Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Death Goes to the Polls

A Meta‐Analysis of Mortality Salience Effects on Political Attitudes

Bibliographic Data

ID6338352
AuthorsBrian L Burke (Fort Lewis College), Spee Kosloff (California State University, Fresno), Mark J Landau (0000-0002-5717-754X, University of Kansas)
Year2013
Volume34
Issue2
Pages183-200
Publication date2013-04-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePolitical Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0162-895X • E-ISSN: 1467-9221
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/pops.12005
OpenAlexW2095792182
LanguageEN
Citations received75
References cited78

Terror management theory posits that people are motivated to affirm cultural meaning systems, including political ideologies, to avoid the awareness of mortality. Accordingly, studies show that increasing mortality salience (MS) intensifies people's attitudes toward political issues and figures. However, whereas in some studies MS increases affirmation of preexisting political ideologies, be they liberal or conservative (supporting a “worldview‐defense hypothesis”), in other studies MS elicits a general shift toward conservatism, regardless of preexisting ideology (supporting a “conservative‐shift hypothesis”). The current study used meta‐analysis to assess the overall magnitude of MS effects on explicitly political attitudes and to clarify the nature of these effects by comparing effect sizes for these competing hypotheses. The overall effect of MS on political attitudes was large (r = .50). The effects of MS‐induced worldview defense (r = .35) and conservative shifting (r = .22) were significant and statistically equivalent. We discuss the conditions (e.g., contextual salience of political values) under which conservative shifting or worldview defense occurs

Cognitive psychology · Conservatism · Economics · Ideology · Mortality salience · Political science · Politics · Positive economics · Salience (neuroscience · Terror management theory · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health · Law · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

  • The Politics of Fear

    John T Jost, Chadly Stern et al.•Social Cognition•2017

  • Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies

    Open Access•Jan-Willem Van Prooijen, André Krouwel et al.•Current Directions in Psychological…•2019

  • Public trust, conspiracy theories and political ideology in the Covid-19 era

    Open Access•Efthalia Massou, George Tsouvelas et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2023

  • Support of Equal and Unequal Income Distribution

    Open Access•Irina Sergeevna Prusova, Anna Sergeevna Gorokhova•Social Psychology and Society•2025

  • Does framing climate change policies to fit with epistemic needs for predictability reduce conservatives’ opposition

    Open Access•Jan Lammers, Anna Schulte et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2023

  • Is negativity bias intuitive for liberals and conservatives

    Open Access•Metin Ege Salter, Firat Yavuz Duymaç et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • The role of the Covid-19 impersonal threat strengthening the associations of right-wing attitudes, nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiments

    Open Access•Anna Panzeri, Giuseppe Mignemi et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Misbehaving in the Corona crisis

    Open Access•Nikola Erceg, Mitja Ružojčić et al.•Current Psychology•2022

  • Understanding user responses to the Covid-19 pandemic on Twitter from a terror management theory perspective

    Open Access•Soyeon Kwon, Albert Park•Computers in Human Behavior•2022

  • Existential Threat Fuels Worldview Defense, but not after Priming Autonomy Orientation

    Kenneth E Vail, Joseph P Conti et al.•Basic and Applied Social Psychology•2020

  • The Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic Made People Feel Threatened, but Had a Limited Impact on Political Attitudes in the United States

    Open Access•Mark J Brandt, Shree Vallabha et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2025

  • Were Americans’ Political Attitudes Linked to Objective Threats From Covid-19? An Examination of Data From Project Implicit During Initial Months of the Pandemic

    Open Access•Chadly Stern, Jordan Axt•Personality and Social Psychology…•2022

  • Threat-Induced Conservatism in a Liberal Electorate

    Open Access•Violet Cheung‐blunden, Serena Rajkumar et al.•The Journal of Social Psychology•2026

  • Memento mori

    Open Access•David E Reed, Rachel E Williamson et al.•Journal of Theoretical Social…•2021

  • Terrorism catastrophization

    Open Access•Jessica Doak, Mary Katsikitis•Journal of Theoretical Social…•2018

  • Blaming immigrants to enhance control

    Open Access•Magdalena Hirsch, Susanne Veit et al.•Journal of Theoretical Social…•2021

  • Changes in Personal Values in Pandemic Times

    Open Access•Ella Daniel, Anat Bardi et al.•Social Psychological and…•2022

  • Overclaiming Knowledge Predicts Anti-establishment Voting

    Open Access•Jan-Willem Van Prooijen, André Krouwel et al.•Social Psychological and…•2020

  • Appreciation in the Face of Death

    Open Access•Diana Rieger, Lena Frischlich et al.•Journal of Communication•2015

  • The dynamics of public opinion following terror attacks

    Open Access•Jais Adam‐troian, Jais Troian et al.•Cyberpsychology Journal of…•2019

  • Authoritarianism and Threat in 59 Nations

    Open Access•Lucian Gideon Conway•Journal of Personality•2026

  • Psychological and cultural effects of different kinds of danger. An exploration based on survey data from 79 countries

    Open Access•Agner Fog•Culture and Evolution•2023

  • Exploration of tolerance of unfairness under Covid-19 mortality salience and its effect on epidemic development

    Open Access•Lin Peng, Siyang Luo•Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology•2023

  • To change, but not to preserve! Norm conformity following control threat only emerges for change norms but not for status quo norms

    Open Access•Janine Stollberg, Immo Fritsche et al.•Self and Identity•2024

  • Incidental fear reduces empathy for an out-group’s pain

    Matt T Richins, Manuela Barreto et al.•Emotion•2019

  • Let’s take back control

    Open Access•Immo Fritsche, Johannes Lautenbacher et al.•European Review of Social…•2025

  • Examining Belief in a Just World, Religious Worldviews, and Self-Esteem Within the Framework of Terror Management Theory

    Open Access•Meryem Berrin Bulut•OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying•2020

  • Desensitizing Effect of Frequently Witnessing Death in an Occupation

    Open Access•Necmi Baykan, Gökhan Arslantürk et al.•OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying•2020

  • Threat, voting and candidate support. The impact of mortality salience

    Open Access•Hanna Bäck, Royce Carroll et al.•Frontiers in Political Science•2023

  • A gender-based pandemic? Covid-19 and attitudes towards gender and relief policies in South Korea

    Hannah June Kim, Phoebe W Moon•Journal of Asian Public Policy•2025

  • How Movies Can Ease the Fear of Death

    Diana Rieger, Matthias Hofer•Mass Communication & Society•2017

  • See something, say something? The role of online self-disclosure on fear of terror among young social media users

    Open Access•Ruta Kaskeleviciute, Helena Knupfer et al.•New Media & Society•2023

  • Fighting death with health inequality

    Open Access•Tyler Jimenez, Peter J Helm et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2020

  • Closing ranks

    Open Access•Markus Barth, Torsten Masson et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2017

  • Persistent beliefs

    Open Access•Maria V Zwicker, Jan-Willem Van Prooijen et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2020

  • Covid-19 and perceived risk

    Lindsey A Harvell-Bowman, Patrick Merle et al.•Journal of Risk Research•2024

  • Climate change risk and terror management theory

    Priyanka A Naidu, A Ian Glendon et al.•Journal of Risk Research•2022

  • Mortality salience in professionals witnessing death

    Gökhan Arslantürk, Necmi Baykan et al.•Death Studies•2019

  • Opinions about immigration, patriotism, and welfare policies during the coronavirus emergency

    Francesco Rigoli•The Social Science Journal•2020

  • Local existential threat, authoritarianism, and support for right-wing populism

    Robert A Hinckley•The Social Science Journal•2021

  • Self-Rated Health and Attitudes About U.S. Health Care Policy

    Ryan Jerome Lecount, Kathleen Abrahamson•Sociological Spectrum•2017

  • The Impact of Differing Identity Meanings on Fears of Death

    Open Access•J Huft•Social Psychology Quarterly•2026

  • The role of ingroup assortative sociality in the Covid-19 pandemic

    Open Access•Mac Zewei, Shengquan Ye•International Journal of…•2021

  • Tend‐and‐befriend and rally around the flag effects during the Covid‐19 pandemic

    Open Access•Sarita Silveira, Martin Hecht et al.•European Journal of Social…•2023

  • Political ideology and belief change in the face of counterevidence

    Open Access•Malgorzata Kossowska, Gabriela Czarnek et al.•European Journal of Social…•2023

  • How I learned to stop fearing

    Open Access•Racheli Cohen, Ruthie Pliskin et al.•European Journal of Social…•2019

  • The effects of perceived Covid‐19 threat on compensatory conviction, thought reliance, and attitudes

    Open Access•Lorena Moreno, Borja Paredes et al.•European Journal of Social…•2023

  • Disentangling effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests on implicit anti-Black bias

    Open Access•C Donnan Gravelle, Patricia J Brooks et al.•Acta Psychologica•2025

  • Terror Management Theory and the Covid-19 Pandemic

    Open Access•Sheldon Solomon, McKenzie Lockett et al.•Journal of Humanistic Psychology•2021

  • Death Anxiety Among Urban Middle Class

    Open Access•Naya-Ersi Astriti, Gerasimos Prodromitis•Journal of Humanistic Psychology•2024

  • The role of mortality awareness in heroic enactment

    Open Access•Simon McCabe, Ryan W Carpenter et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2015

  • The aftermath of destruction

    Open Access•Kenneth E Vail, Jamie Arndt et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2012

  • Sociopolitical consequences of Covid‐19 in the Americas, Europe, and Asia

    Open Access•José J Pizarro Carrasco, Huseyin Cakal et al.•Political Psychology•2024

  • The consequences of terrorism on migration attitudes across Europe

    Open Access•Enzo Nussio, Vincenzo Bove et al.•Political Geography•2019

  • Ideological Asymmetries and the Essence of Political Psychology

    Open Access•John T Jost•Political Psychology•2017

  • Morbid Polarization

    Open Access•Cristian Guillermo Rodríguez, Shana Kushner Gadarian et al.•Political Psychology•2022

  • The Role of Religion in Shaping Perceived Security in Central Asia

    Open Access•Dina Sharipova, Alma Kudebayeva•Journal of Eurasian Studies•2025

  • Muslims and Non‐Muslims

    Open Access•F He, F Hess et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2025

  • Disease, death, morality, and politics

    Pegah Nejat, Ali Heirani-Tabas•The Journal of Social Psychology•2024

  • Is Clientelism (Only) for the Poor? Insights on Class and Clientelism from a Survey Experiment in Lebanon

    Melani Cammett, Christina Parreira et al.•The Journal of Politics•2025

  • Size Matters

    Shira Dvir-Gvirsman, Dvir-Gvirsman•Public Opinion Quarterly•2015

  • The Contingent, Contextual Nature of the Relationship Between Needs for Security and Certainty and Political Preferences

    Open Access•Christopher M Federico, Celso Federico et al.•Political Psychology•2018

  • The Influence of Existential Threat and Tolerance Salience on Anti‐Islamic Attitudes in American Politics

    Open Access•Kenneth E Vail, Emily Courtney et al.•Political Psychology•2019

  • Political Neuroscience

    Open Access•John T Jost, H Hannah Nam et al.•Political Psychology•2014

  • Attitudinal and Emotional Consequences of Islamist Terrorism. Evidence from the Berlin Attack

    Open Access•Enzo Nussio•Political Psychology•2020

  • Uses and Abuses of Ideology in Political Psychology

    Open Access•Nathan P Kalmoe•Political Psychology•2020

  • The Role of Political Ideology and Open-Minded Thinking Style in the (in)Accuracy of Factual Beliefs

    Open Access•Malgorzata Kossowska, Paulina Szwed et al.•Political Behavior•2023

  • Revisiting the Effects of Societal Threat Perceptions on Conflict-related Positions

    Open Access•Julia Elad-Strenger, Golan Shahar•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2018

  • Insecurity and political values in the Arab world

    Melani Cammett, Ishac Diwan et al.•Democratization•2020

  • Can Terrorism Abroad Influence Migration Attitudes at Home

    Open Access•Tobias Böhmelt, Vincenzo Bove et al.•American Journal of Political…•2020

  • Citizens and Security Threats

    Open Access•Daniel Stevens, Nick Vaughan-Williams•British Journal of Political…•2016

  • Democratic and Authoritarian Government Preferences in Times of Crisis

    Ruben Van Severen, Arne Roets et al.•Social Psychology•2024

  • Public perception of terrorism attacks

    Open Access•Jaroslaw Kantorowicz, Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2025

  • Individual Life Horizon Influences Attitudes Toward Democracy

    Open Access•Marie Lechler, Uwe Sunde•American Political Science Review•2019

  • Ethnic-Racial Socialization in White American Families and Young Adult Political Attitudes

    Open Access•J Huft, T Nieri et al.•The Journal of Race Ethnicity and…•2024

  • Ideology and discontent

    David Ernest Apter•Ideology and discontent•1967

  • The Psychology of Conservatism

    Glenn Wilson•The Psychology of Conservatism•2012

  • In the wake of 9/11

    Tom Pyszczynski, Sheldon Solomon et al.•In the wake of 9/11•2003

  • Deliver us from Evil

    Open Access•Mark J Landau, Sheldon Solomon et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2004

  • Mortality Salience, Martyrdom, and Military Might

    Open Access•Tom Pyszczynski, Abdolhossein Abdollahi et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2006

  • A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts

    Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg et al.•Psychological Review•1999

  • Are Needs to Manage Uncertainty and Threat Associated With Political Conservatism or Ideological Extremity?

    Open Access•John T Jost, Jaime L Napier et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2007

  • Promotion and Prevention

    E Tory Higgins•Advances in Experimental Social…•1998

  • Conservative Shift Among High-Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attacks

    George A Bonanno, John T Jost•Basic and Applied Social Psychology•2006

  • Terror Management Theory

    Jeff Greenberg, Jamie Arndt•Handbook of theories of social…•2012

  • A Newer Look

    David Dunning•Psychological Inquiry•1999

  • The Causes and Consequences of a Need for Self-Esteem

    Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski et al.•1986

  • The Symbolic Species

    Terrence W Deacon•The Symbolic Species•1998

  • Societal threat, authoritarianism, conservatism, and U.S. state death penalty sentencing (1977-2004)

    Stewart J H Mccann, Stewart Jh Mccann•Journal of Personality and Social…•2008

  • The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics

    Philip E Converse•Politisk Psykologi•2010

  • A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice

    John Duckitt•Advances in Experimental Social…•2001

  • Public Self and Private Self

    Open Access•Roy F Baumeister•Public Self And Private Self•1986

  • One Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described

    Open Access•F Richard, F D Richard et al.•Review of General Psychology•2003

  • High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success

    Open Access•June P Tangney, Roy F Baumeister et al.•Journal of Personality•2004

  • Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect

    David Watson, David C Watson et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1988

  • On defeating death

    Emanuele Castano, Mark Dechesne•European Review of Social…•2005

  • The society-supporting self

    Open Access•Bastiaan T Rutjens, Annemarie Loseman•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2010

  • The undesired self

    Open Access•Daniel M Ogilvie, Florette Cohen et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2008

  • Terror management and tolerance

    Jeff Greenberg, Linda Simon et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1992

  • Evidence for terror management theory II

    Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1990

  • Models of the self and other

    Dale W Griffin, Kim Bartholomew•Journal of Personality and Social…•1994

  • Clarifying the Function of Mortality Salience-Induced Worldview Defense

    Open Access•Jeff Greenberg, Jamie Arndt et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2001

  • Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups

    Open Access•Zachary K Rothschild, Abdolhossein Abdollahi et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • The effects of mortality salience on political preferences

    Open Access•Spee Kosloff, Jeff Greenberg et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • Threat causes liberals to think like conservatives

    Open Access•Paul R Nail, Ian Mcgregor et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • When animals attack

    Open Access•Matt Motyl, Joshua Hart et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • The aftermath of destruction

    Open Access•Kenneth E Vail, Jamie Arndt et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2012

  • Evidence for terror management theory

    Abram Rosenblatt, Jeff Greenberg et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1989

  • Preference for consistency

    Robert B Cialdini, Melanie R Trost et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1995

  • The Construction and Validation of a Death Anxiety Scale

    Donald I Templer•The Journal of General Psychology•1970

  • Exceptions that prove the rule--Using a theory of motivated social cognition to account for ideological incongruities and political anomalies

    John T Jost, Jack Glaser et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2003

  • Ideology, Fear of Death, and Death Anxiety

    Open Access•Emanuele Castano, Bernhard Leidner et al.•Political Psychology•2011

  • A Decade of System Justification Theory

    Open Access•John T Jost, Mahzarin R Banaji et al.•Political Psychology•2004

  • Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to Information

    Open Access•Howard Lavine, Milton Lodge et al.•Political Psychology•2005

  • Terror management and aggression

    Holly A Mcgregor, Joel D Lieberman et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1998

  • A Function of Form

    Mark J Landau, Michaela Johns et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2004

  • Self-regulatory processes defend against the threat of death

    Matthew T Gailliot, Brandon J Schmeichel et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2006

  • Affects separable and inseparable

    David Watson, Lesley A Clark et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1992

  • Focus theory of normative conduct and terror-management theory

    Eva Jonas, Andy Martens et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2008

  • Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations

    J Graham, Jonathan Haidt et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2009

  • The dynamics of death and meaning

    Matthew Ve, Matthew Vess et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2009

  • Two Decades of Terror Management Theory

    Open Access•Brian L Burke, Andy Martens et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2010

  • Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice

    Bob Altemeyer, Bruce Hunsberger•International Journal for the…•1992

  • Psychological motives and political orientation--The left, the right, and the rigid

    Jeff Greenberg, Eva Jonas•Psychological Bulletin•2003

  • The case for motivated reasoning

    Ziva Kunda•Psychological Bulletin•1990

  • Political conservatism as motivated social cognition

    John T Jost, Jack Glaser et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2003

  • A power primer

    Jacob Cohen•Psychological Bulletin•1992

  • Revolutionary Immortality

    Dennis M Ray, Robert Jay Lifton•Pacific Affairs•1970

Unique citing works75
Citations per year5,36
Citation span2012 - 2026 (15)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 75

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae