Radiocarbon Dates From the Oxford Ams System

This thirty-second list of dates measured at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) is predominantly made up of those measured since the start of 1996. However, it also includes some dates measured earlier which have not been published in previous lists. The dates presented here include those measured through the NERC/AHRC-funded Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating Service (ORADS), those funded by English Heritage, and those submitted to the laboratory on a commercial basis. All dates have been measured using the procedures outlined in Law and Hedges (1989), Hedges et al. (1989; 1992), Bronk Ramsey et al. (Arch.List 30) and Bronk Ramsey et al. (2004a,b,c). AMS determinations with OxA numbers greater than 6293 were measured either as graphite (if sufficiently large) (Dee and Bronk Ramsey 2000), or as CO2 (Bronk Ramsey and Hedges 1997, Bronk Ramsey et al. 2004a). In accordance with international radiocarbon convention all dates are expressed in radiocarbon years before ad 1950 (years BP) using the half-life of 5568 years. Errors are quoted as one standard deviation (1σ) and are based on an assessment of all the contributions to the error in the laboratory isotope ratio measurement. Natural fractionation of carbon isotopes is accounted for by measuring the δ13C values relative to VPDB (with errors of approximately 0.3‰). All combining procedures and significance tests are based on Ward and Wilson (1978). Comments composed by the Laboratory on the basis of information supplied by submitters are given without attribution. All calendrical dates quoted have been calibrated using the OxCal computer program (v3.9 or v4.0) of Bronk Ramsey (2001) using atmospheric data from 'INTCAL04' (Reimer et al. 2004), and are quoted to 95.4% probability. Previous Archaeometry datelists are referred to in the form: Arch.List 30. Details of methods applied are described in detail in our in-house documentation. This is regularly updated and archived, so the exact method used for any sample is always fully recorded. The laboratory has used an ultrafiltration method in the purification of gelatin extracted from bones since 2000 (Brown et al. 1988, Arch.List 30). In late 2002 it was realized that the original method used left traces of a humectant (glycerine) in the collagen that could affect the ages significantly, particularly for Holocene samples where pretreatment yields are low (<40–50 mgs collagen). This effect is relevant for all bone samples with OxAs numbers in the range OxA-9361 to -11851 and OxA-12214 to -12236. Subsequent research at ORAU resulted in changes to the methodology, which is fully reported in Bronk Ramsey et al. (2004b). Rigorous cleaning of the ultrafilters is required in order to effectively remove small amounts of glycerine, which is applied during the manufacturing of the filters to keep them moist prior to use. Analysis of the radiocarbon content of the glycerine showed it to be of infinite age (although due to changes in the manufacturing processes for these filters this is not always the case). Given that Holocene-aged samples with low collagen pretreatment yields are most likely to be significantly affected, many samples falling into this category have been redated, with results on average being about 120 years younger with the new method, thereby confirming the findings published in Bronk Ramsey et al. (2004b). There are no affected determinations in this Datelist. In an appendix, a list of withdrawn OxAs from Arch.List 31 is provided. We acknowledge the care and attention to detail of the submitters of the archaeological and environmental samples listed below, and thank them for providing comments on the dates obtained. We would like to acknowledge all past and present members of ORAU who have contributed so much to the work involved in the process of AMS dating. NERC (and since 2004 the AHRC) has provided generous funding for the unit through the ORADS programme. English Heritage has also provided substantial funding for the dating of archaeological samples in England. Sample of bone from Norfolk, England, submitted by C. Duhig of the Norfolk Constabulary, North Walsham Police Station, Norfolk. OxA-12921 human bone, FC03/05 JAC1 (36CC/14/03/601), δ13C =−18.3‰ 76 ± 38 Comment (C. D.): the date is on a sample from a human frontal bone which was washed up on the Norfolk coast in 2002 and eventually passed, by way of local museums, to the Norfolk Constabulary for investigation. It was necessary to determine whether the bone was potentially of forensic interest, but as the archaeological context had been lost, a radiocarbon date was essential. The date range suggested a likelihood that the bone was derived from a churchyard subject to coastal erosion, human remains from which are sometimes washed up or dredged up on or near the East Anglian coast. This, combined with the heavily eroded condition of the bone, satisfied HM Coroner that the bone was not likely to be of forensic interest and the case could be closed. Samples of bone from the Tarbat Discovery Programme, NGR NH915840, Scotland, submitted by M. O. H. Carver, Dept of Archaeol., Univ. York, King's Manor, York. Comments (M. O. H. C.): the first cist grave OxA-13483 is interestingly early (430–600 ad). On historical grounds, and as now endorsed by six other dates, occupation burial begins in the later sixth century. OxA-13485 is surprisingly late at 770–870 ad (68.2%). It is followed stratigraphically by three graves dated to the seventh century. OxA-13490 is stratigraphically earlier than OxA-13491. The dates are statistically indistinguishable. In general, the new dates have added strong endorsement to the proposed gap between the eighth–ninth century and the late 11th/12th hypothesized as being caused by the abandonment of the early monastery and its revival as a parish church. We expect to take delivery soon of bone from the earlier discovery of burials on the peninsula which might derive from occupation before the monastery. These would be of the greatest importance and we will apply to have them dated. In January 2003 an intact human cranium and other skull fragments were found outside an active badger sett on the northern slope of Oxteddle Bottom (TQ 43141004) in the Malling-Caburn Downs east of Lewes, East Sussex. Although no barrow has been recorded in the immediate vicinity, Curwen's (1954) work indicates that barrows existed in the locality on the basis of finds he reported from the vicinity. This sample was submitted in 2003 by G. Vines and F. Price, 9 St Peter's Place, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 1YP (members of the Sussex Archaeological Society). OxA-12346 human bone, δ13C =−20.4‰ 3301 ± 27 Comment (G. V. and F. P.): OxA-12346 gives a calibrated date of 1660–1505 cal bc (95.4%). This indicates that the skull, and the burial from which it originated, is of Middle Bronze Age date and this is consistent with evidence of substantial Bronze Age activity in and around Oxteddle Bottom. This activity includes both funerary monuments—about a dozen round barrows which are assumed to be Early to Middle Bronze Age (Grinsell 1934; Curwen 1954)—and evidence of settlement and farming (Allen 1995). One round barrow near Oxteddle Bottom is reported as one of the richest burial assemblages found in Sussex, including a composite jet, amber and faience necklace, a bronze finger ring and a secondary series collared urn (Curwen 1954, 157, fig 45; Longworth 1984, 197, No. 562). Although its precise location is unknown (Grinsell 1953), it is thought to have been 'on the slope of the hill to the NE of Oxteddle Bottom' (East Sussex SMR 1439). The slopes of Oxteddle Bottom (centred TQ 437099 and TQ 440099) are still covered with small and rectangular lynchetted field systems recorded as Iron Age or Romano-British, but which are probably Bronze Age. Similarly there are field systems and lynchet terraces in Bible Bottom. Other evidence of Middle Bronze Age settlement includes a rare Bronze Age awl in Oxteddle (Wallis 1993). The radiocarbon result of the skull places this burial in the Middle Bronze Age for which there is a wealth of other activity. It rules out the possibility of this burial being either Neolithic or Saxon for which there is also evidence of burial locally (Curwen 1954). A sample of bone from the site at Alexandra Dock, Newport, (NGR ST 317841) submitted by M. Bell, Dept. Archaeol., Univ. Reading. OxA-7656 human bone, D8/74/1, δ13C =−22.3‰ 3995 ± 45 Comment (M. B.): this is a date from a human skull deeply stratified in the excavation of Alexandra Docks in 1910. The date confirms the prehistoric, Neolithic date of this skull. It provides possible early evidence for the deposition of human crania in wetland contexts as attested later in the Bronze Age at Goldcliff. Two samples of bone and two samples of peat from the site of Goldcliff, Gwent, (NGR ST 362820) submitted by M. Bell, Dept. Archaeol., Univ. Reading. Comment (M. B.): human skull 2 (OxA-7659) was found stratified in peat on 31st October 1990 (Newport Museum No. 497). The date demonstrates skull deposition in the late Bronze Age. The date is close to that of a small wood structure 8 m away which may be a platform associated with skull deposition. Human skull 1214 (OxA-7744) was found in 1992 in environmental sampling pit 15 within peat. It demonstrates skull deposition in wetland in the later Bronze Age. The two skulls (OxA-7744 and -7659) were only c. 1 m apart and the dates show that skull deposition here at the wetland edge extended over half a millennium. OxA-7782 dated peat immediately above skull 1214. The peat is over a millennium earlier than the skull. OxA-7783 dated peat immediately below skull 1214. This peat is slightly older than OxA-7782. Together OxA-7782 and -7783 demonstrate that the skull was pushed down into the peat either deliberately, or as a result of Bronze Age cattle trample, for which there was footprint evidence in the section. Sample of bone from the Orb Works, Newport, (NGR ST 325864) submitted by M. Bell, Dept. Archaeol., Univ. Reading. OxA-7658 human bone, Orb Works, δ13C =−18.9‰ 1925 ± 40 Comment (M. B.): a human skull from below 10 m of estuarine clay found during building works at the Orb steelworks, OxA-7658 demonstrates a Late Iron Age or Romano-British date for this skull, later than had been expected from the depth described. A sample of bone from the site of Redwick, Gwent, (NGR ST 428 838) submitted by M. Bell, Dept. Archaeol., Univ. Reading. OxA-7657 human bone, δ13C =−16.9‰ 670 ± 30 Comment (M. B.): this unstratified human skull was found in blocks of eroded peat 125 m east of the excavated Middle Bronze Age settlement at Redwick. Dating showed that the skull was unrelated to the numerous prehistoric finds in the Redwick/Cold Harbour Pill area. It is of medieval date, perhaps an eroded medieval burial or drowned mariner. Coincidentally perhaps the date is close to that of the Magor Pill boat wreck 1.33 km east, the construction of which is dated dendrochronologically to ad 1240 (Bell et al. 2000). (see also Bell, 1999 for discussion of the Welsh Severn Estuary archaeology). A stone cist containing a skeleton and an iron spearhead was found at Tanlan (Ffynnongroew), Talacre, near Prestatyn (NGR SJ 11918207), Wales in c. 1932 and identified as the grave of a Viking (Smith 1931–3; Redknap 2000: 94–6). The form of the grave and its siting would support this. The spearhead appears to have been lost but the skeleton was recently rediscovered in the Natural History Museum (Acc. no. PA SK 1646—ex-RCS 4.9095) allowing a reassessment of the discovery. A single sample of bone was taken by staff of ORAU and submitted by N. Edwards, Dept. Hist. and Welsh Hist., Univ. Wales, Bangor, in order to determine a more secure date for the grave. Funding for the date was provided by the Cambrian Archaeological Association. OxA-12899 human bone, δ13C =−18.5‰ 1262 ± 33 Comment (N. E.): a calibrated date was obtained of 685–780 ad (1σ) and 660–880 ad (2σ). The two sigma calibration encompasses approximately the first century of Viking activity in the Irish Sea which is known to have begun by the 790s, making the identification of a Viking grave likely but not inevitable. The earlier date range at one sigma may be because of the high component of marine diet in the bone sample (Christopher Ramsey, ORAU pers. comm.). It is now intended to investigate the feasibility of strontium- and oxygen-isotope analysis of the tooth enamel to try and determine whether the man was a native of the area or, if not, where he might have come from. A sample of bone from the site Oak Crest Undy (ST 435 872), Wales, submitted by R. J. Brewer, Dept. Archaeol., National Museum and Gallery, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF1 3NP. OxA-8200 human bone, 96.27H, δ13C =−19.6‰ 1775 ± 40 Comment (R. J. B.): OxA-8200 was derived from a sample taken from the left humerus of an incomplete skeleton of a mature, young (25–34) adult, probably female. The skeleton was found in a bath stone sarcophagus (length 2.2 m, max width 0.9 m, height 1 m) during groundworks on a housing development at Oak Crest Undy. The burial was excavated by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust and the sarcophagus was donated by David McLean Homes Ltd to the National Museums and Galleries of Wales. The result confirms the anticipated date for the burial in the third or fourth century ad. Two samples—one of human bone, the other of charcoal (Corylus/Betula sp)—from the Early Christian site on High Island, Co. Galway, (INGR 05017 25734), Ireland were sent for radiocarbon dating. Submitted by G. Scally, 81 Upper Leeson Street, Dublin 4, Ireland. Comment (G. S.): the results of the analysis indicate that both the burial and the charcoal came from a closely associated time period (ad 1028–1149 and ad 1023–1149 respectively) and one which corresponds to the previously identified hiatus of activity at the monastery. Sample of bone from a human skull from the site of Heffingen-Loschbour (49:46N 06:16E), Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, submitted by F. Le Brun-Ricalens, Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art, Section Préhistoire, Marché-aux-Poissons, L-2345 Luxembourg. OxA-7338 human bone, MNHN-1943-2065, δ13C =−20.0‰ 7205 ± 50 Comment (F. L. B-R): OxA-7338 has confirmed the attribution of the inhumation from Heffingen-Loschbour to the recent Mesolithic. Furthermore, this result matches the date from the Gröningen laboratory (GrN-7177: 7115 ± 45 bp), obtained from two bovid ribs associated with the skeleton (Gob 1982; Gob et al. 1984). Sample of bone from Ach Creek, Langenau, Germany, submitted by F. W. Rösing, Anthropologe, Universität Ulm Klinikum, 89070 Ulm, Germany. OxA-9591 human bone, E6-00:II/D1/10082/00, δ13C =−19.9‰ 345 ± 34 Comment (F. W. R.): several human bones, including the frontal part of the calotte, mandible, left shoulder/arm area and left hip/leg area, found on 1st April, 2000, in the little river Ach near Langenau, Baden-Württemberg. Male, age at death around 23–40 years, stature 170 ± 3.3 cm according to Olivier, strong muscular attachments, particularly on the arm. Sample of bone from Erlengrund, Heiligenbronn, Germany, submitted by F. W. Rösing, Anthropologe, Universität Ulm Klinikum, 89070 Ulm, Germany. OxA-9293 human bone, UE16/99, δ13C =−19.3‰ 91 ± 32 Comment (F. W. R.): human calvarium, found on 6th November, 1998, on the bottom of the artificial fishing lake Erlengrund near Heiligenbronn, parish Schrozberg, Baden-Württemberg, after one of the regular drainings. The zygomatic arch was tied to a stone, so the skull had been sunk recently and in a skeletonized state. The individual was male and at death was between 40–60 years old, with a gracile face. Radiocarbon dating laboratories often try to make statements on more recent time periods, for example, the age at death in forensic anthropology, based on the atomic bomb peak of 14C. This is not possible without careful consideration of the age at death of the human in question, since the rate of collagen turnover in bone slows with age. The reader is referred to an article shortly to be published in the proceedings of the 75 DGRM-Jahrestagung 1996 Zürich, p. 128, and to a dissertation by Bettina Danner (neé Lux) that should be completed this year. Samples of bone from S'Hort des Llimoners, Ibiza, Spain, submitted by N. Marquez Grant, Apto Correos 786, Ibiza 07800, Balearic Isles, Spain. Comment (N. M. G.): due to the burial position it was classified as an Islamic burial, therefore dated to the 10th–13th centuries. The earliest occupation would be this has been We thought that being it indicate the Islamic individual in However, the dates are much earlier and therefore the of from the burial site be We are still about samples of human bone from the of submitted by and Univ. Comment the of was subject to a of excavation from the to the the of M. and of the for the History of of of Iron Age and analysis by during the late radiocarbon dates had been obtained for any of the The for radiocarbon dating all of was from of the by of and that these had been affected by the form of the This is the first identification of this form of from the archaeological it was necessary to dates for the were to have derived from the century century ad. Although the dates to this period there are a of It is that the date obtained from and are earlier than expected for the the date for the century ad. It is intended to a of dating on the human remains that will to the of this site as as the date of the and Samples of human bone from Upper contexts in and submitted by C. Dept. Spain. Comment (C. the results showed that in most of the human remains were much more recent Late not particularly In the case of the remains come from a to the and according to the the c. date obtained be a from not for dating. We will to new with archaeological and to be to more results in the The samples part of a dating that is to context to the Age burials of All samples are from or human all at the Samples submitted by Street, human bone, δ13C ± 27 human bone, δ13C ± 33 human bone, δ13C ± 27 Comments P.): in two and the dates are consistent with the dates from other burials from the The other three dates are from from which bones were or excavated by Two coastal both recent dates and which is consistent with our of The most date is that from a near In the reported that this skeleton had been found in a with and that there was associated This would a date from the 2000 years. The date of years, consistent with burials from the could not have been anticipated from the that the and samples outside ORAU and submitted for and AMS dating. Samples from the submitted by Dept. Hist. and Archaeol., Univ. The dates were funded by the of these dates are on two samples of bone from the of a single human skull from the site of ORAU dated the samples after the in provided a date for gelatin extracted from the skull of ± 40 The three ORAU determinations were all of gelatin (see Bronk Ramsey et al. was given an using and in order to whether this would a in radiocarbon that could be to possible being applied to the bone after its from the This was as a in of other results obtained (see The of the three ORAU the of evidence the of the the of sample and the archaeological of the results in of the prehistoric to that all three determinations are The data associated with of the samples were all and above ORAU with no values The isotopes obtained and for δ13C and and for respectively) be with the values recorded for for δ13C and for These values indicate either the of a or a more marine component to the The first is to be more The δ13C values are of a strong marine but are not by as might be expected in that The of marine if this could be would a to for the marine in the This could be up to c. years, if the individual had been a marine This is not to be Comment two samples of human bone were submitted to ORAU in order to the of a previously obtained date of ± 40 by the A sample of bone obtained from a position to this sample was submitted to ORAU as a on the The ORAU was significantly and to be more in with archaeological the collagen of the first sample three more results of ± 40 ± 40 and ± 40 comments that the dating results are consistent with of the of bone in that This is to be in A third sample of bone from a position to the was therefore submitted to ORAU to this the results here and if there was in the first this appears not to have extended to samples two and three dated at The dating is because the skull has of These are all dates on remains from the excavated in 2004 from the and the 2 of the which human remains in 2002 and of the cranium found in 2003 (see et al. et al. were in 2004 and submitted by Dept. Comment the human remains are the dated human remains in (see et al. and these remains are being dated to a context for the of the human remains into is a by death remains of samples have been by the AMS in and the of laboratory and are being Samples of charcoal from the site submitted by M. Préhistoire, Comment (M. it should be that bone samples from and were previously for radiocarbon dating due to the of Two possible have been to for the between the new dates and the earlier for the of the the age of the samples the range of the method that samples were bone the remains in these as a result of human either appears and is required to the et al. Samples from and in submitted by J. M. bone samples from the at Germany, excavated by W. M. between 1932 and Comment M. G.): the the known in with 1 to from the Middle to the Late Upper 2 has for its and made of The was in any was to the from the Middle to the Upper to the or and to the or Late Upper and The samples were taken from bones found in excavated in the and in and east of the All bones were with a by the The and the of the finds to the to be more than The AMS dates be into two dating before and after the However, all dates obtained for 2 are much younger than those obtained for other 33 that the bones were probably not associated with the one sample has an age older than It was excavated in a depth of In the AMS dates for samples excavated in the archaeological 2 and are not older than those excavated in and The of of which a of bones was and the excavation method the to other be for the of at some of the In the of the either or at the the occupation in One sample was submitted from the of a young found in at the of containing of bones that the in the Mesolithic. identified a in the of the In at of the of found in the from this The AMS date confirms that the was still by man in the Early

Accelerator mass spectrometry · Archaeology · Radiocarbon dating · Radiometric dating · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · Geology · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research · History · Paleontology · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology

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  Jason A Rech•Near Eastern Archaeology•2004

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• Absolute age range of the Late Cypriot IIC Period on Cyprus

  Open Access•W Manning, Sturt W Manning et al.•Antiquity•2001

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• In the Pursuit of Game

  Ma Fernanda Blasco•Journal of Anthropological Research•1997

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