpetrated by Nonstate Actors

    Open Access•Charles H Anderton, Roxane A Anderton•Peace Economics Peace Science and…•2026

  • Drug Wars Collateral Damage

    Open Access•Horace A Bartilow•Latin American Research Review•2014

  • Genocide, Mass Atrocity, and Theories of Crime

    Susanne Karstedt, Hollie Nyseth Brehm et al.•Annual Review of Criminology•2020

  • A Dynamic Life-course Approach to Genocide

    Open Access•Hollie Nyseth Brehm, Christopher Uggen et al.•Social Currents•2017

  • Coups and the End of Mass-Killing Episodes

    Open Access•Gary Uzonyi, Matthew Wells et al.•Journal of Global Security Studies•2023

  • Theorizing Destruction

    Open Access•Maureen S Hiebert•Genocide Studies and Prevention•2008

  • Pinpointing Patterns of Violence

    Open Access•Kristina Hook•Genocide Studies and Prevention•2021

  • Dangerous Speech and Dangerous Ideology

    Open Access•Jonathan Leader Maynard, Susan Benesch•Genocide Studies and Prevention•2016

  • On the Timing of Genocide

    Open Access•Deborah Mayersen•Genocide Studies and Prevention•2010

  • More Lessons Learned From the Holocaust—Towards a Complexity-Embracing Approach to Why Genocide Occurs

    Open Access•Timothy Williams•Genocide Studies and Prevention•2016

  • Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect

    Jennifer M Welsh•Global Responsibility to Protect•2013

  • Democracy, internal war, and state-sponsored mass murder

    Open Access•Matthew Krain•Human Rights Review•2000

  • Death Penalty

    Open Access•E Neumayer•Human Rights Review•2007

  • Human Rights Violations, Weak States, and Civil War

    Open Access•Nicolas Rost•Human Rights Review•2011

  • Warfare, atrocities, and political participation

    Open Access•C R Ember, Eric C Jones et al.•Journal of Aggression Conflict…•2018

  • Learning to Live with Militias

    Ariel I Ahram•Journal of Intervention and…•2011

  • Examining extrajudicial killings

    Udi Sommer, Victor Asal•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2019

  • Bureaucratic quality and the severity of genocide and politicide

    Gary Uzonyi•Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict•2019

  • Suicidal rebellions and the moral hazard of humanitarian intervention

    Alan J Kuperman•Ethnopolitics•2005

  • Environmental Degradation and Genocide, 1958–2007

    John Ishiyama, Anna Pechenina•Ethnopolitics•2012

  • Killing the Messenger

    Victor Asal, Matthew Krain et al.•Foreign Policy Analysis•2016

  • The Long-Term Effects of State Repression on Political Behavior and Attitudes

    Open Access•Fang‐yi Chiou, Ji Yeon Hong•Journal of East Asian Studies•2021

  • A simultaneous equation model of economic development and income inequality

    Open Access•D Fielding, Sebastián Torres•The Journal of Economic Inequality•2006

  • The State as Terrorist

    Michael Stohl•Democracy and Security•2006

  • Responsibility Finds A Way

    Kalpana Chandrasekar, Karthik Selvanayagam et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Contextualizing Mass Atrocity Crimes

    Open Access•Susanne Karstedt•Annual Review of Law and Social…•2013

  • Reaching Inside the State

    Open Access•James Meernik•International Studies Perspectives•2004

  • NGO repression as a predictor of worsening human rights abuses

    Suparna Chaudhry, Andrew Hei•Journal of Human Rights•2022

  • Introducing DyoRep

    Christian Davenport•Journal of Human Rights•2020

  • The dictator’s dilemma

    José Alemán•Journal of Human Rights•2023

  • The Internationalization of Ethnic Conflict

    Open Access•David Carment, Patrick James et al.•International Studies Review•2009

  • Global Welfare Regimes

    Open Access•Miriam Abu Sharkh, Ian Gough•Global Social Policy•2010

  • Social disruption, state priorities, and minority threat

    Open Access•Rick Ruddell•Punishment & Society•2004

  • An international responsibility to develop in order to protect? A responsibility too far

    Open Access•Adrian Gallagher•Journal of International…•2022

  • Interstate Conflict and Ethnicity

    Ada Huibregtse•Civil Wars•2011

  • Repression Substitution

    Jacqueline H R Demeritt, Courtenay R Conrad•Civil Wars•2019

  • Mainstreaming the Responsibility to Protect in Peace Operations

    Charles T Hunt, Alex J Bellamy•Civil Wars•2011

  • Early returns

    Roy Licklider•Civil Wars•1998

  • State failure, genocide and politicide reconsidered

    Open Access•Gary Uzonyi•The British Journal of Politics…•2021

  • Leader Tenure, Genocide, and Politicide During Civil War

    Open Access•Gary Uzonyi•Political Research Quarterly•2021

  • The “Responsibility to Prevent”

    Open Access•Ruben Reike•Ethics & International Affairs•2014

  • Reconceptualizing Mass Atrocity Prevention

    Open Access•Stephen Mcloughlin•International Journal of Politics…•2014

  • Eliminatorische ethnische Säuberungen

    Open Access•Michael Mann•Berliner Journal für Soziologie•2000

  • The enemy of my friend is my enemy”

    Open Access•Laçin Idil Öztığ, Abdurresit Celil Karluk•Conflict Management and Peace…•2025

  • Blood in the Village

    Open Access•Christopher M Sullivan•Conflict Management and Peace…•2012

  • Means to an end

    Open Access•Ore Koren•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Risk Factors for Forced Migrant Flight

    Open Access•Jacqueline H Rubin, Will H Moore•Conflict Management and Peace…•2007

  • Is collective repression an effective counterinsurgency technique? Unpacking the cyclical relationship between repression and civil conflict

    Open Access•Philip Hultquist•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Introducing the Ethnic One-Sided Violence dataset

    Open Access•Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2019

  • Failed coups, political survival, and civil liberties restrictions in nondemocratic regimes

    Laçin Idil Öztığ, Murat Donduran•The Social Science Journal•2020

  • Sometimes You Just Have to Leave

    C B Davenport, Christina Davenport et al.•International Interactions•2003

  • Democracy and civil war

    Matthew Krain, Marissa Edson Myers•International Interactions•1997

  • The Impact of Pro-Government Militias on Human Rights Violations

    Neil J Mitchell, Sonia C Carey et al.•International Interactions•2014

  • Civil War Victory and the Onset of Genocide and Politicide

    Gary Uzonyi•International Interactions•2014

  • External Intervention in Ethnic Conflict

    Ada Huibregtse•International Interactions•2010

  • Group identification, uncertainty, and the duration of genocide and politicide

    Gary Uzonyi•International Interactions•2020

  • International Organizations and Government Killing

    Jacqueline H R Demeritt•International Interactions•2012

  • The Durability of Imposed Democracy

    J Michael Greig, Andrew J Enterline•International Interactions•2014

  • The Use of Repression as a Response to Domestic Dissent

    Open Access•Sonia C Carey•Political Studies•2009

  • The impact of China’s high-tech repression on Uyghurs

    Laçin Idil Öztığ, Abdurresit Celil Karluk•Central Asian Survey•2024

  • Human Security

    Roland Paris•International Security•2001

  • The Collective Dynamics of Genocidal Violence in Cambodia, 1975–1979

    Open Access•Peter B Owens•Social Science History•2014

  • Between Zapata and Che

    Open Access•D Trevizo•Social Science History•2006

  • Armed Non-State Actor-Perpetrated Civilian Victimization in Armed Conflict

    Open Access•Emily Naasz•Armed Forces & Society•2025

  • Measuring presidential centrism and its effect on repression

    Open Access•Joshua Holzer•Political Science•2018

  • Strategic Mass Killings

    Joan Esteban, Massimo Morelli et al.•Journal of Political Economy•2015

  • Bearing witness

    Open Access•Collin J Meisel, Jonathan D Moyer et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2024

  • A Brutality-Based Approach to Identifying State-Led Atrocities

    Open Access•David Cingranelli, Skip Mark et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2022

  • Triggers of State-Led Mass Killing

    Open Access•Angela Chesler, Ernesto Verdeja•International Studies Quarterly•2024

  • Democracy and the making of contentious policy

    Open Access•Chan S Suh•International Journal of…•2015

  • Subnational Determinants of Killing in Rwanda

    Open Access•Hollie Nyseth Brehm•Criminology•2017

  • Allies of the Weak

    Open Access•Kasia Nalewajko•American Political Science Review•2025

  • The responsibility to prevent

    Open Access•Jennifer Welsh, Jennifer M Welsh•Cooperation and Conflict•2015

  • Unpacking the effects of genocide and politicide on forced migration

    Open Access•Gary Uzonyi•Conflict Management and Peace…•2013

  • Understanding Covert Repressive Action

    Open Access•Christian Davenport•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2005

  • From comparative to international genocide studies

    Open Access•Martin Shaw•European Journal of International…•2012

  • State Repression and Political Order

    Christian Davenport•Annual Review of Political Science•2007

  • A Solution to Separation in Binary Response Models

    Open Access•Christopher Zorn•Political Analysis•2005

  • Human Rights During Transition

    Open Access•Patricia L R Brennan, Kristin Johnson et al.•Journal of Politics in Latin…•2022

  • Genocide

    Open Access•Susanne Karstedt•The Blackwell Encyclopedia of…•2017

  • Changing patterns of military politics.

    Samuel P Huntington•Changing patterns of military…•1962

  • The history and sociology of genocide

    Frank Robert Chalk•The history and sociology of…•1990

  • The Formation of national States in Western Europe

    Charles Tilly•The Formation of national States…•1975

  • Government violence and repression

    George A Lopez, Michael Stohl•Government violence and repression•1986

  • Taking Lives (Third Edition)

    Irving Louis Horowitz•Taking Lives (Third Edition)•1981

  • Accounting for genocide

    Helen Fein•Accounting for genocide•1979

  • From mobilization to revolution

    Charles Tilly•From mobilization to revolution•1978

  • Escape from Violence

    Aristide R Zolberg, Astri Suhrke et al.•Escape from Violence•1992

  • Minorities at risk

    Ted Robert Gurr•Minorities at risk•1993

  • Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models

    John Aldrich, John H Aldrich et al.•Linear Probability, Logit, and…•1984

  • World handbook of political and social indicators

    Bruce M Russett•World handbook of political and…•1977

  • Genocide

    Leo Kuper•Genocide•1982

  • Framing political opportunity

    Open Access•William A Gamson, D S Meyer•Comparative Perspectives on…•1996

  • The Politics Of Social Protest

    J Craig Jenkins, Bert Klandermans et al.•Politics of Social Protest•1995

  • Revolution and war

    Open Access•Stephen M Walt•World Politics•1992

  • The Rebellious Century

    Charles Tilly, Louise A Tilly et al.•Rebellious Century•1975

  • Power in Movement

    Open Access•Sidney Tarrow, Sidney G Tarrow•Power in Movement•1998

  • The Theory and Prevention of Genocide

    Michael D Freeman, Michael Freeman•Holocaust and Genocide Studies•1991

  • Genocide in the 20th Century’

    Frank Chalk•Holocaust and Genocide Studies•1989

  • Government coercion

    Open Access•Andrew D Mcnitt•The Social Science Journal•1995

  • The consequences of war

    William R Thompson•International Interactions•1993

  • Victimology

    Open Access•Robert F Meier•Journal of Criminal Justice•1975

  • The State as Terrorist

    Open Access•Thomas M Callaghy•Political Science Quarterly•1985

  • Ethnicity and nation building in South Asia

    Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu•International Affairs•1992

  • The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics

    John C Campbell, Ali Banuazizi et al.•Foreign Affairs•1987

  • The Roots of Evil

    Ervin Staub•The Roots of Evil•1992

  • Revolution and War

    Open Access•Harvey Starr•Political Research Quarterly•1994

  • Northern Theory, Southern Protest

    Vincent Boudreau•Mobilization An International…•1996

  • Dangerous Dyads

    Open Access•Stuart A Bremer•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1992

  • A Conjunctural Model of Political Conflict

    Open Access•Kurt Schock•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1996

  • Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder

    Open Access•R J Rummel•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1995

  • Libertarianism and International Violence

    Open Access•R J Rummel•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1983

  • Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987

    David Strang•International Studies Quarterly•1991

  • Event Count Models for International Relations

    Gary King•International Studies Quarterly•1989

  • Foreign Military Interventions and Domestic Disputes

    Frederic S Pearson•International Studies Quarterly•1974

  • War, Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive State

    Open Access•Ted Robert Gurr•Comparative Political Studies•1988

  • Statistical Models for Political Science Event Counts

    Gary King•American Journal of Political…•1988

  • Peoples Against States

    Ted Robert Gurr•International Studies Quarterly•1994

  • Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s

    Open Access•Steven C Poe, C Neal Tate•American Political Science Review•1994

  • Regression analyses of counts and rates

    Wendi Gardner, William Gardner et al.•Psychological Bulletin•1995

  • Outside of a Small Circle of Friends

    Open Access•Michael Stohl•Journal of Peace Research•1987

  • States and Social Revolutions. A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China

    Sidney Pollard, T Skocpol•The Economic History Review•1980

  • Revolution and the Transformation of Societies

    Martin Shefter, N Eisenstadt et al.•The Journal of Interdisciplinary…•1980

  • The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics

    Lawrence Ziring, Ali Banuazizi et al.•Pacific Affairs•1987

  • Black Africa

    Marion E Doro, Donald George Morrison et al.•African Studies Review•1991

  • State Violence and Ethnicity

    Vincent N Parrillo, Pierre L Van Den Berghe•Social Forces•1992

  • Revolution and the Transformation of Societies

    J C Leggett, John Leggett et al.•Social Forces•1980

  • States and Social Revolutions

    Open Access•T Skocpol•States and Social Revolutions•1979

Unique citing works188
Citations per year6,48
Citation span1997 - 2026 (30)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 185

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae