Defining America’s Racial Boundaries
Blacks, Mexicans, and European Immigrants, 1890–1945
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7614542 |
|---|---|
| Authors | C Fox (0000-0001-9440-6471, University of California, Berkeley), Thomas A Guglielmo (George Washington University) |
| Year | 2012 |
| Volume | 118 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 327-379 |
| Publication date | 2012-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Journal of Sociology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0002-9602 • E-ISSN: 1537-5390 |
| Publisher | University of Chicago Press (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1086/666383 |
| OpenAlex | W1551734595 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 133 |
| References cited | 149 |
Contemporary race and immigration scholars often rely on historical analogies to help them analyze America's current and future color lines. If European immigrants became white, they claim, perhaps today's immigrants can as well. But too often these scholars ignore ongoing debates in the historical literature about America's past racial boundaries. Meanwhile, the historical literature is itself needlessly muddled. In order to address these problems, the authors borrow concepts from the social science literature on boundaries to systematically compare the experiences of blacks, Mexicans, and southern and eastern Europeans (SEEs) in the first half of the 20th century. Their findings challenge whiteness historiography; caution against making broad claims about the reinvention, blurring, or shifting of America's color lines; and suggest that the Mexican story might have more to teach us about these current and future lines than the SEE one
Demographic economics · Economics · Immigration · Political science · Race (biology) · Sociology · Asian American and Pacific Histories · Demography · Gender Studies · Latin American and Latino Studies · Law · Race, History, and American Society
Blurring the Marriage Market? Contemporary Patterns of Multiracial Marriage
Policing the Boundaries of Blackness
Introduction
The Racialization of Latino Immigrants in New Destinations
Debating Visibility
Observations on History, Law, and the Rise of the New Jim Crow in State-Level Immigration Law and Policy for Latinos
A Critical Expansion of Theories on Race and Ethnicity in Leisure Studies
Diversity and prosocial behavior
The spatial logic of racial devaluation in the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation
Latinxs and Racial Frames
Whitewashing Slavery
Boundary Articulation and Emergent Identities
Lessons on the Boundaries of Belonging
The Alien Citizen
The Color Line in Southeastern Europe
Beyond “White by Law”
Unruly Borders, Bodies, and Blood
Normative neighborhoods
Who Counts as a “Person of Color”? The Roles of Ancestry, Phenotype, Self-Identification, and Other Factors
White Immigrant Merchants, the U.S. Mexican Population, and Middleman Entrepreneurship in the Early Twentieth-Century American West
Discrimination against Hispanics and Eastern European Immigrants in the United States
Immigrant Identities and the Shaping of a Racialized American Self
Mexican American Identity
Terminal Identities
A General Separation of Colored and White
We Have in This City Many Good Mexican Citizens
Third Generation Disadvantage among Mexican Americans
Ethno-nationalism and Right-Wing Extremist Violence in the United States, 2000 through 2018
Colorism Revisited
The Racial Position of European Immigrants 1883–1941
Rights and Tolerance Support in U.S. Presidential Elections, 1992–2016
From Multiracial to Monoracial
From Vice to Virtue
Is White Always Right? Skin Color and Interdating Among Whites
Racialization and Black multiplicity
Racial Identity Contestation
Racial/Ethnic Hierarchy and Urban Labor Market Inequality
Diversity, solidarity and the construction of the ingroup among (post)colonial migrants in The Netherlands, 1945–1968
Citizenship and the American state
Race, the Canadian Census, and Interactive Political Development
Have Schemas Been Good To Think With
Introduction to the Special Issue Culture and Cognition
The Noncitizen Penalty in U.S. Federal Courts
Daily Mobility in the Black-White Segregated City
The Correlates of Panethnic Identification
Leveraging identities
Blinded by the facts
Immigration, opportunity, and assimilation in a technology economy
A transnational amendment to assimilation theory
Enforcing the Colorline and Counting White Races
A Critical Multicultural Analysis of Underrepresented Figures in Contemporary STEM Picture-Book Biographies for Children (2020–2022)
Durable Ethnicity
The Legacy of Lynching? An Empirical Replication and Conceptual Extension
Racial Primacy in the Eye of the Beholder
Immigrant health trajectories in historical context
Who Sees Race as a Choice
Racial Formation in Perspective
Myth of the Ghetto? European Immigrant Groups’ Residential Segregation and Socioeconomic Achievement
Americans’ Race Concepts as Categorical and Continuous
Revisiting the Marginal Man
European Immigrant Groups’ Home Ownership and Home Values in the Early Twentieth-Century USA
Innocent girls, wicked women
The Melting-Pot Problem? The Persistence and Convergence of Premigration Socioeconomic Status During the Age of Mass Migration
Reproducing race in the gentrifying city
Shifting legibility
Who Let the Dogs in? Antiblackness, Social Exclusion, and the Question of Who Is Human
Counting the State
Dangerous Dependence or Productive Masculinity
Theorizing with Archives
The Stakes of Symbolic Boundaries
The Coming Majority-Minority State
Social Distance Reexamined
El Sueño Americano? The Generational Progress of Mexican Americans Prior to World War II
The Mexican’ and ‘The Cancer in the South’
The Toll of Exclusion on Immigrants’ Health across the Life Course
The Polarizing Effect of Anti-Immigrant Violence on Radical Right Sympathies in Germany
The New Third Generation
The New Third Generation
Cross-Era Gender Differences in Educational Attainment Among Second-Generation Immigrants
Racialized Incorporation
On Separate Paths
The Same Different
Unequal Positions
Save Our Senior Noncitizens
U.S. racial and ethnic relations in the twenty-first century
Contextual Boundaries
Patterns of Panethnic Intermarriage in the United States, 1980–2018
Explaining the Muslim employment gap in Western Europe
Extending the stereotype content model of racial attitudes among college freshmen
Social distance attitudes, educational mobility, and European ancestry groups in the post‐World‐War II United States
Religious Diversity, Islam, and Integration in Western Europe—Dissecting Symbolic, Social, and Institutional Boundary Dynamics
Ancestry, Color, or Culture? How Whites Racially Classify Others in the U.S
A Meta-Theoretical Framework for Understanding Educational Disparities Affecting Black Youth in the United States
Recentering U.S. Empire
Learning about Race
Ethno-national boundaries and the gendered body
Diverging Ethnic Hierarchies? Cultural Distance, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Social Distance Perceptions in the Netherlands
The Residential Segregation of European Immigrant Groups in the Early Twentieth-Century United States
How “Ethnic” Were White Ethnic Neighborhoods? European Ancestry Groups in the Twentieth-Century USA
Asian American Attitudes towards a US Citizenship Path for Illegal Immigrants
White by Law
The shaping of Southern politics
American apartheid
Strangers in the Land Patterns of American Nativism 1800-1925
The retreat of scientific racism
Lynching in the New South
The Black image in the white mind
Trouble in mind
Race riot
Iron cages
Ethnic patterns in American cities.
Labor of love, labor of sorrow
Gender and Jim Crow
Race traits and tendencies of the American Negro
Civic Ideals
Colored Property
The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
How Jews became white folks and what that says about race in America
Crabgrass Frontier
In a New Land
Dark Journey
By the Sweat of Their Brow, Mexican Immigrant Labor in the United States, 1900-1940
Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy
Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, by Frederick L. Hoffman
Black Victory
Courage to Dissent
Good Americans
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
Making the Second Ghetto
What Comes Naturally
Borderline Americans
Unequal Freedom
Racial Fault Lines
American Crucible
Divided We Stand
A Nation under Our Feet
White Scourge
The Fifth Freedom
Making a New Deal
The Highest Stage of White Supremacy
Impossible Subjects
From Jim Crow To Civil Rights
An American Dilemma
Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986
Racialized Boundaries
Sugar Beets, Segregation, and Schools
South by Southwest
Another White Race
Colorado
Amalgamation and Hypodescent
Other Immigrants
E. Pluribus Duo
On the Boundary of White
A Piece of the Pie
The End of Immigration to the Cotton Fields
A Nation Under Our Feet
Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination
Bright vs. blurred boundaries
Manliness and Civilization
Latino terminology
The Unsteady March
In a Race All Their Own
Tejana Radical
No racials”
Becoming American
Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920
The House I Live In
Dark Journey
Did American Manufacturers Discriminate Against Immigrants Before 1914
Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965
A New Look At Ethnic Neighborhoods
Immigrants, Immigrant Neighborhoods, and Ethnic Identity
By the Sweat of Their Brow
Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy
Sundown Towns
Fighting for Caucasian Rights
Americanization from the Bottom Up
The Chosen
Single or Triple Melting-Pot? Intermarriage in New Haven, 1870-1950
Morning Glories
Freedom Struggles
The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928
The Struggle for Mastery
Why Islam is like Spanish
White Americans, the New Minority
The Two Variants in Caribbean Race Relations. A Contribution to the Sociology of Segmented Societies
The Configuration of Symbolic Boundaries against Immigrants in Europe
Elementary strategies of ethnic boundary making
From bi-racial to tri-racial
Latino Immigrants and the U.S. Racial Order
Mexican Nationalisms, Southern Racisms
The Polls
Drawing the Global Colour Line
Racial Reorganization and the United States Census 1850-1930
Living the Revolution
Red Cross, Double Cross
Who Is White? Latinos, Asians, and the New Black/Nonblack Divide
No Separate Refuge
Forbidden Neighbors
| Unique citing works | 133 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 10,23 |
| Citation span | 2013 - 2026 (14) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 127 |