Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Engaged Against the Machine

Institutional and Cultural Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity as Predictors of Activism Orientation among Black Youth

Bibliographic Data

ID8092826
AuthorsElan C Hope (0000-0003-2886-5076, Department of Psychology North Carolina State University Durham NC USA, corresponding author), Resney Gugwor (0009-0001-7663-8241, Department of Comparative Human Development University of Chicago Chicago IL USA), Kristen N Riddick (Department of Psychology North Carolina State University Durham NC USA), Kristen N Pender (0000-0002-2585-071X, Department of Psychology North Carolina State University Durham NC USA)
Year2019
Volume63
Issue1-2
Pages61-72
Publication date2019-01-18
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Journal of Community Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0091-0562 • E-ISSN: 1573-2770
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/ajcp.12303
PMID30659621
OpenAlexW2910196986
LanguageEN
Citations received70
References cited41

The current study examines how experiences of institutional and cultural racial discrimination relate to orientations toward activism in the Black community among Black adolescents and emerging adults. Furthermore, we investigate the role of racial identity (centrality, public regard, nationalism) as moderators of those relations. In a national sample of 888 Black adolescents and emerging adults, we found that experiences of cultural racial discrimination, racial centrality, and nationalism ideology were related to a greater orientation toward low-risk Black community activism. For high-risk activism, nationalism was associated with a greater likelihood to participate in future social action in the Black community. The relation between experiences of institutional racial discrimination and high-risk activism orientation was moderated by public regard. For Black adolescents and emerging adults who believe others view Black people negatively, more experiences of institutional racial discrimination were related to a greater high-risk activism orientation. Findings highlight the importance of investigating racial discrimination as a multidimensional construct that extends beyond individual interactions and microaggressions. Furthermore, these findings underscore how phenomenological variation in experiences of racial discrimination and racial identity differentially influence adolescent and emerging adult orientations toward social action in and for the Black community

Criminology · Health psychology · Identity (music · Orientation (vector space · Public health · Race (biology · Racism · Sexual orientation · Sociology · Critical Race Theory in Education · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Youth Development and Social Support · Gender Studies · Social Psychology

  • Ethnic-Racial Identity and Adolescents’ Positive Development in the Context of Ethnic-Racial Marginalization

    Open Access•Adriana J Umaña‐taylor, Adriana J Umaña-Taylor et al.•Human Development•2021

  • Mapping the Intersections of Adolescents’ Ethnic-Racial Identity and Critical Consciousness

    Open Access•Channing J Mathews, Michael Medina et al.•Adolescent Research Review•2020

  • Racial and political resistance

    Open Access•Nkemka Anyiwo, Gordon J M Palmer et al.•Current Opinion in Psychology•2020

  • The Transformational STEM Consciousness Scale

    Open Access•Juan C Garibay, Lindsay B Wheeler•Science Education•2026

  • Visual Social Media and Black Activism

    Open Access•Minjie Li•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2022

  • Finding the bright side

    Open Access•V Volpe, G Perusi Benson et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2023

  • Community and Voice

    Open Access•Régine Debrosse, Ivan A Hernandez•Journal of Adolescence•2026

  • The role of inclusion, discrimination, and belonging for adolescent Science, Technology, Engineering and Math engagement in and out of school

    Open Access•Kelly Lynn Mulvey, Channing J Mathews et al.•Journal of Research in Science…•2022

  • Collective voices making change

    Open Access•Vanessa R Sperduti, Miri Yemini et al.•Educational Review•2025

  • Advancing scholarship on anti-racism within developmental science

    Open Access•Shauna M Cooper, Noelle M Hurd et al.•Child Development•2022

  • Critical, active, and well adapted

    Open Access•Miriam Schwarzenthal, Gülseli Baysu et al.•Child Development•2024

  • Context, Cell Phones & Critical Action

    Open Access•Mariah Kornbluh, Ellen Middaugh et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2026

  • Post or protest

    K Hynes, M E Donnelly et al.•Journal of Human Behavior in the…•2022

  • Black Love, Activism, and Community (BLAC)

    Open Access•Erlanger A Turner, Shelly P Harrell et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2022

  • Intersectional Activism Among Black Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer or Questioning Young Adults

    Open Access•Janae Shaheed, Shauna M Cooper et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2022

  • Racial Discrimination, Black Identity, and Critical Consciousness in Spain

    Open Access•Angeles Cea De Ancona•Race and Social Problems•2023

  • Racial Discrimination, Racial Identity, and Obesity in Collegiate African American Women

    Open Access•Laura Manns-James, Mary K Anthony et al.•Journal of Racial and Ethnic…•2020

  • What Are We Fighting For? Lay Theories About the Goals and Motivations of Anti-Racism Activism

    Open Access•Minh Duc Pham, Kimberly E Chaney et al.•Race and Social Problems•2024

  • Race-Ethnicity Omission in LGBTQIA+ Youth Research in the Netherlands

    Open Access•Joey R Stofberg, Seval Gündemir et al.•Sexuality Research and Social…•2025

  • With Politics, It’s Easier to Talk to Them About It”

    Open Access•Alexandrea R Golden, Riana E Anderson et al.•Emerging Adulthood•2021

  • Constructed online experiences facilitate ethnic-racial identity development among Black and Latinx adolescents

    Naila A Smith, Daisy E Camacho‐Thompson et al.•Applied Developmental Science•2025

  • Examining critical anti-racism action as a buffer of the link between discrimination and mental health outcomes

    Amy E Heberle, Néstor Noyola•Applied Developmental Science•2025

  • Centering the Heterogeneity of Black Adolescents' Experiences

    Open Access•V Volpe, Naila A Smith et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • African Americans and Activism

    Open Access•Tangela S Roberts•Journal for Social Action in…•2023

  • The Impact of George Floyd and the Black Lives Matter Protests on Emerging Adults’ Views on Racism and Racial Identity

    Open Access•Adrienne Edwards-Bianchi, I Joyce Chang et al.•Social Sciences•2025

  • Development of the racial and ethnic discrimination stress model

    Open Access•Renée E Wilkins-Clark, Carmen N Gray et al.•Journal of Family Theory & Review•2024

  • TikTok and Black political consumerism

    Minjie Li•Journal of International and…•2024

  • Patterns of critical consciousness and associations with sociocultural factors in black adolescents

    Open Access•Alexis S Briggs, Elan C Hope et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2022

  • Black Lives and Black Research Matter

    Open Access•Angel S Dunbar•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • Deciding when to make noise

    Open Access•Julia Lesnick, Laura Wray-Lake et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2026

  • Black and Latinx Adolescents’ Developing Commitment to Antiracist Activism Over Four Years of High School

    Open Access•Sidney May, Scott Seider et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • Examining Critical Reflection as a Mediator Between School Racial Climate Experiences and Anti‐Racist Action

    Open Access•Alexandrea R Golden, Christy M Byrd•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • Critical Action and Ethnic–Racial Identity

    Open Access•Channing J Mathews, Myles I Durkee et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • Healing Black Futures

    Anna Ortega-Williams•Journal of Progressive Human…•2024

  • Social Media and Youth Sociopolitical Identity Development

    Open Access•Angela Malorni, A Gale•Journal of Adolescent Research•2025

  • Early Adolescent Critical Consciousness Development in the Age of Trump

    Open Access•Heather Kennedy, Savahanna Matyasic et al.•Journal of Adolescent Research•2019

  • How to Be an Antiracist

    Open Access•Noor Toraif, Astraea Augsberger et al.•Journal of Adolescent Research•2021

  • That’s How Revolutions Happen”

    Open Access•Sara Wilf, Laura Wray-Lake•Journal of Adolescent Research•2021

  • Social order in Sweden's politicized and vulnerable neighborhoods – The perspective of residents

    Open Access•Peter Esaiasson, J Sohlberg•European Journal of Political…•2024

  • Viejas y nuevas formas de discriminación hacia los estudiantes indígenas en universidades convencionales

    Open Access•Judith Pérez-Castro, Yasmani Santana Colin et al.•Perfiles Educativos•2025

  • A potential pitfall of integration

    Open Access•Andrea Belgrade, Fiona Lee•International Journal of…•2021

  • Roses have thorns for a reason”

    Open Access•Raquel E Rose, Sukhmani Singh et al.•American Journal of Community…•2024

  • Emerging Adults' Social Justice Engagement

    Open Access•Mayra Guerrero, Amy J Anderson et al.•American Journal of Community…•2021

  • The imperative to support Black youths in resisting low and limiting expectations

    Open Access•Régine Debrosse, Leslie Touré Kapo et al.•American Journal of Community…•2023

  • Validation of the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale with racially and ethnically diverse college students

    Open Access•Elan C Hope, Mariah Kornbluh et al.•American Journal of Community…•2023

  • Racial Colorblindness and Confidence in and Likelihood of Action to Address Prejudice

    Open Access•Jacqueline Yi, Nathan R Todd et al.•American Journal of Community…•2020

  • What's going on?” Racism, Covid‐19, and centering the voices of Black youth

    Open Access•Sheretta T Butler-Barne•American Journal of Community…•2023

  • Age-Varying Associations Between Covid-19-Related Racial Discrimination and Chinese American Adolescents’ Political Civic Engagement

    Open Access•Xiaoli Zong, Charissa S L Cheah et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2024

  • Assessing the Link between Adolescents’ Awareness of Inequality and Civic Engagement across Time and Racial/Ethnic Groups

    Open Access•Jason Anthony Plummer, Laura Wray-Lake et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2022

  • LGBTQ+ Youth Advocacy in Gender-Sexuality Alliances

    Open Access•Paul Poteat, W J Kiekens•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2025

  • Disentangling Support for Violent and Non-violent Radicalization among Adolescents

    Open Access•Diana Miconi, Aoudou Njingouo Mounchingam et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2024

  • The Development of Ethnic-Racial Identity Process and Its Relation to Civic Beliefs among Latinx and Black American Adolescents

    Open Access•Josefina Bañales, Adam J Hoffman et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2020

  • Pathways to Youth Activism Orientation in STEM

    Open Access•Emine Ozturk, Jacqueline Cerda‐smith et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2025

  • Differentiating Pathways between Ethnic-Racial Identity and Critical Consciousness

    Open Access•Lisa Kiang, N Keita Christophe et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2021

  • The Interdisciplinary Model of African American Students’ Academic Profile

    Open Access•T Mcgee•The Urban Review•2024

  • They’re Moving in Spaces They’re Not Used to

    Open Access•Edward C Fletcher, Victor M Hernandez-Gantes•Education and Urban Society•2021

  • Translating critical reflection into collective action

    Open Access•J Abigail Saavedra, Hyung Chol Yoo•American Journal of Community…•2023

  • Engagement Coping Responses to Adolescents’ Negative Racialized Experiences

    Open Access•Ciara Smalls Glover, Aisha Walker et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • Profiles of ethnic‐racial socialization from family, school, neighborhood, and the Internet

    Open Access•Christy M Byrd, Lydia Harim Ahn•Journal of Community Psychology•2020

  • Development of a support for Black Lives Matter measure among racially–ethnically diverse college students

    Open Access•Hyung Chol Yoo, Annabelle L Atkin et al.•American Journal of Community…•2021

  • Observed dyadic racial socialization disrupts the association between frequent discriminatory experiences and emotional reactivity among Black adolescents

    Open Access•Angel S Dunbar, Lydia Harim Ahn et al.•Child Development•2021

  • Examining school ethnic-racial socialization in the link between race-related stress and academic well-being among African American and Latinx adolescents

    Open Access•Farzana T Saleem, Farzana Saleem et al.•Journal of School Psychology•2022

  • Disrupting the Behavioral Health Consequences of Racial Discrimination

    Open Access•Riana E Anderson, Daniel B Lee et al.•Health Education & Behavior•2020

  • Anti-racism activism among Black adolescents and emerging adults

    Open Access•Elan C Hope, V Volpe et al.•Child Development•2022

  • Seeking Justice

    Open Access•R L Fix, Leila Habib et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2025

  • Untangling the differential drivers of protest participation

    Open Access•Clare Saunders, Geoffrey Hayes•Journal of European Public Policy•2025

  • Becoming an Activist

    Open Access•Deaweh E Benson, Vonnie C Mcloyd et al.•Youth & Society•2024

  • The Complex Nature of Youth Aggression

    Open Access•Kelly Lynn Mulvey, Seçil Gönültaş et al.•Youth & Society•2021

  • Ethnic-Racial Identity, Racial Discrimination and Support for Black Lives Matter among Black American Youth

    Open Access•Eleanor K Seaton, A J Yellow Horse et al.•Social Problems•2025

  • Health Implications of Black Lives Matter Among Black Adults

    Open Access•Eleanor K Seaton, A J Yellow Horse et al.•Journal of Racial and Ethnic…•2020

  • Emerging into adulthood in the face of racial discrimination

    Open Access•Elan C Hope, Lori S Hoggard et al.•Translational Issues in…•2015

  • Civic Engagement as an Adaptive Coping Response to Conditions of Inequality

    Open Access•Elan C Hope, Margaret Beale Spencer•Handbook on Positive Development…•2017

  • Phenomenology and Intersectionality: Using PVEST as a Frame for Adolescent Identity Formation Amid Intersecting Ecological Systems of Inequality

    Open Access•Gabriel Velez, Margaret Beale Spencer•New Directions for Child and…•2018

  • Civic Engagement and the Transition to Adulthood

    Constance Flanagan, Peter Levine•The Future of Children•2010

  • Youth civic development

    Open Access•Constance Flanagan, Constance A Flanagan et al.•New Directions for Child and…•2011

  • A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people

    Naomi Priest, Yin Paradies et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2013

  • Racialization in times of contention

    Chris Zepeda‐millán, Sophia Jordán Wallace•Politics Groups and Identities•2013

  • Participation in Black Lives Matter and deferred action for childhood arrivals

    Elan C Hope, Micere Keels et al.•Journal of Diversity in Higher…•2016

  • Peace out to revolution! Activism among African American youth

    Open Access•Shawn A Ginwright, Shawn Ginwright•Young•2010

  • Political activism and mental health among Black and Latinx college students

    Elan C Hope, Gabriel Velez et al.•Cultural Diversity & Ethnic…•2017

  • The Role of Sociopolitical Attitudes and Civic Education in the Civic Engagement of Black Youth

    Open Access•Elan C Hope, Robert J Jagers•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2014

  • Longitudinal Links Between Discrimination and Civic Development Among Latino and Asian Adolescents

    Open Access•Parissa J Ballard•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2015

  • Fostering Marginalized Youths’ Political Participation

    Open Access•Matthew A Diemer•American Journal of Community…•2012

  • Thinking Ourselves to Liberation

    Open Access•Roderick J Watts, Carlos P Hipolito‐delgado et al.•The Urban Review•2015

  • Critical action as a pathway to social mobility among marginalized youth

    Luke J Rapa, Matthew A Diemer et al.•Developmental Psychology•2018

  • Narrative and ethnic identity exploration

    Moin Syed, Margarita Azmitia•Developmental Psychology•2010

  • Development and initial validation of the Inventory of Microaggressions Against Black Individuals

    Sterett H Mercer, Virgil Zeigler-Hill et al.•Journal of Counseling Psychology•2011

  • Development and Validation of a Short Form of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS)—Brief Version

    Shawn O Utsey•Measurement and Evaluation in…•1999

  • Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS)

    Shawn O Utsey, Joseph G Ponterotto•Journal of Counseling Psychology•1996

  • The antecedents and consequences of racial/ethnic discrimination during adolescence

    Aprile D Benner, Sandra Graham•Developmental Psychology•2012

  • The Racial Microaggressions Scale (RMAS)

    Susan R Torres-Harding, Susan Torres‐harding et al.•Cultural Diversity & Ethnic…•2012

  • Differential Effects of Racial Socialization Messages for African American Adolescents

    Open Access•Farzana T Saleem, Sharon F Lambert•Journal of Child and Family Studies•2015

  • An Examination of the Factor Structure of the Index of Race-Related Stress among a Sample of African American Adolescents

    Open Access•Eleanor K Seaton•Journal of Black Psychology•2003

  • Emotional Response Profiles to Racial Discrimination

    Open Access•C T Jones, Shawn C T Jones et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2014

  • Individual Orientation Toward Engagement in Social Action

    Open Access•Alexandra F Corning, Daniel J Myers•Political Psychology•2002

  • Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity

    Robert M Sellers, Stephanie J Rowley et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1997

  • Political participation and civic engagement

    Open Access•Joakim Ekman, Erik Amnå•Human Affairs•2012

  • Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity

    Open Access•Robert M Sellers, Mia Smith Bynum et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•1998

  • Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood

    Open Access•Adriana J Umaña‐taylor, Stephen M Quintana et al.•Child Development•2014

  • Discrimination Comes in Many Forms

    Open Access•Fred L Pincus•American Behavioral Scientist•1996

  • Cross's Nigrescence Model

    Open Access•Beverly J Vandiver, Peony E Fhagen‐smith et al.•Journal of Multicultural…•2001

  • We really protested

    Seanna Leath, Seanna Leath Seanna Leath et al.•The Journal of Negro Education•2017

  • Development and Validation of the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale

    Open Access•Elan C Hope, Kristen N Pender et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2019

  • The Role of Racial Identity and Implicit Racial Bias in Self-Reported Racial Discrimination

    Open Access•David H Chae, David Chae et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2017

  • Prosocial Behaviors of Black Adolescent Boys

    Open Access•Fantasy T Lozada, Robert J Jagers et al.•Journal of Black Psychology•2017

  • Race-Related Stress and Racial Identity as Predictors of African American Activism

    Open Access•Dawn M Szymanski, Jioni A Lewis•Journal of Black Psychology•2015

  • Racist Events and Individual Coping Styles as Predictors of African American Activism

    Open Access•Dawn M Szymanski•Journal of Black Psychology•2012

  • Prosocial Involvement Among African American Young Adults

    Open Access•Rhonda L White-Johnson•Journal of Black Psychology•2012

Unique citing works70
Citations per year10
Citation span2019 - 2026 (8)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 69

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae