Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Reconsidering the Northwest European Family System

Living Arrangements of the Aged in Comparative Historical Perspective

Bibliographic Data

ID7980306
AuthorsSteven Ruggle (0000-0001-5353-2578, University of Minnesota, corresponding author), Steven Ruggles
Year2009
Volume35
Issue2
Pages249-273
Publication date2009-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePopulation and Development Review (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0098-7921 • E-ISSN: 1728-4457
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00275.x
PMID20700477
PMCIDPMC2917824
OpenAlexW2140180649
LanguageEN
Citations received64
References cited64

During the past four decades, historians and demographers have argued that historical Northwest Europe and North America had a unique weak‐family system characterized by neolocal marriage and nuclear family structure. This analysis uses newly available micro‐data from 84 historical and contemporary censuses of 34 countries to evaluate whether the residential behavior of the aged in historical Northwest Europe and North America was truly distinctive. The results show that with simple controls for agricultural employment and demographic structure, comparable measures of the living arrangements of the aged show little systematic difference between nineteenth‐century Northwest Europe and North America and twentieth‐century developing countries. These findings cast doubt on the hypothesis that Northwest Europeans and North Americans had an exceptional historical pattern of preference for nuclear families

Developed country · Ethnology · Genealogy · Geography · Historical demography · Nuclear family · Perspective (graphical · Population · Sociology · Anthropology · Demography · History · Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving · Migration, Aging, and Tourism Studies · Rural development and sustainability

  • Years of Change in Living Arrangements in the United States Using Expected Years of Life

    Open Access•Ginevra Floridi, Albert Esteves•Demography•2026

  • Interdisciplinary Approach to Spationtemporal Population Dynamics. The North Orkney Population History Project

    Open Access•Julia A Jennings, Corey S Sparks et al.•Historical Life Course Studies•2019

  • Historical Europe in the Asian “mirror”

    Open Access•Mikołaj Szołtysek, Bartosz Ogórek et al.•Cliometrica•2026

  • ‘The true social molecule’. Industrialization, paternalism and the family. Half a century in Le Creusot (1836–86)

    Jérôme Bourdieu, Lionel Kesztenbaum•The History of the Family•2014

  • Understanding the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Interdependent Happiness of the Married Hindu Couples

    Open Access•Priyanka Parihar, Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari et al.•Polish Psychological Bulletin•2021

  • "Big Data" in Economic History

    Open Access•Myron P Gutmann, Emily Klancher Merchant et al.•The Journal of Economic History•2018

  • The Patriarchy Index ten years after

    Open Access•Mikołaj Szołtysek, Mateusz Grzyb et al.•The History of the Family•2026

  • Living arrangements and household formation in an industrializing urban setting

    Mikołaj Szołtysek, Gruber et al.•Annales de Démographie Historique•2012

  • Did abolition of serfdom affect the position of the elderly people in peasant families in the polish lands of the western part of the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries

    Cezary Kuklo•Annales de Démographie Historique•2025

  • Una geografía regional de la familia en la Europa de la Segunda Transición Demográfica

    Open Access•J R Valverde, Ana Chacón Martínez•Scripta Nova Revista Electrónica…•2021

  • Mediterranean households, British colonial statistics and Greek insular landscapes

    Open Access•A Bevan, B R Hassett•Continuity and Change•2019

  • The circulation of children in rural Ireland during the first half of the twentieth century

    Jane Gray•Continuity and Change•2014

  • Modernisation, demographic change and state-level variations in household composition in India

    Etienne Breton•Asian Population Studies•2021

  • Coresidence with a child and happiness among older widows in Europe

    Open Access•Emily M D Grundy, Michael Murphy•Population Space and Place•2017

  • Women living alone in later life

    Open Access•Miguel Requena Y Díez De Revenga, David Reher et al.•Population Space and Place•2019

  • One size does not fit all”

    Open Access•Mikołaj Szołtysek, Bartosz Ogórek et al.•Population Space and Place•2019

  • Determinants of Regional Disparities in Older Adult – Child Coresidence in China

    Open Access•Simin Dai, Albert Esteves et al.•Population Space and Place•2025

  • A subregional analysis of family change

    Open Access•Marcantonio Caltabiano, Emanuela Dreassi et al.•Population Space and Place•2019

  • Do You Want to Know Who You Are?’ The Rise of Genetic Ancestry Testing and the Search for Genealogies

    Open Access•Kristian Kristiansen, Victor Wåhlstrand et al.•Current Swedish Archaeology•2025

  • The patriarchy index

    Open Access•Gruber, Mikołaj Szołtysek•The History of the Family•2015

  • Joint families in Korean rural society, 1690-1861

    Mei Zhu, Son Byung-Giu et al.•The History of the Family•2019

  • Masculine responsibility across generations

    Hilde Leikny Sommerseth, Gunnar Thorvaldsen•The History of the Family•2015

  • Good, fresh air and an expert medical service’

    Jaco Zuijderduijn•The History of the Family•2015

  • Stem families in rural northwestern Germany? Family systems, intergenerational relations and family contracts

    Christine Fertig•The History of the Family•2017

  • Why weren't (many) European women ‘missing’

    Katherine A Lynch•The History of the Family•2011

  • The Tibetan stem family in historical perspective

    Geoff Childs•The History of the Family•2021

  • Long-term trends in living alone in later life in the United States, 1850-2015

    David Reher, Miguel Requena Y Díez De Revenga•The History of the Family•2019

  • German towns at the eve of industrialization

    Rolf Gehrmann•The History of the Family•2013

  • Stem Families, Joint Families, and the European Pattern

    Open Access•Gruber, Mikołaj Szołtysek•Journal of Family History•2012

  • Climatic change and household-level demographic dynamics

    Open Access•Niklas Piringer, Gabrielle Vardanega et al.•Population and Environment•2024

  • Bridging generations

    Open Access•Xinyi Wang, Anqi Li et al.•Habitat International•2026

  • Making a Place for Space

    Open Access•Mikołaj Szołtysek, Bartosz Ogórek et al.•European Journal of Population /…•2020

  • The North Atlantic Population Project

    Steven Ruggle, Evan Roberts et al.•Historical Methods A Journal of…•2011

  • Union Army veterans, all grown up

    Dora L Costa, Heather DeSomer et al.•Historical Methods A Journal of…•2017

  • How Many Household Formation Systems Were There in Historic Europe? A View Across 256 Regions Using Partitioning Clustering Methods

    Mikołaj Szołtysek, Bartosz Ogórek•Historical Methods A Journal of…•2020

  • Wages of Men, Women, and All the Others

    Open Access•Stefan Öberg•Social Science History•2026

  • Postmarital Living Arrangements in Historically Patrilocal Settings

    Open Access•Jessica Pearlman, Lisa D Pearce et al.•Demography•2017

  • Living Arrangements and the Elderly

    Open Access•Matteo Manfredini, Marco Breschi•Demography•2013

  • The Swedish Kinship Universe

    Open Access•Martin Kolk, L Andersson et al.•Demography•2023

  • Patriarchy, Power, and Pay

    Open Access•Steven Ruggle, Steven Ruggles•Demography•2015

  • Cambios en las estructuras de los hogares Rurales. Formas de adaptación y resiliencia

    Open Access•Luís Camarero, Luis Camarero Rioja et al.•Revista Internacional de Sociología•2014

  • The late emergence of socioeconomic mortality differentials

    Open Access•Tommy Bengtsson, M Dribe•Explorations in Economic History•2011

  • Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911

    Open Access•Julia A Jennings•Explorations in Economic History•2024

  • Single Motherhood and Multigenerational Coresidence in Europe

    Open Access•B Hogendoorn, J Harkonen•Population and Development Review•2023

  • Stem Families and Joint Families in Comparative Historical Perspective

    Open Access•Steven Ruggle, Steven Ruggles•Population and Development Review•2010

  • A Tale of Two Villages

    Open Access•Etienne Breton•Population and Development Review•2021

  • Living Alone over the Life Course

    Open Access•Albert Esteves, David Reher et al.•Population and Development Review•2020

  • Modernization and Household Composition in India, 1983-2009

    Open Access•Etienne Breton•Population and Development Review•2019

  • Variations spatiales des structures de ménage en Allemagne au xix e siècle

    Open Access•Mikołaj Szołtysek, Gruber et al.•Population•2014

  • Translocal Householding

    Open Access•M T N Nguyen•Development and Change•2014

  • Socioeconomic development and Chinese young adults' propensity to live alone

    Open Access•Xin Wang, Chenyu Yan et al.•Demographic Research•2024

  • Sociodemographic variation in family structures and geographic proximity between adult children and parents in Europe

    Open Access•Saverio Minardi•Demographic Research•2025

  • The impact of kin availability, parental religiosity, and nativity on fertility differentials in the late 19th-century United States

    Open Access•Jason Daniel Hacker, J David Hacker et al.•Demographic Research•2017

  • The Future of Historical Family Demography

    Steven Ruggle•Annual Review of Sociology•2012

  • Historical Census Record Linkage

    Steven Ruggle, Catherine A Fitch et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2018

  • Emptying the Nest

    Open Access•Brian Gratton, Myron P Gutmann•Population and Development Review•2010

  • Long-Term Effects of the Demographic Transition on Family and Kinship Networks in Britain

    Open Access•Michael Murphy•Population and Development Review•2011

  • The Decline of Arranged Marriage? Marital Change and Continuity in India

    Open Access•Keera Allendorf, R K Pandian•Population and Development Review•2016

  • Understanding the significance of personal bonding social capital for mental well-being of first-generation labour migrants

    Open Access•Marianne Simons, Sinan Kurt et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Blood is Thicker Than Water

    Open Access•Sarah Carmichael, Auke Rijpma•Cross-Cultural Research•2017

  • Global Family Change

    Open Access•Luca Maria Pesando, Gfc Team•Population and Development Review•2019

  • The new rules

    Nathanael Lauster, Jens Von Bergmann•The History of the Family•2025

  • Pensions and household structure

    George Alter, Samuel H Williamson•The History of the Family•2025

  • The Changing Demography of Grandparenthood

    Open Access•R Margolis•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2016

  • Aging and modernization.

    Donald O Cowgill•Aging and modernization.•1972

  • Marriage and love in England

    Alan Macfarlane•Marriage and love in England•1986

  • Aging in Western societies.

    Ernest Watson Burgess•Aging in Western societies.•1960

  • Aging in the Past

    David I Kertzer, Peter Laslett•Aging in the Past•2024

  • Aspects of the Analysis of Family Structure

    Ansley Johnson Coale, L A Fallers et al.•Aspects of the Analysis of Family…•2017

  • The family

    Ruth Nanda Anshen•The family: its function and…•1959

  • World Revolution and Family Patterns.

    Goode Goode•World Revolution and Family…•1970

  • The Methods and Materials of Demography

    Henry S Shryock•Methods and Materials of Demography•1976

  • Reading History Sideways

    Arland Thornton•Reading History Sideways•2005

  • The Transformation of American Family Structure

    Steven Ruggle, Steven Ruggles•The American Historical Review•1994

  • Introduction

    Open Access•Peter Laslett•Household and Family in Past Times•1972

  • Family and household as work group and kin group

    Open Access•Peter Laslett•Family Forms in Historic Europe•1983

  • Family structure in nineteenth century Lancashire.

    Michael Anderson•Family structure in nineteenth…•1971

  • The origins of English individualism

    Alan Macfarlane•The origins of English…•1979

  • Family Forms in Historic Europe

    Open Access•Richard Wall•Family Forms in Historic Europe•1983

  • Introduction a? la sociologie de la famille

    E Mile Durkheim, E?mile Durkheim•Introduction a? la sociologie de…•2002

  • The Culture of Capitalism.

    Ann Kussmaul, Alan Macfarlane•The American Historical Review•1990

  • European Marriage Patterns in Perspective

    J Hajnal•Population in History : Essays in…•2017

  • The Family and Its Functions

    Open Access•Ezra F Vogel, Derrick J Stenning et al.•Understanding Society•1970

  • Emile Durkheim on the Family

    Mary Ann Lamanna, Mary Lamanna•Emile Durkheim on the Family•2002

  • Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony

    John Demos•The William and Mary Quarterly•1965

  • Living Arrangements of Older Adults in the Developing World

    John Bongaarts, Z Zimmer•The Journals of Gerontology…•2002

  • Multigenerational families in nineteenth-century America

    Open Access•Steven Ruggle, Steven Ruggles•Continuity and Change•2003

  • Being comparative

    Open Access•Maria G Cattell•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•1989

  • Old Age and the Search for Security

    Madonna Harrington Meyer, Carole Haber et al.•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1994

  • Frederic Le Play

    George Becker, Catherine Bodard Silver•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1983

  • The fall in household size and the rise of the primary individual in the United States

    Open Access•Frances E Kobrin•Demography•1976

  • The Elderly Who Live Alone in the United States

    Open Access•Ellen A Kramarow•Demography•1995

  • The Aging of Populations and Societies

    Open Access•Donald O Cowgill•The Annals of the American…•1974

  • Changing Intergenerational Family Relations in East Asia

    Open Access•L G Martins, LINDA G MARTIN•The Annals of the American…•1990

  • Comparing Family Systems in Europe and Asia

    Jack Goody•Population and Development Review•1996

  • Family Ties in Western Europe

    David Sven Reher, David Reher•Population and Development Review•1998

  • Explaining cross-cultural variations in age at marriage and proportions never marrying

    Ruth B Dixon•Population Studies•1971

  • Life Course, Norms, and the Family System of Older Americans in 1900

    Open Access•D S Smith•Journal of Family History•1979

  • The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household

    Lutz K Berkner, Lutz Berkner•The American Historical Review•1972

  • The Size and Structure of Families

    Thomas K Burch•American Sociological Review•1967

  • Social and Psychological Aspects of Aging

    Leonard D Cain, Clark Tibbits et al.•American Sociological Review•1963

  • The Decline of Intergenerational Coresidence in the United States, 1850 to 2000

    Open Access•Steven Ruggle, Steven Ruggles•American Sociological Review•2007

  • Intergenerational exchanges in Vietnam

    John Knodel, Jed Friedman et al.•Population Studies•2000

  • Two Kinds of Preindustrial Household Formation System

    John Hajnal•Population and Development Review•1982

  • Change in Extended Family Living among Elderly People in South Korea, 1970-1980

    Susan De Vo, Susan De Vos et al.•Economic Development and Cultural…•1993

  • Co-residence in the Early Twentieth Century

    C Elman, Peter Uhlenberg•Population Studies•1995

  • Household size and composition in the developing world in the 1990s

    John Bongaarts•Population Studies•2001

  • Age at marriage and proportions marrying

    John Hajnal•Population Studies•1953

  • Leaving Home and Living Alone

    Richard Wall•Population Studies•1989

  • The Family

    Anita Yourglich, Ruth Nanda Anshen•The American Catholic Sociological…•1959

  • Intergenerational Coresidence in Developing Countries

    Open Access•Steven Ruggle, Steven Ruggles et al.•Population and Development Review•2008

  • Population, Food and Rural Development

    Alain Marcoux, Ronald D Lee•Population and Development Review•1989

  • Family Structure in Seventeeth-Century Andover, Massachusetts

    Philip J Greven, Philip Greven•The William and Mary Quarterly•1966

  • The Use and Misuse of Census Data for the Historical Analysis of Family Structure

    Lutz K Berkner, Lutz Berkner et al.•The Journal of Interdisciplinary…•1975

  • Changes in Living Arrangement and Familial Support for the Elderly in Taiwan

    Arpita Chattopadhyay, Robert Marsh et al.•Journal of Comparative Family…•1999

  • Prolonged Connections

    Kenneth C W Kammeyer, Steven Ruggle et al.•Journal of Marriage and the Family•1988

  • Family Values and Coresidence with Married Children in Urban China

    J R Logan, Fuqin Bian•Social Forces•1999

  • Marriage and Love in England

    Kirsten Hastrup, Alan Macfarlane•Man•1987

Unique citing works64
Citations per year4
Citation span2010 - 2026 (17)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 63

Tools

Open DOISci-HubOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae