Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Sources of Political Tolerance

A Multivariate Analysis

Bibliographic Data

ID7622796
AuthorsJohn L Sullivan (0000-0002-4676-1898, University of Minnesota System), George E Marcus (Williams College), Stanley Feldman (John Brown University), James E Piereson (California University of Pennsylvania)
Year1981
Volume75
Issue1
Pages92-106
Publication date1981-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Political Science Review (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0003-0554 • E-ISSN: 1537-5943
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.2307/1962161
OpenAlexW2334645237
LanguageEN
Citations received119
References cited30

Over the past 25 years a number of conclusions concerning the development of political tolerance have come to be well accepted in the literature on political behavior. There are, however, two persisting problems with the studies that have generated these findings: they have relied on a content-biased measure of tolerance, and have failed to examine well specified models of the factors leading to tolerance. In this article we report the results of an analysis of the determinants of political tolerance using a content-controlled measure of tolerance and a more fully specified multivariate model. The parameters of the model are estimated from a national sample of the U.S. The results indicate the explanatory power of two political variables, the level of perceived threat and the commitment to general norms, and psychological sources of political tolerance. Social and demographic factors are found to have no direct effect and little indirect influence on the development of political tolerance

Econometrics · Economics · Explanatory power · Measure (data warehouse · Multivariate analysis · Multivariate statistics · Political science · Politics · Power (physics · Sample (material · Statistics · Computer Science · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Mathematics · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Media and Politics · Social Psychology

  • Political Tolerance

    Open Access•Sandra T Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra T Marquart‐pyatt•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Arabs in Israel

    Open Access•M A Seligson, Dan Caspi•The Journal of Applied Behavioral…•1983

  • White Christian Nationalism and Relative Political Tolerance for Racists

    Open Access•Joshua T Davis, L Perry et al.•Social Problems•2021

  • Sectarian Religion and Political Tolerance in the United States

    Open Access•P Schwadel, Christopher R H Garneau•Sociology of Religion•2019

  • Political tolerance among civic education teachers in Israel

    Open Access•Sara Zamir, Shlomo Daudi•Israel Affairs•2026

  • Negative attitudes toward opposing supporters

    Open Access•Muhammad Abdan Shadiqi, Idhamsyah Eka Putra et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2025

  • Perspective-Taking and Partisan Depolarization in the U.S. and Turkey

    Open Access•Cansu Paksoy, Leonie Huddy•Political Behavior•2026

  • Pedagogy of tolerance and violence prevention in the Arab world

    Ahmed Ali Alhazmi•British Journal of Religious…•2024

  • Religiosity and tolerance in Turkey

    Nazlı Çağın Bilgili•Journal of Southeast European and…•2015

  • Personifying the Radical

    Open Access•Heejo Keum, Elliott D Hillback et al.•Human Communication Research•2005

  • Combating right-wing political extremism in Israel

    Raphael Cohen-Almagor, Raphael Cohen‐almagor•Terrorism and Political Violence•1997

  • The Development and Validation of the Practicing Faith Survey

    Open Access•Albert Cheng, Beth Green et al.•Journal of Psychology and Theology•2023

  • The study of political tolerance in the South African context

    Amanda Gouws, James L Gibson•Social Dynamics•2001

  • Religious Commitment, Political Conservatism, and Political and Social Tolerance in the United States

    Corwin E Smidt, Corwin Smidt et al.•Sociological Analysis•1982

  • Predicting Tolerance of New Religious Movements

    John P O'Donnell•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1993

  • Religion and Political Civility

    James Davison Hunter•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1984

  • Cognitive ability is a powerful predictor of political tolerance

    Open Access•Stig Hebbelstrup Rye Rasmussen, Steven G Ludeke•Journal of Personality•2022

  • The Ideological-Conflict Hypothesis

    Open Access•Mark J Brandt, Christine Reyna et al.•Current Directions in Psychological…•2014

  • The Authoritarian Dynamic

    Open Access•Karen Stenner•Authoritarian Dynamic•2005

  • Attitudes Towards Members of Religious Groups

    Open Access•C P Scheitle, Katie E Corcoran•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2026

  • Personifying the Radical

    Open Access•Heejo Keum•Human Communication Research•2005

  • The Ku Klux Klan

    Open Access•Rick Seltzer, Grace M Lopes•Journal of Black Studies•1986

  • The Legitimacy of Protest

    Kenneth T Andrews, Kraig Beyerlein et al.•Social Forces•2016

  • Political Tolerance and Intolerance

    Open Access•Nancy Isserman•Contemporary Jewry•2009

  • Democratic Frustration in the Anglo-American Polities

    Open Access•Joel E Brooks•The Western Political Quarterly•1985

  • Ethinic Diversity, Segregation and Inequality

    Open Access•Robert M Kunovich, Randy Hodson•Sociological Quarterly•2002

  • Explaining Differing Democratic Norm Commitment

    Open Access•Marie A Eisenstein, April K Clark•Politics and Religion•2017

  • Stability and Change

    Open Access•April K Clark, Michael J Clark et al.•SAGE Open•2014

  • Instruments to Assess People’s Attitude and Behaviours towards Tolerance

    Open Access•Hiroko Costantini, Muhammad Abdul Aziz Al Mujahid et al.•Societies•2024

  • All Politics is Psychological

    Deborah J Schildkraut•Perspectives on Politics•2004

  • Unraveling the Black Mountain

    Open Access•Jovana Davidovic•Nationalities Papers•2021

  • Setting limits to tolerance

    Open Access•Eva‐maria Trüdinger, C Ziller•Frontiers in Political Science•2023

  • Time for tolerance

    Open Access•Per Adman, Per Strömblad•Comparative Migration Studies•2018

  • Framing hate

    Open Access•Grant M Armstrong, Julie Wronski•Journal of Social and Political…•2019

  • Amplifying Division

    Open Access•Patrícia Rossini, Antonis Kalogeropoulos et al.•Social Media + Society•2026

  • Moral Politicking

    Open Access•Amy B Becker, Dietram A Scheufele•The International Journal of…•2009

  • Yes, But Suppose Everyone Turned Gay?”

    M Hooghe, Yves Dejaeghere et al.•Journal of LGBT Youth•2010

  • Tracing “Taiwanization” Processes in Taiwanese Presidential Statements in Times of Cross-Strait Rapprochement

    Open Access•Lutgard Lams, Xavier L W Liao•Journal of Current Chinese Affairs•2011

  • Political tolerance of demobilizing armed actors

    Open Access•Kwansik Mun, Hernando Rojas et al.•Media War & Conflict•2019

  • Visuals as Identity Markers in Political Communication on Social Media

    Open Access•Viorela Dan, Florian Arendt•Mass Communication & Society•2024

  • Presidential Approval, Tolerant Attitudes, and Economic Performance

    Open Access•Mariana Sendra, Asbel Bohigues•Political Studies Review•2022

  • Examining the causes of government-based discrimination against religious minorities in western democracies

    Open Access•Jonathan Fox, Roger Finke et al.•Comparative European Politics•2018

  • The delicate framework of Israeli democracy during the 1980s

    Raphael Cohen-Almagor, Raphael Cohen‐almagor•Israel Affairs•2001

  • Enhancing Model Fit Evaluation in SEM

    Bang Quan Zheng, Peter M Bentler•Structural Equation Modeling: A…•2024

  • Facebook Usage and Outgroup Intolerance in Myanmar

    Open Access•Oren Samet, Leonardo R Arriola et al.•Political Communication•2024

  • Ethnic Schism and the Consolidation of Post-Communist Democracies

    Open Access•G Evans•Communist and Post-Communist…•1998

  • The Diffusion of Tolerance

    Open Access•P Schwadel, Christopher R H Garneau•Sociological Forum•2017

  • The methodological benefits of accidents and other means of avoiding tunnel vision

    Open Access•George E Marcus•Bulletin of Sociological…•2025

  • Authoritarianism, perceived threat and exclusionism on the eve of the Disengagement

    Open Access•Daphna Canetti, Eran Halperin et al.•International Journal of…•2009

  • Product of the Environment

    Open Access•Pedro Candeias•Revista de Sociologia e Política•2016

  • Intolerance in the Fledgling Korean Democracy

    Aie-Rie Lee, Aie‐rie Lee•Asian Affairs An American Review•2000

  • Explaining ethnic polarization over attitudes towards minority rights in Eastern Europe

    Open Access•Geoffrey Evans, Ariana Need•Social Science Research•2002

  • American Opinion Toward Jews During the Nazi Era

    Open Access•Susan Welch•Social Science Quarterly•2014

  • Political Tolerance in Taiwan

    Open Access•T Y Wang, Lu‐huei Chen•Social Science Quarterly•2008

  • Civic Participation and Gender Beliefs

    Open Access•Mălina Voicu, Bogdan Voicu•Czech Sociological Review•2016

  • Trust, Prosociality and Immigration Policy Views

    Open Access•Qiaoyan Feng, Qinya Feng•Political Studies•2026

  • To Belong

    Open Access•Jennifer Fitzgerald, Kathryn Schauer et al.•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2023

  • Public Opinion toward New Migrants

    Open Access•Marilyn Hoskin, William Mishler•International Migration•1983

  • Seria a Tolerância a Marca Distintiva do Cidadão Democrático? Tolerância Política no Brasil Pós-Eleições 2022

    Open Access•M Fuks, Ednaldo Ribeiro et al.•Dados•2025

  • The Partisan Effects of News Coverage Highlighting Inclusion in Congress

    Open Access•Lauren P Olson, Nicole Huffman et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2025

  • Ideological symmetries and asymmetries in political intolerance and prejudice toward political activist groups

    Open Access•Jarret T Crawford•Journal of Experimental Social…•2014

  • Political and personal religious attitudes

    Open Access•Ibrahim Khatib•Politics and Religion•2026

  • The Devil Shift

    Paul Sabatier, Susan Hunter et al.•The Western Political Quarterly•1987

  • Political Tolerance, Psychological Security, and Religion

    Open Access•Marie A Eisenstein, April K Clark•Politics and Religion•2014

  • Improved LM test for robust model specification searches in covariance structure analysis

    Open Access•Bang Quan Zheng, Peter M Bentler•Political Science Research and…•2025

  • In Principle and in Practice

    Open Access•Sandra Marquart-Pyatt, Sandra T Marquart‐pyatt et al.•Political Behavior•2007

  • Individual value priorities, education, and political tolerance

    Open Access•Ewa A Golebiowska, Ewa Golebiowska•Political Behavior•1995

  • Sobre o verdadeiro valor dos valores

    Open Access•Eva-Maria Trüdinger, Eva‐maria Trüdinger•Opinião Pública•2006

  • The Determinants of Environmental Migrants' Conflict Perception

    Open Access•Vally Koubi, Tobias Böhmelt et al.•International Organization•2018

  • Just Talk? International Migration, Cross-Border Communication and Political Tolerance in Latin America

    Open Access•Clarisa Pérez‐armendáriz, David Crow•Global Networks•2025

  • Clarifying the Ideological Asymmetry in Public Attitudes Toward Political Protest

    Open Access•David C Barker, Kimberly Nalder et al.•American Politics Research•2021

  • Whites' opposition to busing

    Lawrence D Bobo, Lawrence Bobo•Journal of Personality and Social…•1983

  • Mediterranean neo‐democracies and the opinion‐policy nexus

    Joel E Brooks•West European Politics•1988

  • Legacies of the Third Reich

    Open Access•Jonathan Homola, Miguel M Pereira et al.•American Political Science Review•2020

  • The Political Context of Tolerance

    Open Access•Michal Shamir, John L Sullivan et al.•American Political Science Review•1983

  • Research Frontier Essay

    Open Access•Virginia Sapiro•American Political Science Review•1981

  • On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Political Tolerance

    Open Access•James L Gibson, Richard D Bingham•American Political Science Review•1982

  • No2Sectarianism

    Open Access•Alexandra A Siegel, Vivienne Badaan•American Political Science Review•2020

  • Identity Salience, Identity Acceptance, and Racial Policy Attitudes

    Open Access•John E Transue•American Journal of Political…•2007

  • Examining the Influence of Political Affiliation and Orientation on Political Tolerance

    Open Access•Christopher R H Garneau, P Schwadel•Socius Sociological Research for…•2022

  • Conservative Protestantism and Tolerance toward Homosexuals

    Open Access•Amy M Burdette, C G Ellison et al.•Sociological Inquiry•2005

  • Tolerated One Way but Not the Other

    Open Access•Francis L F Lee, Francis Lee•Social Indicators Research•2014

  • El pasado que nos pesa

    Open Access•Jorge Manzi, Ellen Helsper et al.•Revista de ciencia política•2003

  • Identidad y actitudes políticas en jóvenes universitarios

    Open Access•Roberto González, Jorge Manzi et al.•Revista de ciencia política•2005

  • The Opinion-Policy Nexus in Germany

    Joel E Brooks•Public Opinion Quarterly•1990

  • Foreign Occupation and National Pride

    Mansoor Moaddel, M Tessler et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2008

  • Trends in Tolerance Toward Rightist and Leftist Groups, 1976-1988

    Thomas C Wilson•Public Opinion Quarterly•1994

  • The Policy Opinions of British Political Activists

    Open Access•Susan Welch, Donley T Studlar•Political Studies•1983

  • External Threats and Political Tolerance in Taiwan

    Open Access•T Y Wang, G Andy Chang•Political Research Quarterly•2006

  • The Extensiveness of Group Membership and Social Capital

    Open Access•Allan J Cigler, Allan Cigler et al.•Political Research Quarterly•2002

  • Integration or Nonintegration of Foreign Workers

    Marilyn Hoskin•Political Psychology•1984

  • Predicting Political Biases Against the Occupy Wall Street and Tea Party Movements

    Open Access•Jarret T Crawford, Eneda Xhambazi•Political Psychology•2015

  • Political intolerance in comprehensive welfare states

    Open Access•Thomas Persson, Sten Widmalm•Political Psychology•2025

  • Political Intolerance, Right and Left

    Open Access•Jarret T Crawford, Jane M Pilanski•Political Psychology•2014

  • The Central Role of Group‐Based Hatred as an Emotional Antecedent of Political Intolerance

    Open Access•Eran Halperin, Daphna Canetti‐nisim et al.•Political Psychology•2009

  • The Uncertainty Paradox

    Open Access•Ingrid Johnsen Haas, William A Cunningham•Political Psychology•2014

  • Work and Politics

    Michael X Delli Carpini•Political Psychology•1986

  • The Differential Effects of Right‐Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on Political Intolerance

    Open Access•Jarret T Crawford, Jane M Pilanski•Political Psychology•2014

  • Religion and Democratic Commitment

    Open Access•Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom, Pazit Ben‐nun Bloom et al.•Political Psychology•2021

  • Self‐Worth and Politics

    Open Access•Aleksandra Cichocka, Marta Marchlewska et al.•Political Psychology•2024

  • Communism, conformity, and civil liberties

    Samuel Andrew Stouffer•Communism, conformity, and civil…•1955

  • Political tolerance and American democracy

    John Lawrence Sullivan, JohnL Sullivan•Political tolerance and American…•1982

  • Protest and political consciousness

    Alan Marsh•Protest and political consciousness•1977

  • Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences

    Arthur S & Otis Duncan Goldberger•Structural Equation Models in the…•1973

  • The Silent Revolution

    Ronald Inglehart•Silent Revolution•2015

  • A General Approach to Confirmatory Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis

    Open Access•Karl G Jöreskog•Psychometrika•1969

  • A general method for analysis of covariance structures

    Karl G Jöreskog•Biometrika•1970

  • American Public Opinion

    Robert S Erikson, Robert Erikson et al.•American Public Opinion•2015

  • Participation and Democratic Theory

    Open Access•Carole Pateman•Participation and Democratic Theory•1970

  • Causal Models in the Social Sciences

    Jr Blalock, H M Blalock•Causal Models in the Social…•2017

  • Personality and Democratic Politics

    Paul M Sniderman•Personality and Democratic Politics•1975

  • Multiple Indicators

    John L Sullivan, John Sullivan et al.•Multiple Indicators•1979

  • The Psychology of Politics

    H J Eysenck, Hans J Eysenck et al.•Psychology of Politics•2018

  • Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models

    Blair Wheaton, Bengt Muthén et al.•Sociological Methodology•1977

  • Civil Liberties Attitudes and Personality Measures

    Open Access•Sheldon S Zalkind, Edward A Gaugler et al.•Journal of Social Issues•1975

  • Work Experience, Socialization, and Civil Liberties

    Open Access•Abraham K Korman•Journal of Social Issues•1975

  • Childhood Origins of Tolerance for Dissent 1

    Open Access•Gail L Zellman, David O Sears•Journal of Social Issues•1971

  • Fundamental Principles of Democracy

    James W Prothro, Charles M Grigg•The Journal of Politics•1960

  • Cohort Changes in Political Attitudes

    Stephen J Cutler, Robert L Kaufman•Public Opinion Quarterly•1975

  • The Tolerant Personality

    James G Martins, James G Martin et al.•American Sociological Review•1959

  • Misanthropy and Political Ideology

    Morris Rosenberg•American Sociological Review•1956

  • Issue Conflict and Consensus among Party Leaders and Followers

    Open Access•Herbert Mcclosky, Paul J Hoffmann et al.•American Political Science Review•1960

  • A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy

    Open Access•Jack L Walker, Jack Walker•American Political Science Review•1966

  • Consensus and Ideology in American Politics

    Open Access•Herbert Mcclosky•American Political Science Review•1964

  • An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance

    Open Access•John L Sullivan, James Piereson et al.•American Political Science Review•1979

  • American Public Opinion

    C Richard Hofstetter, Robert S Erikson et al.•Social Forces•1975

Unique citing works119
Citations per year2,64
Citation span1981 - 2026 (46)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 119

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae