I Am Woman, Hear Me Tweet! Gender Differences in Twitter Use among Congressional Candidates
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6409013 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Kevin M Wagner (0000-0003-4750-9739, Florida Atlantic University, corresponding author), J Gainous (0000-0002-3104-2313, University of Louisville), Mirya R Holman (0000-0001-6648-4122, Tulane University) |
| Year | 2017 |
| Volume | 38 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 430-455 |
| Publication date | 2017-10-02 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Women & Politics (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0195-7732 • E-ISSN: 1540-9473 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/1554477x.2016.1268871 |
| OpenAlex | W2587778241 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 60 |
| References cited | 82 |
This study synthesizes two theoretical literatures to explain gender differences in Twitter usage and effectiveness among US Congressional candidates. The first suggests that candidates in perceived disadvantaged positions, females in this case, innovate to improve their chances of success, and the second, that female politicians often adopt stereotypically masculine behaviors to be successful. On the basis of these theories, we hypothesize and confirm that female candidates are more likely than males to integrate Twitter into their campaigns, but our results are less conclusive regarding a difference in the likelihood that females use negative campaigning tactics via Twitter. Our results also indicate that those females who use Twitter more than their male counterparts tended to do better electorally, but this difference is conditional. Female Republican candidates who tweeted more increased their vote share, but the opposite is true for Democrats. We speculate that this differential effect may be a product of different audiences for social media in each party's electorate
Advertising · Business · Disadvantaged · Political science · Product (mathematics · Significant difference · Social media · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Gender Politics and Representation · Law · Medicine · Psychology · Social Media and Politics · Social Psychology
Happiness in Political Communication by Men and Women Members of the US Congress
Gendered Dynamics of Foreign Policy on the Presidential Campaign Trail
What Drives U.S. Congressional Members’ Policy Attention on Twitter
How Women Attack
What is she wearing and how does he lead
The election campaign for parliament in the age of the Internet
Gendered dynamics of Twitter engagement
Digital political communication through a gender lens
Gender Self-Presentations in the 2020 U.S. Elections
Colombian politicians and Twitter usage
The Role of Gender in Parliamentary Attacks and Incivility
Appealing to the base or to the moveable middle? Incumbents’ partisan messaging before the 2016 U.S. congressional elections
Good and pissed
Playing nice? A longitudinal analysis of gender differences in negative campaigning on social media
Gendered Differences in Fundraising Appeals Among Congressional Candidates
Marketing Female Candidates as “Women”
Gendered Agenda-Building
From Marginalized to Mainstream? An International Comparative Analysis of Gender Differences in Social Media Adoption and Activity by Politicians in Non-Election Times
Exploring political branding in the hybrid media system
Gender and social media campaigning
MPs, digital world and the media. Have the patterns of mediatisation of French MPs changed with the digital age
Uneven Echoes
Addressing Women and Minorities on Social Media by the 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidates
Delete Your Account”
Misogyny, politics, and social media determinants of hostile engagement against women parliamentarians on Twitter
Women and social media during legislative elections in Indonesia
Tweeting to be a constitution-writer in Chile
Estrategias de comunicación en la era digital
Not ready to make nice
Tweet like Trump
Gender and attention to and framing of Covid‐19 in congressional tweets
A Male Hostility Spiral? Polarized Communication among Political Elites on Social Media
Advocacy campaigns and gender bias in media coverage of elections
Tell Me an Instagram Story
Standing Up for Women? How Party and Gender Influence Politicians’ Online Discussion of Planned Parenthood
Asymmetric Polarization in Online Media Engagement in the United States Congress
Negative Campaigning in the Social Media Age
How negativity and policy content drive the spread of political messages
From tweets to tensions
Norms and rage
Gendered Priorities? Policy Communication in the U.S. Senate
Tweeting for Latinos? Legislative Communication in the 115th U.S. House of Representatives
Sit Still, Talk Pretty
Constrained Communication and Negativity Bias
Morality and the Glass Ceiling
Negative Political Communication on Social Media and the Gender Gap
Conditional Congressional communication
The Effect of the Political Environment on White Women’s Political Ambition
Online Incivility in the 2020 Congressional Elections
Who Reveals, Who Conceals
Biased Representation of Politicians in Google and Wikipedia Search? The Joint Effect of Party Identity, Gender Identity and Elections
Negativity and Elite Message Diffusion on Social Media
Representation style and digital communication
Male and female politicians on Twitter
Worth a Thousand Words
Not All Women
The “Perfect” Call
Clinton stated, Trump exclaimed
Género, estilos de liderazgo y campañas electorales en Twitter
Selfie
Statistical analysis with missing data
When Does Gender Matter?
Gender Dynamics in Congressional Elections
Women in the Club
Tweeting to Power
It Takes a Candidate
He Runs, She Runs
Multiple Imputation in Practice
Candidate Gender and Women's Psychological Engagement in Politics
Incumbency, Campaign Spending, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections
Strong Democracy
A partisan gap in the supply of female potential candidates in the United States
Digital Uprising
Running Unopposed
Gender-Based Strategies on Candidate Websites
Is Negative Advertising Effective for Female Candidates
Traditional Cleavages or a New World
To tweet or not to tweet
Sexism Versus Partisanship
Gender Bias and Selection Bias in House Elections
Congress, The Electoral Connection
Issue Saliency and Gender Stereotypes
Congress
Gendered Campaign Strategies in U.S. Elections
Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections
Negative, Angry, and Ubiquitous
The Role of Gender Stereotypes in U.S. Senate Campaigns
What It Takes to Win
Party Response to Environmental Change
The Impact of Constituency Diversity upon the Competitiveness of U. S. House Elections, 1962-96
Challengers in U. S. Senate Elections
Priming Gender
Candidate Gender and Voter Support in State Legislative Elections
Sex, Stereotypes, and Security
Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates' Ideological Orientations
Explaining Challenger Quality in Congressional Elections
The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns
Women Running “as Women
If Only They’d Ask
Bringing the Candidate into Models of Candidate Evaluation
The Effects of Charges of Corruption on Voting Behavior in Congressional Elections, 1982-1990
Campaign Spending and Incumbency
The Primary Reason for Women's Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom
Do the Advantages of Incumbency Advantage Incumbents
The Price of Leadership
Grassroots Mobilization and Voter Turnout in 2004
When Gender and Party Collide
Running Backwards and in High Heels
Do Gender Stereotypes Transcend Party
Gender Targeting in Political Advertisements
Terrorist Threat, Male Stereotypes, and Candidate Evaluations
A Woman's Work Is Never Done? Fund-Raising Perception and Effort among Female State Legislative Candidates
The Effects of Leadership Positions on Votes for Incumbents in State Legislative Elections
The Sense of a Woman
Measuring Stereotypes of Female Politicians
Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates
Masculine Republicans and Feminine Democrats
Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns
Bad for Men, Better for Women
It's Money That Matters
Electronic Grassroots
Negative Campaigning
Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent
"Voting for Women in the "Year of the Woman
Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates
The Changing Politics of American Men
Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice
To Run or Not to Run for Office
Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study
The Determinants of Candidates' Vote Share and the Advantages of Incumbency in City Council Elections
The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson Effect
Candidate Qualities through a Partisan Lens
The Fairer Sex
It Takes a Survey
You Tweet Like a Girl
Knowing and Caring about Politics
Issues, Candidate Image, and Priming
Victims of Circumstances
| Unique citing works | 60 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 6 |
| Citation span | 2016 - 2026 (11) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 60 |